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《地震工程学报》2018,(Z1)
介绍近年来甘肃深井地电阻率(ρs)实验观测的资料和震例,证明SA(甘肃单孔深井垂直观测方案)是一种前兆效能更好的方案。文中从水平层状介质的角度解释更好的机制和原理,定量估算几种装置的前兆效能,结果表明:(1)在平凉深井台站,SA装置的前兆效能是深井水平向装置的3.3倍;(2)在兰州观象台,新建的SA装置完整地记录到一个震例(异常时间段50d,其中短临时间段10d,异常变幅2.4%),而原有地面观测装置不能分辨该震例。从地面观测到深井水平向观测,解决了最棘手的电磁干扰问题,使ρs曲线成形连续;从深井水平向观测到SA方案,解决装置的前兆效能问题和最突出的季节性年变问题,使震例的特征清晰可见。文中针对需求介绍SA装置构建的方案。观测资料表明:SA方案是解决当今电磁干扰问题的最佳途径,是提高装置前兆效能的方向。 相似文献
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流动观测台网与固定观测台网的结合是当前地震观测技术系统发展的一个趋势.针对流动观测时地震计与地震数据采集器互相独立、携带不方便、功耗高的问题,自主研发了一款适合流动观测的集地震信号提取、数据采集、记录和服务为一体的数字地震仪.该仪器具有频带宽(60s—80Hz)、动态范围高(140dB)、功耗低(0.6W)、携带方便(整机重量在15kg左右,包括供电系统、GPS天线和包装箱)等特点.详细介绍了该地震仪的外观结构、整体硬件结构、低功耗处理技术和所采用的灵敏度校正、标准方位和正交校正技术.对仪器的主要性能参数指标进行了严格的测试,并给出了具体的测试结果.该仪器研制完成后,投入到了青海玉树MS7.1地震震后流动观测中.从半年的实际使用结果来看,该仪器能够满足流动观测的要求. 相似文献
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本文收集整理了距2010年4月14日玉树7.1级地震震中700km范围内的全部13个地下流体观测井孔的温度观测资料,统计分析了2008年5月以来各井温度当月超过3倍均方差的数据个数(以下简称月超差个数).结果发现,在玉树地震前6个月,13个观测井中有10个井观测数据出现月超差个数升高现象,有4个观测井月超差个数出现了同震升高和震后升高现象.2008、2009年大柴旦发生的2次6级以上地震前,也有类似现象.此异常现象可能反映了玉树地震前场兆和源兆的共同作用过程. 相似文献
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综合前兆异常月频次在地震预报中的应用及其意义 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3
依据中国地震局分析预报中心的周、月会商会和年度会商会所提供的综合前兆异常,即震前所提出的各类前兆异常,研究了中国大陆地区内的综合前兆异常月频次在地震预报中的应用和时空演化特征。该结果有利于预报水平的提高和对前兆异常实质的进一步认识,并可从中了解大区域应力场的加强过程和空间演化过程,为研究地震动力学、地震活动幕提供了前兆方面的资料。此外,由于是应用震前提出的前兆异常从大区域内进行的地震总结,不同于以往震例总结中的以具体地震为目标的局部总结,因而提出了一些新问题、新思路。 相似文献
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GPS测得的汶川大地震同震位移 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
2008年汶川8.0级地震是建国以来破坏最惨重的大地震,是发生在地震前后GPS观测资料最多,震中在连续观测网中部及非连续观测站相当密集的地区.许多GPS连续观测站测得汶川地震同震位移.同震位移具有突变性和时间上的同步性以及变化幅度的显著性,是最确凿的与地震直接相关的地壳运动现象.震区外GPS连续观测站位移时间序列表明,此次大地震同震水平位移范围大,远离震中的许多地区观测到同震水平位移,与震前位移对比表现为弹性回跳.GPS连续观测站震前水平位移和同震水平位移过程揭示了此次地震震前大范围有显著变化的观测站水平位移与地震孕育过程的联系.但华北及邻近地区无明显同震水平位移.震中区外均未观测到明显的同震垂直位移.震区GPS站观测到的同震位移则主要为永久形变,不仅有大幅度的水平位移,也有幅度相对较小的垂直位移.本文研究了汶川地震同震位移的特点与机制,并由此进一步讨论此次大地震的成因、前兆地壳运动特征及其复杂性. 相似文献
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实际地震波形观测表明,对于大陆结构相对简单的地壳中的地震而言,有一震相出现在P 波和S波之间.一般在30~50 km附近发育得较好,其能量主要集中在径向分量,而垂向分量的振幅相对径向要小,切向分量上的振幅很弱,且波形以低频为主,通常没有P波尖锐.在利用FK方法计算合成地震图的基础上,发现该震相是由S波入射到自由地表形成水平传播的P波(文献称为surface P wave,自由地表P波)或者包括S波入射到地表后形成的多次P波或其散射震相.由于该震相是由S波和P波之间耦合而形成,本文将其定义为sPL(s coupled into P) 震相.理论波形研究表明,sPL相对直达P波的到时差对震中距离不敏感,而随着震源深度的增加几乎呈线性增加,因此可以很好的约束震源深度.本文以2005年江西九江地震为例,证实了sPL确定震源深度的可行性和可靠性.在观测到sPL震相的情况下,离震源50 km以内的一个三分量地震台站的波形就可以帮助获得可靠的震源深度,而不需要精确的震中距离.由于sPL震相出现距离较近,对于较小(三级以上)的地震也可以应用,因此在稀疏台网布局情形下sPL对于确定中小地震深度应该具有很好的应用意义. 相似文献
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Neil R. Goulty 《Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors》1979,19(1):52-58
