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1.
日喀则弧前盆地的埋藏和剥蚀历史——来自低温热年代学的约束 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
日喀则弧前盆地紧邻印度板块与欧亚大陆碰撞带,研究其剥蚀历史对理解印度板块与欧亚大陆碰撞对造山带剥蚀的影响具有重要意义。文中利用磷灰石裂变径迹(AFT)及锆石和磷灰石的(U-Th)/He(ZHe和AHe)年龄数据,结合已发表的低温热年代数据探讨日喀则弧前盆地的热演化和剥露历史。日喀则弧前盆地磷灰石裂变径迹年龄存在明显的南北差异,南部磷灰石裂变径迹年龄为74～44Ma,对应的剥蚀速率为0. 03～0. 1km/Ma,剥蚀量≤2km;北部磷灰石裂变径迹年龄为27～15Ma,剥蚀速率为0. 09～0. 29km/Ma,但缺失早新生代的热演化历史。而磷灰石的(U-Th)/He年龄表明15Ma BP之后日喀则弧前盆地整体呈现一致的剥露历史。低温热年代数据表明日喀则弧前盆地南部自新生代以来尽管受到印度板块与欧亚大陆碰撞及后期断层活动的影响,海拔由海平面抬升至4. 2km,但一直保持缓慢的剥蚀,表明高原隆升并未直接促使该地区的岩石剥蚀速率加快,这与快速剥蚀即代表造山带开始隆升的假设不相符。此外,日喀则弧前盆地北部的低温热年代学研究表明晚渐新世—早中新世Kailas盆地仅发育于日喀则弧前盆地与冈底斯造山带之间的狭长地带,并在短期内经历了快速的埋藏和剥露。 相似文献
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长波长、低起伏度大凉山构造带新生代隆升剥露与建造过程是解译青藏高原东向扩展过程的关键核心地区之一.本文基于大凉山构造带喜德剖面和沐川剖面9件样品的多封闭系统低温热年代学年龄(即磷灰石(U-Th)/He(AHe)、磷灰石裂变径迹(AFT)和锆石(U-Th)/He(ZHe))定年,揭示出多封闭系统热年代学年龄与古岩性柱深度具有明显的正相关性,即伴随古岩性柱深度增大,多封闭系统热年代学年龄明显减小.喜徳剖面多封闭系统低温热年代学AHe、AFT和ZHe年龄值分别为7—9Ma、14—22Ma和25—38Ma;沐川剖面多封闭系统低温热年代学AHe和AFT年龄值分别为10—26Ma、23—85Ma,ZHe年龄值为未完全退火年龄.多封闭系统热年代学和QTQt热史模拟揭示,大凉山构造带喜徳和沐川剖面岩性柱所有样品都经历大致相似的三阶段热演化过程,尤其是晚新生代快速隆升剥露阶段(30—20 Ma以来),其平均剥露速率分别为~0.15mm·a-1和~0.20mm·a-1,抬升剥露量分别为~3.0km和~1.5km.结合区域低温热年代学特征的大凉山构造带地表隆升动力学模型,揭示出重力均衡作用下地壳缩短与剥露作用(即构造隆升剥露机制)控制形成了现今大凉山造山带长波长、低起伏和高海拔地貌建造过程. 相似文献
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2008汶川地震之后,多个研究组对龙门山的新生代剥蚀历史进行了研究,但是在龙门山推覆构造带中段,剥蚀历史研究主要集中在彭灌杂岩,而彭灌杂岩东侧(即中央断裂下盘)的热年代学资料相对缺乏,其剥蚀历史还比较模糊.对于彭灌杂岩东侧岩体的新生代剥蚀历史研究,不仅可以了解龙门山推覆构造带的新生代断层活动历史,而且对于青藏高原东缘的新生代隆升机制具有重要约束作用.在前人热年代学研究基础上,在龙门山推覆构造带中段中央断裂和前山断裂附近补充了一些裂变径迹样品.采用外探测器法(external detector method)对样品进行裂变径迹分析,实验测试在台湾中正大学裂变径迹实验室完成.实验获得了6个锆石裂变径迹和6个磷灰石裂变径迹年龄.前山断裂上盘,AFT(磷灰石裂变径迹)年龄以小鱼洞断裂为界存在明显的差异,其中小鱼洞断裂以南的样品AFT年龄为39Ma,小鱼洞断裂以北的4个AFT年龄介于6—8 Ma之间.研究揭示出中央断裂和前山断裂的新生代活动性以NW向小鱼洞断裂为界存在较大差异:距今8Ma以来,小鱼洞断裂以北,中央断裂和前山断裂的平均垂向滑动速率分别为约0.1mm·a-1和约0.55mm·a-1;小鱼洞断裂以南,平均垂向滑动速率则分别为约0.55mm·a-1和约0.1mm·a-1.低温热年代学方法获得的断层新生代垂向滑动速率与汶川地震断层垂向同震位移分布基本一致.前山断裂(小鱼洞断裂以北)距今8 Ma以来北西-南东向水平缩短量达到8~12km,表明地壳缩短是造成龙门山抬升和剥蚀的重要因素之一.本研究结论不支持下地壳增厚模型对于龙门山隆升的解释. 相似文献
