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1.
了解地震发生的动力学机制是研究地震发震原因的关键,而数值模拟的方法是高速、有效的手段.2011年3月11日日本东北部宫城县发生9.0级大地震,文中以该次大地震所在的日本俯冲带为研究对象,通过使用黏弹性有限元数值模拟,并引用接触对,建立了研究区二维数值模型,模拟俯冲带与上覆板片之间的滑动、黏滞到再滑动的过程,亦即断层失稳发生地震的过程.模拟结果显示,随着太平洋板块不断俯冲,在俯冲带上自发出现了断层闭锁、解锁到再闭锁的黏滑过程,且这种过程呈现一定的准周期性,大事件主要集中分布在20~30 km的深度范围内.根据俯冲带可能在俯冲过程中角度的变化,建立了不同的模型,进行模拟对比研究,结果表明,俯冲带的几何形态,以及俯冲角度变化所在的不同深度,对模拟的结果有不同的影响. 相似文献
2.
青藏高原东北缘是青藏高原隆升、生长及变形前缘.区域地震活动频繁,且地震在其主要断层带之间时空迁移.为了研究区域大地震在主要断层带之间的迁移规律与概率,以及主要断层带大地震破裂的时空分布特征,本文建立了青藏高原东北缘地区的三维黏弹塑性有限元模型,模拟了区域断层系统的地震循环,得到了人工合成的万年时间尺度的地震目录.根据模拟的地震目录,并结合古地震数据,计算分析了大地震(MW≥7)在研究区各个主要断层带之间的迁移概率,探讨了黏度、高程、统计时间长度等因素对大地震在各主要断层带之间的迁移概率和大地震在各主要断层带上的发生概率的影响,并且初步调查了海原断层带和香山天景山断层带的大地震破裂时空分布特征.研究结果显示:继区域最近两次大地震(1920年海原断层带上的M8.5海原大地震和1927年香山天景山断层带上的M8古浪大地震)之后,下一次大地震(MW≥7)发生在海原断层上的概率最大,约为51%～81%;其次是在香山天景山断层上,概率约为9%～37%.模型结果显示,不同的青藏高原中下地壳上地幔黏度大小,对大地震在各个断层带之间的迁移规律和迁移概率的影响较小;而研究区的高程载荷对地震迁移则有显著的影响:高程载荷易于使得海原断层地震活动减弱及香山天景山断层的地震活动增强.研究结果也显示了青藏高原东北缘地区主要断层带的地震活动与断层滑动速率分布的分段性显著;大地震在断层带上的破裂位置并不固定,呈现不均匀性;并暗示了断层几何形状对地震活动、断层滑动速率分布与大地震破裂位置的控制作用. 相似文献
3.
采用有限元方法模拟了俯冲带耦合作用对巽他弧及其邻区的影响.根据模拟结果,对比GPS、地震和地质学观测数据,定量分析了苏门答腊及其周边地区的应变强度和主应变方向的分布特征,据此探讨了该区构造特征、地震发生模式与耦合面积之间的关系.模型由具有黏弹性性质的岩石圈和软流圈上地幔组成,其中岩石圈包括了大陆岩石圈和大洋岩石圈以及俯冲至上地幔中的俯冲板片.研究结果如下:(1) 通过对不同俯冲带耦合面积模拟,发现苏门答腊前弧伴随耦合面积的增加应变强度逐渐增大,而增大的应变强度又影响了其周边地区的应变分布特征,因此整个苏门答腊前弧呈现出明显的分段性,这与该区地震破裂模式有较好的对应.(2)苏门答腊北部地区主应变方向与南部相比存在一定的差异,该差异是俯冲带的俯冲方向、俯冲速度、俯冲形态以及不同区域间耦合面积共同作用的结果.(3)虽然苏门答腊2004年地震主震区处于弱耦合状态,但从本文模拟的结果中可以看到,在俯冲作用下该区依然存在垂直向下的位移,这为地震激发海啸提供了有利的构造环境. 相似文献
4.
