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1.
官厅水库所在的延怀盆地有多条活动断层分布 ,新构造运动强烈。官厅水库大坝安全与否事关首都安全。为此 ,文中采用有限元方法结合断层位移资料 ,模拟了延怀盆地的现代构造应力场 ;参照模拟的结果 ,结合前人的研究成果 ,对设定地震的烈度进行了拟合 ,讨论了设定地震对大坝的影响。对官厅水库大坝的地震安全性进行了评价。结果表明 :1)延怀盆地最大主压应力方向为N80°～ 85°E ;2 )可能的发震断层为方家冲 -营门矿段断层 ;3)考虑大坝坝址的工程地质条件、发震断层与大坝的空间位置关系、历史大地震对大坝的影响等因素 ,则大坝的地震危险性将有所提高 相似文献
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盆地对地震动的放大作用是地震工程的一个重要研究问题.由于计算能力的限制,早期的盆地地震动模拟主要采用二维模型,不能反映真实的盆地地震波传播.近年来,三维盆地地震动模拟成为盆地效应研究的主要方法.合理的三维盆地速度结构模型是研究的必要基础.施甸盆地是我国西南地区的典型小型盆地,其地震动研究对于探讨小型盆地地震动的分布规律具有重要意义.本文在施甸县城小区化的研究基础上,基于盆地内24个钻孔的土样和波速测量结果,探讨了盆地覆盖层的分布规律,给出了盆地内典型的第四纪覆盖层剖面.在此基础上建立了施甸盆地的三维速度结构模型,为研究历次地震中施甸盆地地震动异常和分析小型盆地地震动放大作用奠定了基础. 相似文献
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通过延怀盆地构造背景、新构造活动、古地震等资料的分析,综合构造应力场模拟、构造类比、大震离逝率、孕震蓄能等因素及由经验公式推断的研究结果,对延怀盆地设定地震相关参数进行了研究.结果表明,延怀盆地设定地震的震级上限为7,发震断层为方家冲一营门矿段断层,震源深度为10 km左右. 相似文献
4.
国内外震害经验和研究结果表明,场地效应是引起地表震害和地震动局部变化的重要因素,它主要受场地速度结构的影响。沉积环境是指沉积作用进行时具有的自然地理环境,它会对沉积层的颗粒大小和圆度、孔隙率、含水率等因素产生影响,从而进一步影响以沉积土壤为主的地下速度结构。因此,沉积环境会对场地效应产生一定程度的影响。数值模拟方法可以模拟地下具有任意复杂结构的介质中地震波传播的过程,并获得地表的地震动响应,是一种常用的研究场地效应的方法,在工程抗震验算的地震动定量估计、地震震害预测等领域有重要意义。数值模拟需要以准确的地下速度结构模型为基础,模型的准确性也直接影响到模拟结果的准确性。建立准确的地下速度结构模型需要大量的地球物理勘探资料,其中钻孔测井资料最为准确,然而其成本较高,且对于人口、建筑密集的城市,钻探难度大。因此,本文以玉溪盆地为例,分析了该地区沉积层速度结构与沉积环境的关系,发现沉积层的波速与沉积物颗粒大小、磨圆程度有明显的关联,并建立了使用钻孔中沉积环境特征明显的地层估计钻孔等效波速的方法,从而使未进行波速测井的钻孔可以被应用于场地模型的构建。盆地效应作为一种典型的复杂场地效应,通常对地震动有显著放大作用。本文以沉积环境因素的影响为基础,建立了考虑土层横向不均匀性的玉溪盆地速度结构模型,使用数值模拟方法计算了其地表的地震动反应,分析了玉溪盆地的盆地效应:具有明显的聚焦效应及边缘效应;其位移峰值放大倍数普遍在1.2~1.6倍之间;对于地震动中周期为2s左右的成分的放大效应最为明显。论文中还将上述结果与未考虑沉积环境的模型模拟结果进行对比,指出沉积环境主要影响了盆地聚焦效应的分布以及加速度反应谱中特定周期的地震动反应分布。本论文中使用的数值模拟方法为基于ADINA软件的显示有限元方法。通过二次开发在ADINA软件中加入了人工透射边界,从而使其可以模拟无限域中地震波向计算区外传播的过程,建立了模拟局部场地地震反应的数值模拟方法。 相似文献
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首先基于有限断层破裂下的运动学震源模型，对比验证了三维谱元法对于近场地震动的模拟精度。 进而通过含盆地模型与不含盆地的一维水平成层模型的地震动强度之间和放大系数分布特征之间的对比，详细研究了直下型断层的破裂速度对盆地地震效应的影响。结果表明，盆地的存在会显著改变近断层地震动的分布特征，同时盆地内不同分量强地震动的分布特征变化较大。断层破裂速度对盆地地震效应影响显著，随破裂速度的增大盆地地震动强度逐渐增加，但不同分量上地震动强度的增加速率显著不同，受盆地效应的影响，放大系数表现出与强地震动不同的分布特征。盆地放大系数整体表现出随破裂速度的增加而减小的趋势，但不同分量放大系数所受影响程度差异明显。同时，盆地内地震动强烈放大区域的位置也受破裂速度的显著影响，但其总体上集中在断层两侧区域及垂直于破裂方向的盆地边缘附近。 相似文献
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施甸盆地三维地震动研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文利用三维施甸盆地模型以及川滇地区的地壳速度结构,采用谱元法和并行计算技术,考虑地形的影响,模拟了盆地外围中等设定地震作用下施甸盆地地震波的传播,分析了面波的产生和传播,研究了该盆地不同位置剖面地震动的差异和原因.研究表明,小型盆地在中等地震的作用下盆地内部地震动空间差异很大,盆地中较深的小型凹陷更容易汇聚面波,形成更强的振动,位于覆盖层厚度剧烈变化区域的地震动强度也会很大,甚至大于覆盖层厚的区域.较基岩地震动,盆地内地震动持续时间明显增加,地震动的放大作用明显,这也是盆地震害严重的主要原因之一. 相似文献
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《世界地震工程》2017,(4)
近断层强地震动特性与远场地震动特性具有显著差别。关于近断层沉积盆地地震响应规律,目前尚未厘清。为此利用基于有限断层假定的动力学震源模型,采用谱元法,详细研究了不同沉积内外介质波速比、走滑断层倾角下近断层沉积盆地地表的地震动时程和峰值变化规律。计算结果表明:近断层沉积盆地对地震动幅值具有显著的放大作用,在盆地内部,地震动持时明显延长以及空间分布更为复杂,同时出现多次长周期速度脉冲。断层倾角变化对地震动有着显著影响,在30°~90°范围内,整体上看:随倾角增大,盆地内部峰值加速度和峰值速度逐渐减小,而位移峰值受倾角的影响相对要小。另外,随近断层沉积盆地内部介质波速降低,盆地内部地表的地震加速度和速度会明显增大。 相似文献