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鄂尔多斯盆地东南缘处于渭北隆起、晋西挠褶带和东秦岭造山带的转折地带,构造位置独特,演化历史复杂.本文选取东缘韩城地区和南缘东秦岭洛南地区上三叠统延长组为研究对象,采集6件砂岩样品进行锆石、磷灰石裂变径迹分析,对关键构造-热事件提供热年代学约束,恢复盆地东南缘不同构造带的热演化史,深化对盆地东南部油气资源赋存条件的认识,以期实现油气勘探的新突破.研究表明韩城和洛南地区的抬升冷却史存在明显差异.磷灰石裂变径迹年龄表现为从南到北减小的趋势.东缘韩城剖面磷灰石裂变径迹记录51.6~66.3 Ma、33 Ma两次抬升冷却的峰值年龄.南缘洛南剖面锆石裂变径迹年龄和磷灰石裂变径迹年龄分别记录89~106 Ma和59~66 Ma的冷却抬升年龄.洛南地区抬升冷却时间较早,剥蚀速率(106m/Ma)大于韩城地区(68m/Ma),且持续时间长.磷灰石裂变径迹(Apatite Fission Track,AFT)热史模拟显示,晚中生代,受燕山运动的影响,东秦岭地区发生强烈的构造岩浆事件,洛南地区热演化程度明显高于韩城地区.洛南剖面的热演化主要受岩浆活动的控制,韩城剖面为埋藏增温型.鄂尔多斯盆地东南缘的裂变径迹年龄格局基本受控于白垩纪以来的抬升冷却事件. 相似文献
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本文通过背斜褶皱变形与低温热年代学年龄(磷灰石和锆石(U-Th)/He、磷灰石裂变径迹)端元模型研究,约束低起伏度、低斜率地貌特征的四川盆地南部地区新生代隆升剥露过程.四川盆地南部沐川和桑木场背斜地区新生代渐新世-中新世发生了相似的快速隆升剥露过程(速率为~0.1 mm/a、现今地表剥蚀厚度1.0~2.0 km),反映出盆地克拉通基底对区域均一性快速抬升冷却过程的控制作用.川南沐川地区磷灰石(U-Th)/He年龄值为~10-28.6 Ma, 样品年龄与古深度具有明显的线性关系,揭示新生代~10-30 Ma以速率为0.12±0.02 mm/a的稳态隆升剥露过程.桑木场背斜地区磷灰石裂变径迹年龄为~36-52 Ma,古深度空间上样品AFT年龄变化不明显(~50 Ma)、且具有相似的径迹长度(~12.0 μm).磷灰石裂变径迹热演化史模拟表明桑木场地区经历三个阶段热演化过程:埋深增温阶段(~80 Ma以前)、缓慢抬升冷却阶段(80-20 Ma)和快速隆升剥露阶段(~20 Ma-现今),新生代隆升剥露速率大致分别为~0.025 mm/a和~0.1 mm/a.新生代青藏高原大规模地壳物质东向运动与四川盆地克拉通基底挤压,受板缘边界主断裂带差异性构造特征控制造就了青藏高原东缘不同的边界地貌特征. 相似文献
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运用裂变径迹分析方法,探讨分析了合肥盆地中新生代的构造热演化特征. 上白垩统和古近系下段样品的磷灰石裂变径迹（AFT）数据主体表现为靠近部分退火带顶部温度(±65℃)有轻度退火,由此估算晚白垩世至古近纪早期合肥盆地断陷阶段的古地温梯度接近38℃/km,高于盆地现今地温梯度(275℃/km).下白垩统、侏罗系及二叠系样品的AFT年龄(975～25Ma)和锆石裂变径迹(ZFT)年龄(118～104Ma)均明显小于其相应的地层年龄,AFT年龄－深度分布呈现冷却型曲线形态,且由古部分退火带、冷却带或前完全退火带及其深部的今部分退火带组成,指示早白垩世的一次构造热事件和其随后的抬升冷却过程. 基于AFT曲线的温度分带模式和流体包裹体测温数据的综合约束,推算合肥盆地早白垩世走滑压陷阶段的古地温梯度接近67℃/km. 径迹年龄分布、AFT曲线拐点年龄和区域抬升剥蚀时间的对比分析结果表明,合肥盆地在早白垩世构造热事件之后的104Ma以来总体处于抬升冷却过程,后期快速抬升冷却事件主要发生在±55Ma. 相似文献
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基于低温热年代学特征的构造重建（或解译）与浅部地表过程模型在诠释盆-山结构与演化过程中受到越来越广泛的重视与应用.青藏高原东缘米仓山-川北前陆盆山系统楔入冲断构造模型与浅部地貌建造（非）耦合的检验校正为米仓山造山带构造变形及其动力学模型研究提供了契机.基于稳态楔入冲断构造低温热年代学模型研究表明,米仓山-川北前陆盆-山结构带盆山地貌的建造和低温热年代学（磷灰石裂变径迹和（U-Th）/He）特征具有明显的耦合性,二者统一于（盆地向）具~4°古地貌斜坡的楔入冲断构造模型.现今米仓山地区低温热年代学不具有明显的海拔高程和年龄线性关系,但当古地貌具有~4°坡度时低温热年代学与古地貌具有明显的线性相关性,揭示晚白垩世米仓山东西段具有一致（或相似）的稳态抬升剥露特征,东西段剥露速率分别为0.05 mm/a 和0.03 mm/a.古地貌坡度与古地温梯度具有较好的相关性（R2=95%~98%）,相关古地温梯度（25~35 ℃/km）符合米仓山稳态剥露地质结构特征.米仓山造山带楔入冲断构造模型的发育可能受控于多套滑脱层系（尤其是深部和浅部滑脱层系）和扬子板块能干性基底对造山带盆地向扩展变形过程的阻挡作用. 相似文献
