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《国际地震动态》2016,(1)
地震触发滑坡是一种常见的地震次生灾害。据相关研究显示,全球范围的滑坡带分布与地震带的分布具有惊人的一致性,可见地震对引发滑坡的作用之大。因此,边坡在地震作用下的稳定性研究成为了一个倍受相关专家关注的问题。由于边坡自身材料性质的不确定性,尤其是土质边坡,导致在原本复杂的地震作用下的研究变得更加困难。为解决这一问题,本文以土质边坡为研究对象,综合考虑土坡自身和地震动两方面特性来分析评价土坡的地震动力响应规律和稳定性。主要研究成果如下:(1)地震动特性对边坡稳定性的影响规律研究。选取不同幅值、频谱和持时的地震动加速度时程作为荷载输入,模拟分析不同地震动特性对土质边坡响应的影响规律,分析结果表明,幅值、频谱和持时地震动三要素对土坡稳定性均有重要影响;(2)地震作用土质边坡类型划分的研究。利用层次分析法确定影响地震边坡各因素的作用权重,并选取权重较高的影响因素作为划分依据,将地震作用土质边坡类型综合划分为4类。每个类型中又根据坡度的不同划分为缓坡、缓陡坡、陡坡和急坡4个小类;(3)基于有限元强度折减法,本文对土质边坡地震作用下稳定性状态判定方法进行了研究。定义了等效塑性应变区贯通程度的概念,建立了等效塑性应变区贯通程度与边坡安全系数的对应关系,并提出利用等效塑性应变区贯通程度作为边坡稳定性判断依据的方法;(4)地震作用下各类土质边坡稳定性评价与预测应用分析。模拟计算了不同地震动作用下各类土质边坡的稳定性,应用论文提出的方法对各类土质边坡的地震危险性进行了评价与预测,并选取实际发生的地震滑坡与本文预测评价的结果作对比,验证了本文预测评价结果的准确性。 相似文献
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地震滑坡往往会造成巨大的人员伤亡和财产损失,而边坡在地震作用下的响应规律是研究地震边坡稳定性的首要问题。本研究利用FLAC3D有限差分软件建立多个边坡模型,进行边坡地形效应的地震动力响应分析,考虑的地形主要包括坡高、坡角、坡面形状等三方面的因素。将选取的地震波作用于不同模型,分析坡面加速度、速度放大比及坡顶坡脚傅里叶谱值,研究边坡几何形态对边坡地震响应的影响。结果表明,坡高对坡面的速度放大影响明显,坡角对坡面加速度放大效果较强,而不同的坡面形状会造成不同的加速度响应规律,凹面坡加速度放大效果更小一些。该研究有助于地震边坡的稳定性分析并为边坡工程的抗震设计提供参考。 相似文献
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地震作用下节理岩质边坡稳定性影响因素研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
汶川地震灾害调查表明,在基岩山区地震滑塌主要发育在局部强度相对较大、节理较发育的厚层或块状岩体中.以岩石中含两组节理的岩质边坡为例,输入实际的地震记录,采用离散单元法进行数值模拟,分别探讨坡高、地震烈度、坡角及节理倾角组合对节理岩质边坡稳定性的影响.结果表明:地震作用下坡体中质点的加速度、速度具有高程放大效应;节理岩质边坡稳定性随着坡高、坡角和地震烈度的增加而降低;两组节理不同组合的岩质边坡,其稳定性变化较为复杂,受节理倾角与坡角的关系、节理的倾向、两组节理之间夹角等因素的影响.节理岩质边坡在地震作用下是受拉区逐渐向受剪区扩展而最终导致边坡失稳破坏,是受拉和受剪的复合破坏.上述初步结论为评价山区节理较发育的岩质边坡在地震作用下的稳定性提供一定的依据. 相似文献
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以往对平面破坏模式的岩质边坡稳定性评价,主要关注潜在滑坡体在自重、坡体内静水压力和地震荷载耦合作用下沿破坏面的抗滑稳定性,并未涉及各类外荷载作用线不通过潜在滑体重心而引起的绕坡趾倾覆稳定性。针对这一问题,提出地震与张裂缝水压耦合作用下的岩质边坡倾覆稳定性解析方法,基于力矩平衡原理推导出岩质边坡抗倾覆稳定性系数的一般表达式;通过深入的变动参数比较研究,探讨张裂缝水压和地震荷载对抗倾覆安全系数的影响,认为水压是控制岩质边坡倾覆破坏的决定性因素,而地震荷载处于次要因素,其在一定程度上增加或减小抗倾覆稳定性。在此基础上建立不同参数组合下的岩质边坡抗倾覆稳定图,为工程技术人员快速评估饱水岩质边坡地震倾覆稳定性提供直接依据。 相似文献
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地震引起的滑坡对生命、环境和经济造成了巨大的威胁。目前，对于地震作用下边坡稳定性的研究主要集中在单一滑动面破坏模式，对于具有多个潜在滑动面边坡的地震稳定性研究比较欠缺。基于此，利用有限差分软件FLAC对不同边坡进行地震稳定性数值模拟，对比分析不同强度地震动作用下均质土体、分层土体和含软弱夹层土体边坡的滑动面演化过程和永久变形分布特征。结果表明：对于均质边坡，地震引起的滑动面为单一的整体滑动面，地震动强度的增加仅导致沿滑动面的永久变形量增大；对于非均质边坡，在地震作用下还可能形成通过土层交界面的局部滑动变形，且地震作用下最先形成和发生变形的滑动面与静力条件下得到的最小安全系数对应的最危险滑动面一致；同时，地震引起的边坡浅层和深层变形破坏存在复杂的相互影响，当局部浅层滑动先发生时，地震动的进一步增大很容易诱发更深层的坡体滑动，而当深层滑动先发生时，由于塑性变形影响地震惯性力向上部坡体的传播，浅层坡体的进一步滑动变形相对较难被触发。 相似文献
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地震力作用下土质边坡动态稳定性研究对实际边坡工程有着重要的意义。采用拟动力法结合简化毕肖普法研究坡顶抗滑桩加固土质边坡在地震力作用下的动态稳定性。尽管拟静力法是目前处理地震力最为广泛的方法之一，但其局限性在于无法考虑地震力随时间变化且忽略了地震波在土体中的传播。而拟动力法采用正弦波模拟地震波在土中传播，并考虑地震波从坡脚传递到坡顶的相位差以及阻尼力对边坡稳定性的影响，通过边坡安全系数的变化揭示土质边坡在地震力作用下的稳定性变化规律。将得到的结果与拟静力法进行对比，突出了拟动力法的优势。最后，考虑水平地震加速度系数、加速度幅值放大系数以及土体内摩擦角对边坡稳定性的影响，以期对实际工程提供理论借鉴。 相似文献
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在研究岩浆岩和变质岩特点的基础上,根据岩浆岩岩体结构体的大小、有无缓倾的结构面及岩浆岩散粒状边坡岩体的特征,将岩浆岩边坡岩体结构划分为4大类7个亚类;根据部分正变质岩边坡岩体结构与岩浆岩边坡岩体结构类似,部分副变质岩中发育的板理、千枚理、片理类似沉积岩中的层理,以及边坡岩体具有似层状岩体结构的特征,把变质岩边坡岩体的结构划分为5大类11个亚类。岩体结构的划分为边坡稳定性研究、边坡病害治理及其工程效果评价提供了依据。 相似文献
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由削坡建房遗留的人工边坡存在大量滑坡隐患问题,在降雨引发土质边坡自身动力变化分析条件下,以稳定性评价建模为基础,提出降雨型滑坡动力学预警预报模型。文中以广东省梅州市花岗岩地区为例,使用GIS技术构建了1 727个预警分析单元,并进行关键地质环境因子赋值及与气象站点数据关联;按坡高、坡度等参数,分别构建16个边坡失稳动力学预警模块,并根据降雨量变化,计算边坡稳定性系数,最终按其阈值确定风险等级并予以预警。本研究对于推动人工边坡诱发的滑坡地质灾害预警预报与预防均具有重要意义。 相似文献
