共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 49 毫秒
1.
梯级筑坝对河流水环境演化的影响是国内外关注的热点.小型山区河流高密度梯级开发对水体生源要素的空间格局以及水环境演化的累积影响特征尚不清楚.以重庆市五布河为研究对象，对流域内8个“河流-水库-下泄水”交替系统中表层水体理化因子及碳（C）、氮（N）、磷（P）形态组成进行季节性监测，探讨了梯级筑坝对小型河流生源要素空间格局及水体富营养化风险影响的累积特征及驱动机制.结果表明：梯级水电开发对五布河流域水生生境和生源要素空间分配的影响具有潜在的累积效应，各库区水体碳氮磷浓度均呈逐级增加的空间规律；水库段的有机碳及不同形态的氮、磷浓度均高于入库河流，因此水体养分浓度呈现出河段尺度（即单个河流-水库-下泄水系统）和流域尺度（即上游至下游）耦合的空间变异模式.上游水库中溶解性氮、磷的再释放及下泄输移能够补给下游库区，加之下游水库泥沙对氮、磷的吸附-沉积作用的减弱，导致水体氮、磷总量及溶解性氮、磷的占比沿程增加，呈现梯级筑坝对水环境演化的累积影响.梯级筑坝影响下河流碳氮磷总量的相关性减弱，而溶解性养分间的相关性增强，形成了特殊的养分协同演化；水库群之间水力滞留时间的差异与水体碳氮磷浓度具有较好的线性关系，是影响流域养分分配的关键因素.五布河流域水体均为高富营养化风险，由于梯级筑坝下水体溶解性养分的逐级增加，下游水库水华风险更大；水力滞留时间与水体富营养化指数及叶绿素a浓度呈显著正向关，结合氮磷比特征的分析，本研究认为外源磷输入控制及水力滞留时间的调节是五布河梯级水库富营养化防控的有效途径. 相似文献
2.
泥沙淤积问题直接影响着三峡水库的使用寿命及综合效益的发挥,研究其入库水沙特性对于解决水库泥沙淤积问题具有重要意义。根据水文站实测数据,分析了三峡水库入库水沙输移特性及来源组成变化,重点研究了金沙江下游梯级水库运行后的三峡水库高洪水期入库水沙特性。结果表明:2003—2021年,三峡水库入库泥沙集中于汛期的高洪水期,2013年以后该现象更为显著,泥沙来源也由金沙江为主转变为嘉陵江为主。寸滩站洪峰流量高于50000 m3/s的高洪水期三峡入库沙量显著大于30000～50000 m3/s区间的高洪水期,三峡水库泥沙调度关键在于上游发生编号洪水期间。三峡水库上游沱江或嘉陵江等支流发生流域性大洪水时,易引起高洪水期入库水沙出现“小水大沙”的特点。金沙江下游梯级水库运行后,三峡水库高洪水期入库泥沙大幅减少,中小洪水调度期间泥沙淤积量也大幅减小。研究结果可为三峡水库的泥沙精细化调度和长期高效使用提供基础数据支撑。 相似文献
3.
研究输水对水库水质时空变化的影响有助于科学预测水体富营养化及防控水华暴发.本文以于桥水库为例,基于2011-2015年实测资料分析入库水质——水温、总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）与流量的相关关系;并以2012年为典型年,运用平面二维"水动力-水质"数学模型模拟库区水质变化随入库流量的响应关系.研究表明：（1）11月-次年4月水库水温受气温控制,入库与库区水温差异不明显;5-10月,非输水期库区上游水温最高,输水期入库温差随流量增大呈线性升高趋势,库区上游水温明显降低且出现谷值;（2）营养物（TN、TP）浓度变化规律全年基本一致,非输水期入库TN浓度高、TP浓度低,营养物在果河段汇集,库区营养物衰减浓度降低且浓度梯度平缓;输水期入库TN浓度随流量增大呈幂函数降低趋势、TP浓度呈线性升高趋势,营养物被输移至库区上游导致库区TN、TP浓度升高且浓度梯度增大;（3）库区水温谷值及TN、TP浓度峰值均滞后于果河流量变化,且库区南岸比北岸更易受果河来流影响污染更严重. 相似文献
4.