地震静态触发研究在全世界范围内广泛开展,并取得显著成效;但是否所有的大地震,地震静态触发都有很好的效果,对此目前还不甚清楚.本文通过计算最近发生在俯冲带上的三次特大地震(2011年日本东北地震(Mw=9.1)、2010年智利地震(Mw=8.8)与2004年苏门答腊—安达曼地震(Mw=9.0))所产生的静态库仑应力变化,考察主震库仑应力变化对其后续余震空间分布的影响,从而研究俯冲带上特大地震对地震的触发效果.计算结果显示:对于2011年日本东北地震,仅有47%的后续余震发生在库仑应力增加的区域;2010年智利地震也只有47.6%的余震位置处于库仑应力变化的正值区;2004年苏门答腊地震触发了49.8%的后续余震.文中通过进一步改变模型参数(如:采用不同的有效摩擦系数,使用不同作者给出的震源模型等)进行计算,结果表明这三大地震对后续余震的触发比例仍然不高(最好情况下,触发比例也不超过60%).但对于板内地震(如:2008年汶川地震,1999年集集地震),主震对后续余震的触发比例超过85%.由此可以推知,对于俯冲带上的特大地震,地震静态触发效果不显著.因此,对于俯冲带上大地震的触发问题,还需深入研究. 相似文献
5.
2004年的苏门答腊—安达曼M9级地震将俯冲的印度—澳大利亚板块和仰冲的缅甸板块分裂开。这次地震的形变属于三维问题,为此我们构建了有限元模型进行模拟,以说明俯冲板块、弧前、火山弧及弧后的物性分布。同震形变的模拟使用一种基于协议的方法。该方法考虑俯冲带的地质复杂性,使用有限元模型反演估计断层滑动分布。结果表明不考虑俯冲带中物性差异的形变预测的灵敏度比近场GPS的测量误差可大一个数量级还多。本文介绍的基于有限元模型的技术可用于地质上相符的形变模型,提高同震与震后形变、应力耦合及海啸发生的基于模拟技术的评估可靠性。 相似文献
6.
2004年12月26日印度尼西亚西北近海8.7级大地震,是一次浅源的海沟俯冲型板间地震。震中位于印尼-美拉尼西亚板块边界构造带的西北端,2004年沿该带发生的8次M≥7地震显示总体由东向西迁移的特征,表明它们具有相互联系的统一动力过程。这些板间地震的发生与该地处于几个板块汇聚地带和较大的板块运动速率有关,它们导致了强烈而复杂的构造变形和构造活动。印度洋-澳大利亚板块向东南亚陆块的低角度俯冲,在俯冲带浅部形成积累应变能的巨大闭锁区,它的突然破裂和大尺度滑动是造成印尼8.7级大地震的直接原因 相似文献
7.
智利俯冲带是全球地震活动最为活跃的地区之一, 2010年以来已经发生了3次8级强震。 本文在调研了该地区地震地质、 历史地震、 运动学特征等方面研究成果的基础上, 梳理了其中与地震预测预报有关的观测现象, 总结了相关科学问题的研究进展和认识过程。 结果显示: ① 智利俯冲带历史地震记录丰富, 基于现代大地测量的断层震间闭锁研究深入, 近年来多次8级地震均发生在历史地震破裂空段和滑动亏损较大的强闭锁区; ② 2010年Maule MW8.8地震和2014年Iquique MW8.1地震震前均有不同程度的前兆变化, Maule MW8.8地震前主要是“一类空区”和“二类空区”的嵌套; 而Iquique MW8.1地震前还伴有b值持续降低, 前震活动频繁, GPS时间序列瞬态变化等一系列短临异常变化; ③ 同震位错和震间闭锁的空间分布显示智利俯冲带断层摩擦性质复杂; ④ 孕震物理力学机制复杂, 不同学者不同方法之间还存在一些认识争议。 相似文献
8.
本文研究印尼苏门答腊大地震与中国珠江流域大洪水之间的关系\[1\].印尼苏门答腊以南的板块俯冲带，是强烈地震活跃地区.近200年来发生3次大地震：1833年11月24日8.7级地震、1861年2月21日8.5级地震和2004年12月26日Mw9.3级地震.每次地震后，第二年都在中国华南珠江流域发生巨灾.巨大地震产生宽阔的地震破裂带，引起地壳中放出携热水汽.由于地下裂隙的复杂性和不畅性，放气效应到达地表可滞后于地震断续达一年以上.排出的水汽被搭载在西南气流上到达华南地区. 相似文献
9.
由同震应力得到的地震危险性--去年发生在印度尼西亚的地震使该地区的地震危险性增加 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
由于印尼苏门答腊-安达曼地震以及由它引起的海啸造成了大量人员伤亡,与其比邻的巽他海沟俯冲带触发地震的可能性引起了真正的关注。我们已经计算了这个区域以及临近区域——苏门答腊直立走滑断层的同震应力分布,发现两个构造上的应力都增加了,从而极大地提高了原已很大的地震危险性。尤其是这个区域发生大的俯冲带地震的可能性增加, 相似文献
10.