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《世界地震工程》2015,(4)
针对汶川地震区边坡,介绍了边坡的工程背景和滑坡现状,研究了地震和降水耦合条件作用对边坡稳定性的影响。探索了加筋挡土墙在地震区边坡应用的可能性,使用基于极限平衡法的SLIDE软件进行不同工况条件下边坡稳定性的计算,分析了不同的加筋方案对加筋挡土墙性能的影响。研究表明:在地震作用下,边坡土体原有的结构体系遭到破坏,土体变得较松散,甚至产生张拉裂缝,为雨水的渗入提供了通道,对边坡的稳定性产生不利影响。数值模拟计算得出,边坡在排水条件下基本处于极限平衡状态,最危险滑动面位于边坡下部,但滑动区域相比饱水条件下明显减小,危险滑动面面积也随之减小,而合理的削坡、建立有效的坡表排水系统和加筋挡土墙加固可较大程度的提高坡体稳定性。 相似文献
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Rainfall-induced landslides are a common occurrence in terrain with steep topography and soils that have degradable strength. Rainfall infiltration into a partially saturated slope of infinite extent can lead to either a decrease or complete elimination of soil suction, compromising the slopes' stability. In this research the rainfall infiltration coupled with deformation of a partially saturated soil slope during rainfall infiltration is analyzed. The limit equilibrium conditions and the shear strength relationship of a partially saturated soil are employed to develop an analytical solution for calculating the stability of an infinite partially saturated slope due to rainfall infiltration. The analytical solutions are able to consider the influence of the coupled effects on the stability of the slope. The factors that affect the safety of a partially saturated slope of infinite extent are discussed. The results indicate that the poro-mechanical coupling of water infiltration and deformation has an important effect on the stability of the infinite unsaturated slope. 相似文献
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现有大量观测记录表明:斜坡地形对地震波的传播有着非常强烈的影响。为服务于工程抗震设计,基于显式有限元方法,定量分析SH波垂直入射下二维斜坡地形的地震动响应与斜坡角度、土层厚度以及介质阻抗比的关系,总结了位于一维土层基本频率附近斜坡上台面各区域放大因子的变化规律。研究表明:（1）斜坡面对SH波的反射使二维斜坡地形的放大倍数较一维土层存在显著放大,且该现象在缓坡中更加明显。（2）当土层厚度为斜坡高度的1/4,介质阻抗比为0.368,坡度为30°时,放大因子在距坡顶1.67倍斜坡高度处取到最大值1.930。（3）斜坡覆盖土层薄时,放大因子受斜坡角度的影响大,斜坡覆盖土层厚时,阻抗比成为影响放大因子的主要因素。（4）分别考虑土层厚度、斜坡角度、介质阻抗比以及观测点位置对二维斜坡地形地表地震动响应的影响,取1倍斜坡高度作为区域间隔,统计每个区域内各参数对应的放大因子最大值,对比现有规范给出工程抗震设计参考值及放大因子大于1的基频比范围。 相似文献
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Landslides and rock falls along the highway are common geological hazards in Southwest China. As an influencing factor on potential landslides behavior, roads or distance to roads have been successfully used in landslide susceptibility assessments in mountainous area. However, the relationship between the road-cut and the slope stability is not clear. Therefore, we performed two-dimensional slope stability calculation using the general limit equilibrium (GLE)method incorporated in the software SLOPE/W of GeoStudio for stability analysis of slopes. Our studies show that the man-made roads influence on the slope stability mainly exists in two ways:One is to create a new steep slope, which will result in rock falls and shallow landslides along the roads; the other is to influence the stability of the original slope, which will result in comparatively huge landslides. For the latter, our simulation study reveals that the road location, namely at which part of a natural slope to construct a road is important for the slope stability. For a natural slope with a potential slip surface, if a road is constructed at or near the slope toe where the potential