金沙江下游4个梯级水电站总装机容量相当于两座三峡水库,是“西电东送”中部地区的源头工程,工程效益发挥对经济社会发展意义重大。2012年以来,向家坝、溪洛渡、乌东德和白鹤滩电站等陆续蓄水运行,层层拦截金沙江的泥沙,2013—2020年向家坝出库年输沙量均值下降至152万t,减幅超过99%。大量泥沙淤积在梯级水库内,同时向家坝以下河道发生长距离冲刷。本文以自金沙江下游工程筹建以来的观测资料为基础,针对梯级水库的泥沙淤积和坝下游河道冲刷规律开展研究,结果表明:金沙江下游四个梯级电站自建成运行至2020年底,累计淤积泥沙约5.98亿m3,其中溪洛渡库区淤积量占比达92.5%,2013-2020年溪洛渡和向家坝水库排沙比分别为2.64%和22.2%,其水库泥沙主要淤积在常年回水区的干流河道内,以死库容内淤积为主,侵占有效库容的比例小于1.3%。金沙江下游库区干流河道的峡谷特征明显,淤积多表现为主河槽的平铺式淤高。溪洛渡和向家坝库区淤积的泥沙沿程分选特征明显,越靠近坝前,中数粒径减小、细颗粒泥沙沙量百分数增加,极细颗粒泥沙会在库区一定范围内大量沉积。向家坝下游河床普遍冲刷,但... 相似文献
5.
辽宁省大伙房水库及入库河流水质空间特征与河库水质关系 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
入库河流与水库存在空间上的连续性,河流污染物输入是水库水质恶化的主要原因,对大伙房水库及其入库支流61个采样点的水质状况进行调查,并运用聚类分析和主成分分析对大伙房水库及入库支流的水质空间特性和主要污染物进行分析.聚类分析显示,按照水质相似性将大伙房水库及入库支流水质可分为上游区、下游区和库区3个典型空间区域.分别对3个区域进行主成分分析,结果显示:入库支流上游区和下游区水质主要影响因素为氨氮、总氮和化学需氧量,库区影响水质的主要因素为温度、p H值、浊度、溶解氧、电导率、氨氮和总氮.对上游、下游和库区水质均有显著影响的因子为氨氮和总氮,上游区、下游区和库区氨氮浓度均值分别为0.06、0.10和0.19 mg/L,总氮浓度均值分别为0.13、0.16和0.26 mg/L.入库河流下游区对水库水质影响较大,受社河和浑河污染物输入的影响,大伙房水库水质在空间上呈现社河入库区水质优于浑河入库区水质.并且库区氨氮和总氮浓度均与距岸边距离呈负相关,溶解氧和p H值均与距入库口距离呈负相关,表明入库河流污染物输入和环库区面源污染均对大伙房水库水质产生一定影响. 相似文献
6.
水温是重要的水文指标。气候变化和人类活动加剧背景下,水温变化已成为威胁全球水生态系统的重要因素。长江上游开发了世界上规模最大的梯级水库群,然而目前关于梯级水库和气候变化对下游水温及水生态的耦合影响仍不清楚。本文基于长江宜宾-重庆段长序列水温和气象资料,解析了气象因子和金沙江梯级水库对下游水温的影响,评估了长江上游珍稀特有鱼类国家级自然保护区重要鱼类适宜产卵时间对水温变化的响应,结果表明：研究河段近30年年平均水温显著增高,增幅约为0.5～1.1℃;向家坝-溪洛渡水库蓄水后向家坝站、朱沱站和寸滩站年水温过程平均滞后约36、13和7 d,蓄水后下游河段春季“滞冷”效应明显,秋冬季“滞热”效应明显,各水文站旬平均水温最大增加和降低幅度分别为1.8～3.7℃和1.3～3.6℃,“滞热”程度大于“滞冷”程度;年内不同月份水温变化主要由梯级水库蓄水引起,年际间平均水温变化主要由气候变化引起;蓄水后向家坝站附近水温达到重要鱼类适宜产卵水温时间延迟了30～40 d,蓄水对达到重要鱼类适宜产卵水温的时间延迟程度为：黑尾近红鲌>长薄鳅、圆口铜鱼、岩原鲤>中华金沙鳅>长江鲟>胭脂鱼,... 相似文献
7.
通过对福建永安井自数字化观测以来的水位、水温资料分析,认为该井水位的主要影响因素为降雨和上游水库泄洪的影响;水温的影响因素较为复杂,主要为水位变化、降雨及上游水库泄洪的影响,但影响水温变化的机理不同.水位的趋势变化对水温的影响是由于随着水位的上升或下降,会引起含水层中孔隙压力发生变化,从而引起水温梯度的变化;降雨对水温的影响变化是由于冷水的渗入,在含水层水头不变的情况下,低温水比例增大,高温水比例减小,从而使得水温下降;上游泄洪对水温造成的影响,是由于处于下游的井孔孔内的渗透率增大,导致水位升高引起水温梯度发生变化,从而使得水温升高. 相似文献
8.