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西藏甲马多金属矿区热历史的裂变径迹证据 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
用裂变径迹法测试了甲马矿区矽卡岩矿石和外围砂岩总计5个磷灰石和锆石样品, 其中磷灰石裂变径迹年龄为(16.1±0.9)和(18.8±1.1) Ma, 代表成矿热液后期活动的时代; 砂岩磷灰石裂变径迹年龄为(22.0±4.3) Ma, 锆石裂变径迹年龄为(20.9±2.0) Ma, 代表早期成矿时代; 另一个砂岩锆石年龄为(341.6±79.1) Ma, 与成矿作用关系不大, 是矿物源区特征的反映. 热历史分析表明, 成矿作用开始时间应早于25～22 Ma. 矿区平均冷却速率为5～6℃/Ma, 其中在90～80℃期间降温缓慢; 矿区剥蚀程度约为2.7 km, 剥蚀速率大于抬升速率. 相似文献
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BURIAL AND EXHUMATION OF THE XIGAZE FORE-ARC BASIN FROM LOW TEMPERATURE THERMOCHRONOLOGICAL EVIDENCE
The Xigaze fore-arc basin is adjacent to the Indian plate and Eurasia collision zone. Understanding the erosion history of the Xigaze fore-arc basin is significant for realizing the impact of the orogenic belt due to the collision between the Indian plate and the Eurasian plate. The different uplift patterns of the plateau will form different denudation characteristics. If all part of Tibet Plateau uplifted at the same time, the erosion rate of exterior Tibet Plateau will be much larger than the interior plateau due to the active tectonic action, relief, and outflow system at the edge. If the plateau grows from the inside to the outside or from the north to south sides, the strong erosion zone will gradually change along the tectonic active zone that expands to the outward, north, or south sides. Therefore, the different uplift patterns are likely to retain corresponding evidence on the erosion information. The Xigaze fore-arc basin is adjacent to the Yarlung Zangbo suture zone. Its burial, deformation and erosion history during or after the collision between the Indian plate and Eurasia are very important to understand the influence of plateau uplift on erosion.