slip surface surpasses, it will greatly degrade the slope's factor of safety (Fs) and make the slope unstable; however, if a rode-cut is near the top of the slope, it will increase the slope's Fs and make the slope more stable. The safety location is different for different slope angle, steeper slope needs a higher location for a safety road-cut in comparison with gentle slopes. Moreover, the slope stability decreases when loading a seismic force and it varies with the slope angle. Firstly, the Fs decreases when the slope angle increasing, and when the slope angle reaches 45°, the Fs then becomes greater with the slope angle increasing. 相似文献
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Rill erosion is a dominant sediment source on sloping lands. However, the amount of soil loss from rills on steep slopes is vastly more than that on gentle slopes because of differences in rill shape and hydraulic patterns. The aims of this paper are to determine the hydrodynamic characteristics of rills and the friction coefficients in steep slope conditions and to propose modifications of some hydraulic parameters used in soil loss prediction models. A series of inflow experiments was conducted on loess slopes. The results show that the geometric and hydraulic properties of rill on the steep loess slopes, which are characterized by the mean width of cross sections, mean velocity and mean depth of flow, are related to discharge and slope gradient in power functions. However, the related exponents to discharge are 0.26, 0.48 and 0.26, respectively, which are different from the exponents derived in previous studies, which were conducted on gentle slopes. The Manning roughness coefficient ranged from 0.035 to 0.071, with an average of 0.0536, and the Darcy–Weisbach friction coefficients varied from 0.4 to 1.9. The roughness coefficients are closely related to the Reynolds numbers and flow volumes; however, the correlations vary with slope gradient. The roughness coefficients are directly proportional to the Reynolds number and the flow volume on steep slopes, in contrast with the roughness coefficients found on gentle slopes, which decrease as the Reynolds number and flow volume increase. This difference is caused by the interactions among the hydraulics of the flow, the shape of the rills and the sediment concentrations on steep slopes. The results indicate that parameters used in models to predict rill erosion have to be modified according to slope gradient. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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本文对某特大跨上承式铁路钢管混凝土拱桥建立“V”型河谷场地有限元动力计算模型,结合时空解耦的时域动力有限元方法,研究“V”型河谷场地效应对其地震响应的影响,并考虑地震入射角、行波速度及地震动峰值等因素对场地效应的影响。结果表明:海拔高且坡度均匀的地形使地震波在反射过程中能量增大,海拔较低且坡度下陡上缓的地形使地震波在反射过程中能量减少,“V”型河谷场地效应使大部分钢管混凝土拱圈截面内力测量值放大作用明显;“V”型河谷场地地形效应与地震波的入射角、行波速度及加速度峰值等因素均有关联,且CFST拱肋面外受弯抗震性能受行波速度的影响较大。因此,钢管混凝土拱桥抗震设计中应注意场地地形效应及行波速度的影响。 相似文献