典型枯水年长江干流硅的分布、输送与滞留 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
于特枯水情年对三峡水库溶解硅和长江干流自涪陵至河口段悬浮颗粒物、溶解硅、生物硅和叶绿素a浓度等进行调查.研究表明,在平水期和汛期末,长江干流水体溶解硅和生物硅浓度和通量在其上游受大坝"滞留"效应的影响呈现沿程降低的趋势,中、下游受"两湖"和汉江等的补充作用有明显升高.在枯水年,长江干流水体生物硅浓度占活性硅(溶解硅和生物硅之和)浓度的2%~5%,显著低于平水年的比例(13%),同时也低于世界河流的平均水平(16%).三峡水库在4-12月份减少溶解硅向下游的输送通量,而在1-3月份增加溶解硅的输送通量;水库在枯水年滞留了大约3%~6%的溶解硅.三峡水库内低的初级生产水平和高的生物硅再生速率是其难以对溶解硅形成有效滞留的主要因素.大坝下游会因清水下泄产生潜在的滞留效应,不过还需要更多的数据去量化. 相似文献
9.
三峡水库蓄水引起库区水位抬升,水面面积显著增加,对区域水文循环过程产生了一定影响。为揭示三峡水库蓄水前后水面面积及蒸发损失变化规律,选取三峡库区坝前至寸滩区间作为研究区,利用Landsat影像数据提取1982—2021年水面面积,分区建立水位与面积关系曲线,进而推求库区逐日水面面积。在估计三峡库区水面面积的基础上,结合站点潜在蒸发资料推求水面蒸发损失量。研究结果表明:2010年三峡水库全面运行后,坝前至寸滩库区平均水面面积由蓄水前的372.96km2,增加到761.31km2,较蓄水前增加了1.04倍。同时,三峡水库的蓄泄调节改变了库区河段原有的水文节律,使得库区水面面积的季节性变化特征较蓄水前发生了显著变化。蓄水后,冬季水面面积最大,平均为843.81km2,较蓄水前增加了1.89倍;秋季、春季次之,水面面积分别为818.73和735.28km2,较蓄水前分别增加了97.17%和1.28倍;夏季水面面积最小,为653.03km2,较蓄水前仅增加了39.06%。水库全面运行后,... 相似文献
10.
三峡水库支流小江富营养化模型构建及在水量调度控藻中的应用 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
三峡水库蓄水以来,支流小江呈富营养化加重的趋势,且多次暴发春季水华.水库蓄水以后支流流速变缓,水体滞留时间增加,是引发支流水华的主要因素之一.基于MIKE软件,建立小江调节坝下游至河口的二维水动力-富营养化模型,考虑碳、氮、磷3种元素在浮游植物有机体、死亡腐屑和无机盐中的循环转化,模拟小江河段的春季水华过程.分析小江生态调节坝的水量调节抑藻作用,即人为制造"洪水脉冲",增加短时间内的水流流速,对下游流场进行扰动以控制水华.计算结果表明,增大泄水量对调节坝下游的小江河段的春季藻华总体上具有一定的抑制作用.小江上游河段调度作用效果明显,下游高阳至入汇口河段调节作用较小,上游调节坝水力调度可以作为三峡水库支流水华应急治理措施之一.营养盐控制应该是控制支流水华的根本措施. 相似文献
11.
12.
《国际泥沙研究》2014,(4)
正Director:Shangfu Kuang,China Vice-directors:Chunhong Hu,China Duihu Ning,China Guangquan Liu,China The International Research and Training Center on Erosion and Sedimentation(IRTCES)was jointly set up by the Government of China and UNESCO on July 21,1984.It aims at the promotion of international exchange of knowledge and cooperation in the studies of erosion and 相似文献
13.
14.
15.
16.
《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2014,(3)
正SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences,an academic journal cosponsored by the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the National Natural Science Foundation of China,and published by Science China Press and Springer,is committed to publishing high-quality,original results in both basic and applied research. 相似文献
17.