In this study, we use the apatite fission track(AFT)ages and zircon and apatite(U-Th)/He(ZHe and AHe)ages, combined with the published low-temperature thermochronological age to explore the thermal evolution process of the Xigaze fore-arc basin. The samples' elevation is in the range of 3 860~4 070m. All zircon and apatite samples were dated by the external detector method, using low~U mica sheets as external detectors for fission track ages. A Zeiss Axioskop microscope(1 250×, dry)and FT Stage 4.04 system at the Fission Track Laboratory of the University of Waikato in New Zealand were used to carry out fission track counting. We crushed our samples finely, and then used standard heavy liquid and magnetic separation with additional handpicking methods to select zircon and apatite grains.
The new results show that the ZHe age of the sample M7-01 is(27.06±2.55)Ma(Table 2), and the corresponding AHe age is(9.25±0.76)Ma. The ZHe and AHe ages are significantly smaller than the stratigraphic age, indicating suffering from annealing reset(Table 3). The fission apatite fission track ages are between(74.1±7.8)Ma and(18.7±2.9)Ma, which are less than the corresponding stratigraphic age. The maximum AFT age is(74.1±7.8)Ma, and the minimum AFT age is(18.7±2.9)Ma. There is a significant north~south difference in the apatite fission track ages of the Xigaze fore-arc basin. The apatite fission track ages of the south part are 74~44Ma, the corresponding exhumation rate is 0.03~0.1km/Ma, and the denudation is less than 2km; the apatite fission track ages of the north part range from 27 to 15Ma and the ablation rate is 0.09~0.29km/Ma, but it lacks the exhumation information of the early Cenozoic. The apatite(U-Th)/He age indicates that the north~south Xigaze fore-arc basin has a consistent exhumation history after 15Ma.
The results of low temperature thermochronology show that exhumation histories are different between the northern and southern Xigaze fore-arc basin. From 70 to 60Ma, the southern Xigaze fore-arc basin has been maintained in the depth of 0~6km in the near surface, and has not been eroded or buried beyond this depth. The denudation is less than the north. The low-temperature thermochronological data of the northern part only record the exhumation history after 30Ma because of the young low-temperature thermochronological data. During early Early Miocene, the rapid erosion in the northern part of Xigaze fore-arc basin may be related to the river incision of the paleo-Yarlungzangbo River. The impact of Great Count Thrust on regional erosion is limited. The AHe data shows that the exhumation history of the north-south Xigaze fore-arc basin are consistent after 15Ma. In addition, the low-temperature thermochronological data of the northern Xigaze fore-arc basin constrains geographic range of the Kailas conglomerate during the late Oligocene~Miocene along the Yarlung Zangbo suture zone. The Kailas Basin only develops in the narrow, elongated zone between the fore-arc basin and the Gangdese orogenic belt.