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Surface microrelief changes affect the soil and water conservation benefits of rainwater harvesting tillage operation during rainfall events 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Reservoir tillage (RT) improves the soil rainwater harvesting capacity and reduces soil erosion on cropland, but there is some debate regarding its effectiveness. The objective of this study was to further verify the effect of RT on soil erosion and explore the reasons for this effect by analysing microrelief changes during rainfall. Rainfall intensities of 60, 90, and 120 mm/hr and three slope degrees (5, 15, and 25°, representing gentle, medium, and steep slopes) were considered. A smooth surface (SS) served as the control. The microrelief changes were determined based on digital elevation models, which were measured using a laser scanner with a 2‐cm grid before and after rainfall events. The results showed that compared with the values for the SS, RT reduced both the runoff and sediment by approximately 10‐20% on the gentle slope; on the medium slope, although RT also reduced the runoff in the 90‐ and 120‐mm/hr intensity rainfall events, the sediment increased by 158.90% and 246.08%; on the steep slope, the sediment increased by 92.33 to 296.47%. Overall, when the runoff control benefit of RT was lower than 5%, there was no sediment control benefit. RT was effective at controlling soil loss on the gentle slopes but was not effective on the medium and steep slopes. This is because the surface depressions created by RT were filled in with sediment that eroded from the upslopes, and the surface microrelief became smoother, which then caused greater soil and water loss than that on an SS at the later rainfall stage. 相似文献
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The slope effects on sediment trapping process in vegetative filter strips (VFS) are usually neglected in current modelling practices for VFS operation, which hamper the VFS design and performance evaluation, especially on steep slopes. To fill the knowledge gap, 12 laboratory experiments of sediment trapping in VFS were conducted with three different inflow discharge (80, 100, and 120 ml s−1) and four slope angles (5,10, 15, and 20°). The experimental results show that, on steep slopes (10, 15, and 20°), a part of trapped sediment particles in VFS can be eroded again and then dragged to the downstream as bed load, whilst they do not move on gentle slope (5°). To describe the complex processes, a simple and effective modelling framework was developed for sloped VFS by coupling the slope infiltration, runoff, and modified sediment transport model. The model was tested against the experimental results and good agreements between the modelled and observed results were found in both runoff and sediment transport processes for all cases. On steep slopes, the sediment trapping performance of VFS decreases significantly because the erosion of deposited sediment particles can account for more than 60% of the sediment load in the outflow. The slope effect on sediment trapping efficiency of VFS varies greatly with soil, VFS, and slope properties. The model was compared with previous sediment transport equation and found that both methods can satisfactorily predict the sediment trapping of VFS on gentle slopes, but previous sediment transport equation is likely to overestimate the sediment trapping efficiency in VFS on steep slopes. This model is expected to provide a more realistic and accurate method for predicting runoff and sediment reduction in VFS on sloping surfaces. 相似文献