《地震地质》1999,21(4):473
俯冲带大地震的非特征行为与重复发生的复杂性特征地震概念最早是由Ｆｅｄｏｔｏｖ（１９６５）在研究西北太平洋俯冲带地震时提出的，以后美国学者在研究ＳａｎＡｎｄｒｅａｓ断层和Ｗａｓａｔｃｈ断层的古地震时对这个概念做了发展并建立了模型。最近，ＳｕｓａｎＹ．Ｓｃｈｗａｒｔｚ对太平洋的一些俯冲带大地震重新做了分析。好采用的方法是用震源时间函数反演确定大地震的滑动分布，该函数是由长周期面波和宽频带体波的经验格林函数分析导出得到的。对序列地震破裂空间分布的比较表明，重复断层滑动的格局有很大差别。１９９４年本州北地震和１９９５年所罗门群岛地震主要是填补了以前地震留下的滑动空区，而不是破裂粗糙部位（ａｓｐｅｒｉｔｉｅｓ）。１９９５年千岛地震和１９９６年阿留申地震则是使以前地震留下的粗糙段破裂，但滑动量不同。本文研究认为，环太平洋板块边界地震的重复发生比粗糙体模型的预测复杂得多。所研究的４个板块边界段的重复断层滑动与特征地震模型不相符合，说明地震破裂不仅仅是由固有的几何与物质不均匀性控制的，其它动力学因素也很重要。（据Ｊ．Ｇｅｏｐｈｙｓ．Ｒｅｓ，Ｖｏｌ．１０４，Ｎｏ．Ｂ１０，ｐｐ．２３，１１１～２３，１２５，Ｏｃｔｏｂｅｒ１０，１ 相似文献
11.
The Variation of Stresses due to Aseismic Sliding and its Effect on Seismic Activity 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
— Numerical simulation of recurring large interplate earthquakes in a subduction zone is conducted to explore the effects of aseismic sliding on the variation of stresses and the activity of small earthquakes. The frictional force obeying a rate- and state-dependent friction law is assumed to act on the plate interface in a 2-D model of uniform elastic half-space. The simulation results show that large earthquakes repeatedly occur at a constant time interval on a shallow part of the plate interface and that aseismic sliding migrates from the upper aseismic zone as well as from the lower aseismic zone into the central part of the seismogenic zone before the occurrence of a large interplate earthquake. This spatiotemporal variation of aseismic sliding significantly perturbs the stresses in the overriding plate and in the subducting oceanic plate, leading to the precursory seismic quiescence in the overriding plate and the activation of the intermediate-depth earthquakes of down-dip tension type. After the occurrence of a large interplate earthquake, the activity of the intermediate-depth earthquakes of down-dip compression type in the subducting slab is expected to increase and migrate downward. This is because the downward propagation of postseismic sliding causes the downward migration of compressional-stress increase in the down-dip direction of the plate interface. The simulation result further indicates that episodic events of aseismic sliding may occur when the spatial distributions of friction parameters are significantly nonuniform. The variation of stresses due to episodic sliding is expected to cause seismicity changes. 相似文献
12.
俯冲带上覆板片密度特征是认识俯冲及其引发深部岩浆过程的一个窗口.本文以苏门答腊俯冲带空间重力异常数据为基础,在2.5D密度结构剖面约束下,通过3D密度反演,获得了研究区3D密度结构分布.反演结果表明,俯冲板片角度和下倾极限深度均从研究区西北向东南方向逐渐增加;研究区上覆板片下地壳存在低密度异常,主要集中在东南部,分布范围也随深度而增加.分析认为这有可能是俯冲引发的洋壳脱水对上覆板片下地壳侵染所造成.此外,研究区东南部存在的地幔板片撕裂可能是造成该区下地壳低密度异常最为显著的另一个原因.3D密度切片揭示出下地壳密度异常具有沿NE方向延伸迹象,推断应与印澳板块在苏门答腊地区的斜向俯冲作用有关.本文还对研究区的地震分布特征进行了讨论.大部分的浅源地震集中在下倾极限附近,为脆性破裂或摩擦滑移所引发.震源深度大于200 km的地震基本分布在研究区中部和东南部,震源深度从西北向东南方向逐渐加大,这从另一角度为研究区东南部地幔存在板片撕裂的观点提供了佐证. 相似文献
13.