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利用汶川地震获得的数字强震记录研究了汶川近场无速度脉冲、近场含速度脉冲和远场(盆地效应)地震动的弹性和弹塑性反应谱,后者包括等延性强度折减系数谱Rμ、等延性位移比谱Cu和等强度折减系数位移比谱CR.与相同场地条件PEER近场无速度脉冲、集集近场含速度脉冲地震动的谱进行了比较.汶川近场含速度脉冲地震动的弹性反应谱在0.2～0.8s周期内明显偏小,而它的弹塑性反应谱在短周期段(0.1 ～0.4 s)与汶川近场无速度脉冲地震动谱差别不大,但等延性强度折减系数谱Ru要大于集集地震含速度脉冲地震动的谱,而等延性位移比谱Cu和等强度折减系数位移比谱CR则小于集集地震动情况,此后随周期增长(至0.6 ～1.Os后)它们都逐渐过渡至与集集地震动的谱相当.汶川远场(盆地效应)地震动的弹性反应谱具有较宽并随周期缓慢增长的平台值和较长的特征周期,可达1.7s及以上.提出了远场(盆地效应)与近场地震动的弹性反应比谱和弹塑性位移比谱的概念. 相似文献
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延怀盆地土壤气体地球化学特征 总被引：25，自引：5，他引：20
报道了延怀盆地422个测点的土壤气测量结果,讨论了各气体组分的区域地球化学特征及其控制因素,并探讨了气体地球化学背景场与区域地震地质的关系.2007年9-10月在首都圈西北部延怀盆地进行了野外土壤气体测量,获得该地区土壤气中Rn,Hg,CO2,H2He和CH4的地球化学背景值分别为8105.8(±5937.4)Bq/m3,9.7(±5.8)ng/m3,395.9(士35.3×10-6 ,4.0(士2.3×10-6,15.9(±10.4)×10-6和12.7(±8.1,×10-6.延怀盆地土壤Rn,Hg,He和CO2气体地球化学背景场在空间上呈现东部高、西部低(以延矾盆地北缘断裂为界)的特征.控制土壤气体地球化学背景场的主要因素是气体组分的来源、地壳结构、断裂构造、地层和微生物作用.延怀盆地内东部上地壳内存在的低速体,构造活动性较强,深部来源的Hg和He,以及来源于花岗岩的Rn等对土壤气的贡献较大,是盆地东部土壤地球化学背景值较高的原因.这与延怀盆地东部地震活动性较强相对应.研究结果为研究区地震地球化学流动测量和异常判识奠定了基础. 相似文献
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D. M. Pechersky A. A. Lyubushin Z. V. Sharonova 《Izvestiya Physics of the Solid Earth》2010,46(7):613-623
The data on geomagnetic reversals are compared with the changes in the organic world and with the lower-mantle plumes. The
times of the formation of plumes and the times of their appearance on the Earth’s surface relate to the intervals characterized
by the different frequencies of geomagnetic reversals, i.e., there is no interrelation between the formation of plumes and
the frequency of the changes in the geomagnetic field polarity. At the same time, a certain synchronism is observed between
the frequency of the geomagnetic reversals and the boundaries of the biostratigraphic ages, i.e., the changes in the organic
world in the long-period range. A hypothesis is proposed, which explains the change in the sign of the geomagnetic field by
the combined effect of the irregular rotation of the internal core relative to the mantle and the changes in the slope angle
of the axis of the Earth’s rotation, which, in turn, results in synchronous events on the Earth’s surface: the rates of changes
in the organic world. 相似文献
12.
Prof. Dr. W. A. Heiskanen 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1958,41(1):1-18
Summary The author mentions the aims of the World-wide gravity project he established in the Ohio State University in Columbus, in 1950. He outlines the practical procedure of the gravimetric computations of the undulationsN and the vertical deflection components and and emphasizes that only by the global international cooperation and additional gravity observations at sea carried out during the last decade it has been possible to gather to Columbus the needed gravity material. Since there exist still large gravimetrically unsurveyed