The southern part of the Xigaze fore-arc basin has been uplifted from the sea level to the plateau at an altitude of 4.2km, despite the collision of the Indian plate with the Eurasian continent and the late fault activity, but the plateau has been slowly denuded since the early Cenozoic. The rise did not directly contribute to the accelerated erosion in the area, which is inconsistent with the assumption that rapid erosion means that the orogenic belt begins to rise. 相似文献
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THE NORTHWARD GROWTH OF THE NORTHEASTERN TIBETAN PLATEAU IN LATE CENOZOIC: IMPLICATIONS FROM APATITE (U-Th)/He AGES OF LONGSHOU SHAN 
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下载免费PDF全文 Longshou Shan, located at the southern edge of the Alxa block, is one of the outermost peripheral mountains and the northeasternmost area of the northeastern Tibetan plateau. In recent years, through geochronology, thermochronology, magnetic stratigraphy and other methods, a large number of studies have been carried out on the initiation time of major faults, the exhumation history of mountains and the formation and evolution of basins in the northeastern Tibet Plateau, the question of whether and when the northeastward expansion of the northeastern Tibet Plateau has affected the southern part of the Alxa block has been raised. Therefore, the exhumation history of Longshou Shan provides significant insight on the uplift and expansion of the Tibetan plateau and their dynamic mechanism. The Longshou Shan, trending NWW, is the largest mountain range in the Hexi Corridor Basin, and its highest peak is more than 3 600m(with average elevation of 2800m), where the average elevation of Hexi Corridor is 1 600m, the relative height difference between them is nearly 2200m. This mountain is bounded by two parallel thrust faults: The North Longshou Shan Fault(NLSF)and the South Longshou Shan Fault(SLSF), both of them trends NWW and has high angle of inclination(45°~70°)but dips opposite to each other. The South Longshou Shan Fault, located in the northern margin of the Hexi Corridor Basin, is the most active fault on the northeastern plateau, and controls the uplift of Longshou Shan.Due to its lower closure temperature, the lower-temperature thermochronology method can more accurately constrain the cooling process of a geological body in the upper crust. In recent years, the low-temperature thermochronology method has been used more and more in the study of the erosion of orogenic belts, the evolution of sedimentary basins and tectonic geomorphology. In this study, the apatite (U-Th)/He(AHe) method is used to analyze the erosion and uplift of rocks on the south and north sides of Longshou Shan. 11 AHe samples collected from the south slope exhibit variable AHe ages between~8Ma and~200Ma, the age-elevation plot shows that before 13~17Ma, the erosion rate of the Longshou Shan is very low, and then rapid erosion occurs in the mountain range, which indicates that the strong uplift of Longshou Shan occurred at 13~17Ma BP, resulting in rapid cooling of the southern rocks. In contrast, 3 AHe ages obtained from the north slope are older and more concentrated ranging from 220Ma BP to 240Ma BP, indicating that the north slope can be seen as a paleo-isothermal surface and the activity of the north side is weak. The results of thermal history inverse modeling show that the South Longshou Shan Fault was in a tectonic quiet period until the cooling rate suddenly increased to 3.33℃/Ma at 14Ma BP, indicating that Longshou Shan had not experienced large tectonic events before~14Ma BP.
We believe that under the control of South Longshou Shan Fault, the mountain is characterized by a northward tilting uplift at Mid-Miocene. Our results on the initial deformation of the Longshou Shan, in combination with many published studies across the northeastern margin of the Tibetan plateau, suggest that the compression strain of the northeastern margin of the Tibetan plateau may expand from south to north, and the Tibetan plateau has expanded northeastward to the southern margin of the Alxa block as early as Mid-Miocene, making Longshou Shan the current structural and geomorphic boundary of the northeastern plateau. 相似文献
We believe that under the control of South Longshou Shan Fault, the mountain is characterized by a northward tilting uplift at Mid-Miocene. Our results on the initial deformation of the Longshou Shan, in combination with many published studies across the northeastern margin of the Tibetan plateau, suggest that the compression strain of the northeastern margin of the Tibetan plateau may expand from south to north, and the Tibetan plateau has expanded northeastward to the southern margin of the Alxa block as early as Mid-Miocene, making Longshou Shan the current structural and geomorphic boundary of the northeastern plateau. 相似文献
13.
《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2008,(9)
The apparent ages of samples are obtained from fission track dating of apatite samples collected from the fault zones in Mabian area, southern Sichuan Province. In addition, thermal history is simulated from the obtained data by applying AFT Solve Program, to acquire the thermal evolution history of the samples. The result shows that tectonically the Mabian area was relatively stable between 25 and 3 Ma, compared to the inner parts and other marginal areas of the Tibetan Plateau. The studied area had little response to the rapid uplift events that occurred for several times in the Tibetan Plateau during 25-3 Ma. The latest thermal event related to the activity of the Lidian fault zone (about 8 Ma ) is later than that of the Ebian fault zone (18-15 Ma ) to the west, indicating to some extent that the evolution of fault activity in the Mabian area has migrated from west to east. The latest extensive tectonic uplift occurred since about 3 Ma. As compared with the Xianshuihe fault zone, the Mabian area is closer to the east- ern margin of the plateau, while the time of fast cooling event in this area is later than that in the southeast segment of the Xianshuihe fault zone (3.6-3.46 Ma ). It appears to support the assumption of episodic uplift and stepwise outward extension of the eastern boundary of the Tibetan Plateau in late Cenozoic. 相似文献
14.