Possible Mechanism of Precursory Seismic Quiescence: Regional Stress Relaxation due to Preseismic Sliding 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
—We propose a new model to physically explain the seismic quiescence precursory to a large interplate earthquake. A numerical simulation is performed to quantitatively examine possible stress changes prior to a great interplate earthquake in a subduction zone. In the present study, the frictional force following a laboratory-derived friction law, in which the friction coefficient is dependent on slip rate and slip history, is assumed to act on a dip-slip fault plane of infinite width in a uniform elastic half-space. The values of friction parameters are determined so that the result of numerical simulation may explain some properties of great interplate earthquakes in subduction zones, such as the recurrence interval and the seismic coupling coefficient. The result of simulation reveals that significant quasi-stable sliding occurs prior to a great earthquake and, accordingly, stresses are changed on and around the plate boundary. In a relatively wide area of the overriding continental plate, the compres sional horizontal-stress perpendicular to the trench axis is decreased for a few years before the occurrence of a great earthquake. This decrease in regional compressional stress may account for the appearance of seismic quiescence prior to a great interplate earthquake. 相似文献
14.
15.
Cvetan Sinadinovski 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2006,4(2):131-139
A great earthquake occurred at 00:58:49 (UTC) on Sunday, December 26, 2004 off the northwest coast of Sumatra, Indonesia. Its revised moment magnitude was M 9.3 making it in the top four largest earthquakes in the world since 1900 and the largest since the Alaskan 1964 event. The earthquake caused tsunami waves which killed more than 300,000 people in Southern Asia and Africa. There were 31 earthquakes with magnitudes between 5.5 and 7.3 in the 48-h period after the main event, and it seemed that seismicity migrated northwards along the 1200 km fault (http: //www.ga.gov.au). Similar size events occurred in that location off Sumatra in the 19th century, but no evidence of written records of their tsunami effects in Australia is found. The devastating megathrust earthquake of 26 December 2004 occurred on the interface of the Indo-Australian and Euro-Asian plates where the first plate subducts beneath the overriding second plate and the Indo-Australian plate begins its descent into the mantle. In the epicentral region, the Indo-Australian plate moves toward the northeast at a rate of about 7 cm/year relative to the Euro-Asian plate resulting in oblique convergence and partitioning into thrust-faulting. From the size of the earthquake, it is likely that the displacement on the fault plane was up to fifteen meters. As with the recent event, megathrust earthquakes often generate large tsunamis that cause damage over a much wider area than is directly affected by ground shaking near the earthquake’s rupture. The subduction zone continues further south of the Indonesian archipelago and that area is also a potential risk of producing a megathrust event that may affect coastal parts of northwest Australia. The tragic events of Boxing Day 2004 highlighted the importance of establishing a tsunami warning system for the Indian Ocean like the one for the Pacific. Issues like more and better instrumentation, and a long-term program to educate people in the region about the dangers of tsunamis, were identified as priorities. Of particular interest is the time for identifying and issuing alerts for such devastating earthquakes with possibility to reduce it in future for warning purposes. 相似文献
16.
Takeshi Sagiya 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2004,161(11-12):2327-2342
— I studied crustal deformation in the Kanto district, central Japan, based on continuous GPS data. Horizontal as well as vertical displacement rate demonstrate significant interaction between the landward Kanto block and the Philippine Sea plate. Although the subduction effect of the Pacific plate is not apparent, it is reasonable to consider the entire Kanto district is displaced westward due to the interaction with the Pacific plate. The GPS velocity data were inverted to estimate the slip deficit distribution on the Sagami Trough subduction zone. The result delineates a strongly coupled region on the plate interface, part of which corresponds to the 1923 Kanto earthquake. The strongly coupled region is located shallower than 20 km. In addition, the plate interaction is laterally heterogeneous even in the same depth range, implying thermal structure is not the only factor controlling interplate coupling. The GPS data also detected a silent earthquake event on the interface of the Philippine Sea slab east of the Boso Peninsula in the middle of May, 1996. The silent rupture propagated over a 50 km * 50 km wide area during about a week. The maximum slip was approximately 50 mm and the released seismic moment was 4.7*1018Nm (M w 6.4). There was a small seismicity triggered by this silent event. The silent slip was located in the peripheral of the strongly coupled area, suggesting that frictional properties and/or stress conditions are inhomogeneous on the plate boundary interface. 相似文献
17.