areas it is of vital significance to study what gravity anomalies are best to be used for these regions. The given figures concerning the accuracy of theN, and , estimated theoretically and obtained in practice, indicate that in the gravimetrically well surveyed parts of the world like in Europe and the United States we can get gravimetrically on basis of existing gravity material theN-values with accuracy of about 5–10 meters, and and with the accuracy of about 1. The geoid undulationsN are already computed in Columbus for more than 6000 points of the northern hemisphere. The sample maps show the interesting geoid of Europe and vicinity between the latitudes 60° and 30° and longitude 5° W and 30° E, drafted on basis of more than 1000N-values computed at the corners of 1°×1° squares. It is interesting to realize that the geoid undulations in all this area are positive, the extreme values being between 40 and 50 meters. The geophysical significance of the geoid maps of this kind is pointed out. 相似文献
13.
Summary The maintenance of the axisymmetric component of the flow in the atmosphere is investigated by means of a steady-state, quasi-geostrophic formulation of the meteorological equations. It is shown that the meridional variations in the time-averaged axisymmetric variables can be expressed as the sum of three contributions, one being due to the eddy heat transport, another to the eddy momentum transport, and a third to the convective-radiative equilibrium temperature which enters the problem through the specification of a Newtonian form of diabatic heating. The contributions by the large scale eddies are evaluated through the use of observed values for the eddy heat and momentum transports.The contributions from each of the three forcing mechanisms to the temperature and zonal wind fields are invstigated individually and found to be of about equal importance. The sum of the three contributions are also presented for the temperature, the zonal wind, the stream function associated with the mean meridional circulation and the corresponding vertical motion. Although the results fail to reproduce the main observed features of the lower stratosphere, they are found to be in good agreement with observations in the middle latitude troposphere. At any pressure level, for example, the computed mean zonal wind has a jet-like profile and the axis of the jet is found to slope to the south with height, as observed in the atmosphere.Based in part on a thesis submitted by the first author as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree at the University of Michigan. — Publication No. 194 from the Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, The University of Michigan. 相似文献
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综合APIA、HONOLULU、PAMATAI 3个地磁台三分量的11年周期变化的形态后，可定性地提出该变化源于内场。如内源为核幔边界的电涡流，则其中心点应位于3台之间。 相似文献
16.