Richard D. Hey 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1979,4(1):59-72
Feedback mechanisms, which operate upstream through drawdown and backwater effects and downstream through sediment discharge are responsible for channel evolution. By combining these mechanisms with channel processes it euables a dynamic process-response model to be developed to simulate the initial evolution of straight gravel-bed channels. When erosion commences on a land surface, sediment entrained in the headwater reach by hydraulic action is selectively transported, deposited and reworked. This produces a damped oscillation between degradation and aggradation as the channel and valley respond to spatial and temporal variations in sediment calibre and hydraulic conditions. The initial cut and fill phases are responsible for valley incision and floodplain development while secondary and subsequent activity can produce river terraces. Eventually sediment entrainment in the headwaters declines as slopes are reduced. Subsequent channel evolution is relatively insignificant because it is dependent on local weathering activity producing material that can be transported on declining slopes. Therefore landforms produced during the initial phase of development, when local weathering was non-limiting, dominate the landscape. 相似文献
18.
Based on relocating the Jiujiang-Ruichang earthquake sequence which occurred on November 26, 2005 in Jiangxi Province with the double-difference （DD） algorithm and master event technique, the paper discusses the focal mechanism of the main shock （MsS.7） and the probable seismo-tectonics. The precise relocation results indicate that the average horizontal error is 0.31kin in a EW direction and 0.40kin in a NS direction, and the average depth error is 0.48kin. The focal depths vary from 8kin to 14kin, with the predominant distribution at 10kin - 12kin. The epicenter of the main shock is relocated to be 29.69^oN, 115.74^oE and the focal depth is about 10.Skin. Combining the predominant distribution of the earthquake sequence, the focal mechanism of the main shock and the tectonic conditions of N-E- and NW-strike faults growth in the seismic region, we infer that the main shock of the earthquake sequence was caused by a NW striking buried fault in the Rnichang basin. The nature of seismic faults needs to be further explored. 相似文献
19.
《水文科学杂志》2013,58(6)
Abstract The western reservoirs represent the principal groundwater system in Morocco. Demographic, industrial and agricultural developments during the last decade have markedly altered groundwater quality. The Mamora coastal aquifer system is among the Atlantic systems which are most heavily threatened by pollution. Agricultural and industrial activities, and rapid urban growth contribute to the pollution of the groundwater. Contamination transport is facilitated by a high permeability of the aquifer formations. In order to assess the actual groundwater quality of the Mamora aquifer and to understand the influence of the factors generating the pollution, an extensive multidisciplinary research programme is in progress, with hydrochemistry and microbiology playing essential roles. The present paper concerns the spatial distribution of physico-chemical parameters in the groundwater, subjected to domestic, industrial and agricultural pollution. Fifty-seven samples were analysed for several parameters (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cl?, SO4 2?, HCO3 ?, NO3 ?, pH, electrical conductivity and temperature). The microbiological analysis of 143 samples reveals the presence of four kinds of indicator bacteria in the groundwater resources: faecal Streptococci, faecal coliform, Escherichia coli and Clostridium. The physico-chemical results and bacteriological monitoring show that the nitrate and bacteria concentrations exceed the maximum admissible levels, notably around pumping stations in the sectors of Sidi Taibi, Sidi Ahmed Taleb and Aïn Sbaâ. Contamination is generated by uncontrolled anthropogenic activities and accentuated by the high intrinsic vulnerability of the aquifer system. Several parameters appeared to exceed admissibility standards. Measures are recommended to prevent groundwater pollution in the region. 相似文献
20.
K.-G. Malle 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》1992,20(4):196-204
Zinc in the Environment. In 1990 the world production of zinc ammounted to 7 Mio. metric tons. The main areas of application were: galvanization, alloys like brass and zinc metal. The content in the earth crust varies between 10–300 ppm zinc with a mean of 70 ppm. Uncontaminated surface waters contain less than 10 mg/m3 zinc. Apart from civilization air contains 1–10 ng zinc per m3. These background concentrations are exceeded by orders of magnitude in zinc deposit areas and where anthropogenic influences predominate. Accumulation can occur in sediments and sewage sludge. Molluscs and Algae also accumulate zinc. Zinc is essential for live. With normal food the zinc supply of man is just sufficient. Bioaccumulation of zinc towards man or chronic oversupply of man is not known. Zinc has no teratogenic or mutagenic effects, a suspicion on a carcinogenic effect proved wrong. In stockbreeding and plant cultivation a minimum supply of zinc is necessary. Plants are relatively less sensitive against higher soil contents of zinc. Considering the toxicological and ecotoxicological effects of zinc in the environment, the critical organismens are marine invertebratae like tubifex, daphnia, gammarus and algae. But normally only a minor part of the total zinc contest is biologically available, depending on salt content and pH of the waters. 相似文献