伸展正断层下盘的冷却历史记录了主要伸展变形的时间及幅度.太白山位于秦岭北缘,作为伸展正断层的下盘,其新生代伸展隆升冷却历史有助于我们更好地理解渭河盆地的伸展变形时间及其幅度.本文利用磷灰石裂变径迹分析方法对太白山的冷却历史进行了研究.来自太白山总计17个样品的磷灰石裂变径迹数据及热历史模拟揭示出山体经历了始于约48 Ma的小幅度快速抬升冷却阶段,和始于约9.6 Ma的大幅度快速抬升冷却阶段;分别对应平行于秦岭北缘山脉的两阶段伸展变形.始于约48 Ma的伸展变形可能是印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞作用在大陆内部的远场响应,而始于约9.6 Ma的快速伸展变形可能与青藏高原在该时期快速隆升和对外扩展有关. 相似文献
15.
河砂岩屑热年代学被广泛应用于揭示造山带和流域范围内热演化历史.由于受到地貌特征、剥蚀速率的空间分布、年龄与高程关系等多种因素的影响,河砂岩屑热年代学年龄所代表的意义存在多解性.本文提出了一种利用地貌形态特征和实测河砂热年代学数据模拟流域热史的计算模型.该模型首先利用DEM数据计算流域高程分布特征,通过数据中各象元对应的坡度角大小定量计算剥蚀速率的空间分布,以确定不同高程区域对河砂岩屑样品组分的贡献量.然后根据区域地质特征建立多种可能的热史年龄-高程关系,并模拟计算出与设定的年龄-高程关系相对应的河砂年龄概率分布曲线.最后,通过对模拟河砂年龄概率分布曲线与实测分布曲线的匹配度进行卡方检验,选取最可能形成实测河砂年龄分布的年龄-高程关系,即代表了流域真实的热史演化.通过河砂岩屑磷灰石裂变径迹方法将该模型应用于藏东南地区察隅河两条支流桑曲和贡日嘎布曲流域,模拟计算结果表明两个地区的热史演化均具有多阶段的特征,桑曲流域在38~7Ma之间均匀冷却,对应的剥露速率约为0.14km/Ma,7 Ma以来剥露速率加快,达到1.62km/Ma;贡日嘎布曲的热史年龄记录比桑曲新,18~14 Ma的隆升速率为0.32km/Ma,14~8 Ma比较稳定;8 Ma以来隆升速率逐渐加快,8~5 Ma对应的隆升速率为0.21km/Ma,5~3 Ma为0.43km/Ma,3~1.1 Ma为0.83km/Ma.桑曲的模拟计算结果与前人利用该区域基岩年龄数据所揭示的热史演化特征及剥露速率基本吻合,表明该方法可以准确模拟河砂岩屑年龄所代表的流域热史特征.因此,在地形险峻或者冰川覆盖而无法获取基岩样品的野外地区,可以通过采集河砂样品替代基岩剖面模拟地质体热史特征. 相似文献
16.
《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2017,(3)
The thermal history of the Jiaodong region and adjacent provinces(Shandong and northern Jiangsu) have been extensively studied,particularly by apatite fission track(AFT) dating.However,the AFT ages from surface outcrops range broadly and do not show an apparent relationship between age and elevation.This work provides a multiple low temperature thermochronological dataset including zircon and apatite(U-Th)/He ages(ZHe and AHe),and AFT ages from a 1000-m-deep borehole at the Jiaojia goldneld in the northwest of Jiaodong Peninsula.ZHe,AFT and AHe ages range from-100-70,-85-50and-65-50 Ma,respectively.These data conform to the principles of age vs.closure temperature and age vs.elevation and thus can be employed to estimate the exhumation history.Based on the density histogram of fission track length calculation,thermal history modeling,and previously published AFT ages from the Chinese Continental Science Drill program,this work concludes that compared to the AFT ages from surface outcrops,the low temperature thermochronological ages from the boreholes show a better relationship between age,elevation and closure temperature,and the age becomes younger with increasing depth.In addition,the exhumation history in the Jiaodong and adjacent areas can be divided into two distinct stages:a short,rapid tectonic exhumation(~100-95 Ma) and a long,slow exhumation since 95 Ma.The rate and amount of tectonic exhumation since 95 Ma are inferred as ~30 m Ma~(-1) and ~3 km,respectively. 相似文献