V. E. Pavlov T. Yu. Tolmacheva R. V. Veselovskiy A. V. Latyshev A. M. Fetisova I. V. Bigun 《Izvestiya Physics of the Solid Earth》2017,53(5):702-713
Until recently, the existing data prevented the geophysicists from accurately dating the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, which outcrops in the middle reach of the Kotuy River, constraining the time of its formation to a wide interval from the end of the Late Cambrian to the beginning of the Silurian. The obtained paleomagnetic data unambiguously correlate the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum to the Nyaian regional stage and constrain its formation, at least a considerable part of it, by the Tremadocian. This result perfectly agrees with the data on the Bysy-Yuryakh conodonts studied in this work and yields a spectacular example of the successful application of paleomagnetic studies in solving important tasks of stratigraphy and, correspondingly, petroleum geology. Within the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, we revealed a large normal-polarity interval corresponding to the long (>1 Ma) period when the geomagnetic reversals were absent. This result, in combination with the data for the Tremadocian and Middle–Upper Cambrian sequences of the other regions, indicates that (1) the rate of occurrence of the geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the Ordovician Moyero superchron of reversed polarity was at most one reversal per Ma; (2) the superchron does not switch on instantaneously but is preceded by a certain gradual change in the operation conditions of the dynamo mechanism which, inter alia, manifests itself by the reduction of the frequency of geomagnetic reversals with the approach of the superchron. This finding supports the views according to which a process preparing the establishment of the superchrons takes place at the core–mantle boundary. 相似文献
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The nutations of the planets Mars andEarth are investigated and compared. Alarge number of interior structureparameters are involved in the nutationcomputations. The comparison between the observations and the computationsprovides several constraints on these parmeters andtherefore allows a better understanding of the physics of the interior of theplanet. For the Earth, the high precision of the observations of the nutationshas led to a very good determination of interior properties of the planet. ForMars, observations of nutations are not yet available, and we review how theamplitude of the Martian nutations depends on the hypotheses consideredfor its interior. Although Mars is very similar to the Earth, its interior is not well known;for example, we don't knowif its core is liquid or solid. Only if the core is liquid,the Free Core Nutation (FCN) normal mode exists and can alter the nutationswhich are close to the resonance. From the observed geoids, it is known thatboth planets are not in hydrostatic equilibrium. The departure is larger forMars than for the Earth, and consequently, the implication of considering a convective mantle instead of a mantle in hydrostatic equilibrium described byClairaut's equation for the initial equilibrium state of the planet is largeron the Martian nutations than on the Earth nutations. The consequences of theuncertainty in the core dimensions are also examined and shown to be of a veryhigh influence for Mars if the core is liquid, due to the potential changes inthe FCN resonance. The influence of the presence of an inner core, which isknown to exist for the Earth, could be more important for Mars than for theEarth if the inner core is large. Due to the presence of Tharsis on Mars, thetriaxiality of this planet has, additionally, larger effects than on Earth. 相似文献
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The global database on the paleointensity, containing determinations of the virtual dipole moment (VDM) for a stable (normal) regime of the geomagnetic field in a time interval of up to 3.5 Ga, is supplemented by new VDM determinations and analyzed. The field generation process started no later than 3–3.5 Ga (earlier data are absent) at the stage of the Earth’s core formation. Since that time, the dipole value has differed from its present value by no more than an order of magnitude, and the deviations that have already been detected tend toward smaller values. The distribution of VDM values in the time interval 0–400 Ma is bimodal, which apparently reflects the presence of two different generation levels of the geomagnetic field distinguished by a relatively large value (close to the present field value) and a relatively small value (approximately half as large as the present value). The total duration of decreased VDM values appreciably exceeds that of increased VDM values (179.1 and 28.6 Myr, respectively). On the whole, data on the paleointensity do not contradict the hypothesis about the dipole nature of the field over the last 400 Myr; however, the number of determinations at high paleolatitudes is too small to draw decisive conclusions on the validity (or invalidity) of the dipole field approximation based solely on paleointensity data. 相似文献
20.
Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The evolution of the magnetic configuration in the solar corona is studied. The curvature of the K-corona helmets obtained from an analytical approximation of the... 相似文献