Matching signals have previously been identified from about eighty repeating deep moonquake sources. These moonquakes clearly display tidal periodicities in their histories of origin times and signal amplitudes; they are presumably triggered by the solid-body tide in the moon, raised primarily by the earth. The A1 hypocentre has been the most active and has also produced seismograms with signals of reversed polarity. In an attempt to deduce focal mechanisms for these events, we calculated various tidal stress functions at the Al hypocentre using a homogeneous moon model, and correlated them with the origin times of events. No good correlation was found, either for tidal stress peaks of consistent polarity, or for tidal stress peaks of opposite polarity at the times of “inverted” events. This could be due to an inaccurate moon model, but it has also been noted that the relative amplitudes of signals recorded at different seismic stations vary between events from the same hypocentre. Earthquake swarms often contain events with fault-plane solutions in very different orientations. A similar variation between events from each deep moonquake hypocentre would explain the different amplitude ratios and also the “inverted” events. 相似文献
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Explorations for the interior structure of the Moon mainly involve three technologies: the early gravitational observations via circumlunar satellites, the moonquake observations during the Apollo period, and the recent high-resolution remote sensing observations. Based on these technologies, we divided the development of the moon’s interior structure into three stages. The first stage is the discovery of high-density anomalous masses (mascons) on the lunar surface with the low-order gravitational field models, which were obtained by observing perturbations of the early lunar orbital satellites. The second stage is the preliminary understanding of the layer structure with the help of moonquake observations during the Apollo period. The third stage is the deep understanding of the structure of the lunar crust, mantle, and core, with the use of high-resolution remote sensing data and the reassessment of moonquake data from the Apollo’s mission. This paper gave detailed introduction and comments on different observation technologies, gathered data, and data processing techniques used at the three stages. In addition, this paper analyzed the current issues in the researches on the Moon’s internal structure and discussed the prospects for future explorations. 相似文献
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基于P波质点振动方式和初动方向,设计一种测定地震计水平分向定向偏差的方法。通过旋转两水平分向波形获取P波优势能量方向,将旋转角度与地震方位角进行比较,得到地震计水平分向偏离正北方向的位置。再以地震计垂直向初动和已知震中确定台站初始速度的方向（即向源或离源方向）,依此初始速度方向在地震计坐标系中的位置,与水平分向实际记录初动符号所代表的方向进行确认,即可认定地震计水平分向的极性,进而确定地震计水平分向任一极性偏离的角度。 相似文献
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计算了1587年以来的华北地区200个5级以上地震发生日的月相,其结果表明二者的相关性不明显,但分布在华北境内的中国东部重力梯级带上的101个较强地震,却与朔望日有着较密切的关系。 相似文献