—A tectonic state of a locked subduction is considered to be a possible source of a future interplate earthquake. Discriminating an actually locked state to verify its extent is therefore essential in constructing an accurate prospect against the forthcoming earthquake. Micorearthquake seismicity is an effective tool for such an analysis because it is considered to be a faithful indicator of the stress state, and is expected to exhibit a characteristic pattern in the area where the locked state in the subduction appears with a certain stress concentration. Focusing on the microearthquake seismicity around the Tokai district in central Japan, where a large interplate earthquake is feared to occur, we tried to identify such an area of locked subduction on the Philippine Sea plate, possibly related to the future earthquake. We investigated the microearthquake seismicity from various perspectives. First, the hypocenter distribution was analyzed to identify the extent of the locked area. The characteristic profile of the distribution was presumed to represent a stress concentrated area induced from the mechanical contact between both plates. The second approach is to interpret stress patterns reflected in focal mechanisms. The locked state was recognized and verified by a comparison of the P-axis distribution pattern with that expected from a model imaging a partially locked subduction. The third approach is to monitor the temporal change of the seismic wave spectrum. Analyzing predominant frequencies of P and S waves and monitoring their changes for a period of 10 years, we found a trend of gradual increase common to both waves. This means an increase of stress drop in microfracturings, and in its turn implies accumulation of stress around the focus area. The rate of the stress change converted from the frequency change was compared with the result derived from a numerical simulation. The simulation, performed on the basis of a constitutive friction law for a stick sliding on the plate interface, computed a changing rate of the maximum shear stress around the locked zone and showed its spatial variation along the subduction axis. Thus the simulated result indicated a certain compatibility with the observed one. Although ambiguities and uncertainties still exist in the study, all the results derived here seem to indicate an identical conclusion that the plate subduction is actually locked in this region at present. 相似文献
18.
Peter A. Rogerson 《Journal of Seismology》2018,22(6):1423-1435
Whether large earthquakes are triggered by other large earthquakes at very large distances, and at time scales where the triggered event is delayed by more than several days or weeks, is an open question. Here I provide statistical evidence to show that large earthquakes near the subduction zones of the Pacific plate boundary lessen significantly the average time until the next large earthquake that occurs near the boundaries of the smaller and adjacent Nazca and Cocos plates in the eastern Pacific Ocean. In addition, the existence and importance of this relationship is enriched by the finding that the larger the magnitude of the Pacific plate earthquake, the more likely it becomes that the time until the next earthquake in the distant triggered zone is less than the time since the last earthquake in the triggered zone. There are also specific regions along the western and northern Pacific plates where these relationships appear to be particularly prominent. The findings call into question the notion that the hazard of large earthquakes in distant regions is not raised following other large earthquakes, and they provide statistical evidence for relationships between earthquakes occurring months apart on different plates. 相似文献
19.
JiuXun Yin HuaJian Yao HongFeng Yang Jing Liu WeiZe Qin HaiJiang Zhang 《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2017,60(4):796-808
On 25 April 2015, an M w 7.8 earthquake occurred on the Main Himalaya Thrust fault with a dip angle of ~ 7° about 77 km northwest of Kathmandu, Nepal. This Nepal Gorkha event is the largest one on the Himalayan thrust belt since 1950. Here we use the compressive sensing method in the frequency domain to track the seismic radiation and rupture process of this event using teleseismic P waves recorded by array stations in North America. We also compute the distribution of static shear stress changes on the fault plane from a coseismic slip model. Our results indicate a dominant east-southeastward unilateral rupture process from the epicenter with an average rupture speed of ~3 km s?1. Coseismic radiation of this earthquake shows clear frequency-dependent features. The lower frequency (0.05–0.3 Hz) radiation mainly originates from large coseismic slip regions with negative coseismic shear stress changes. In comparison, higher frequency (0.3–0.6 Hz) radiation appears to be from the down-dip part around the margin of large slip areas, which has been loaded and presents positive coseismic shear stress changes. We propose an asperity model to interpret this Nepal earthquake sequence and compare the frequency-dependent coseismic radiation with that in subduction zones. Such frequency-dependent radiation indicates the depth-varying frictional properties on the plate interface of the Nepal section in the main Himalaya thrust system, similar to previous findings in oceanic subduction zones. Our findings provide further evidence of the spatial correlation between changes of static stress status on the fault plane and the observed frequency-dependent coseismic radiation during large earthquakes. Our results show that the frequency-dependent coseismic radiation is not only found for megathrust earthquakes in the oceanic subduction environment, but also holds true for thrust events in the continental collision zone. 相似文献