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本文利用波形相关分析法对井下地震计方位角检测精度及一致性进行分析研究.研究中在地表布设地震计进行不同距离、不同频带多套地震计方位角检测对比测试,并在四川泸州、宁夏灵武、陶乐、河南安阳、清丰、陕西定边等6个分别安装井下甚宽频带、宽频带、短周期地震计的台站,进行地表同台址不同频带多套地震计与井下地震计方位角检测及一致性对比测试.根据全球噪声模型1~10s之间存在明显的噪声峰值的特点,对测试数据进行0.2~0.3Hz带通滤波和仿真处理,通过分析得出,对于不同地震计组合,测试地震计方位角检测结果一致性较好,根据地表不同距离、不同频带地震计组合的检测精度和地脉动记录的特点,认为井下地震计方位角检测精度优于4°. 相似文献
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—The paper presents results of experiments designed to measure the actual dynamic magnification of the Wiechert 1000 kg horizontal seismometer when excited by seismic waves. This is accomplished by comparing 51 digital records of seismic events recorded by the Wiechert and a well calibrated reference seismometer. The results obtained indicate that the magnification of the Wiechert seismometer is influenced by the interaction of its mass and frame, especially for high frequencies. This interaction has been modeled by considering a system of two coupled pendulums, yielding a theoretical dynamic magnification curve which exhibits main features of the observed magnification. The dis crepancy between the nominal and the actual response of the Wiechert seismograph may lead to errors in studies involving spectral analyses of recorded seismograms, and to overestimation of local earth quake magnitudes. 相似文献
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为系统总结地面与井下地震观测特性,对溧阳地震台地面GL-S60与井下GL-S60B宽频带地震数据对比分析,结果显示：(1)井下地震计方位角约为176.5°,即东南、西北大致反向,并结合地震P波到时极性分析得以验证。(2)垂直向相关系数优于水平向,受人类活动干扰白天低于夜晚。(3)受台站附近南北向公路影响,地面台基噪声水平向大于垂直向,南北向最大,而井下地震计台基噪声整体较小,且水平向小于垂直向,说明深井观测能有效降低台基噪声,尤其水平向。(4)井下记录的地震信噪比次于地面,地面土层对地震波具有一定放大作用。因此,深井观测虽有效降低噪声水平,但不一定意味着高信噪比数据产出,需结合实际观测资料综合分析。 相似文献
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Lunar seismicity and tectonics 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
David R. Lammlein 《Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors》1977,14(3):224-273
Seismic signals from 300–700 deep moonquakes and about four shallow moonquakes are detected by the long-period seismometers of two or more of the Apollo seismic stations annually. Deep-moonquake activity detected by the Apollo seismic network displays tidal periodicities of 0.5 and 1 month, 206 d and 6 a. Repetitive moonquakes from 60 hypocenters produce seismograms characteristic of each. At each hypocenter, moonquakes occur only within an active period of a few days during a characteristic phase of the monthly lunar tidal cycle. An episode of activity may contain up to four quakes from one hypocenter. Nearly equal numbers of hypocenters are active at opposite phases of the monthly cycle, accounting for the 0.5-month periodicity. The 0.5- and 1-month activity peaks occur near times of extreme latitudinal and longitudinal librations and earth-moon separation (EMS). The 206-d and 6-a periodicities in moonquake occurrence and energy release characteristics are associated with the phase variations between the librations and EMS. Because of the exact relationship between tidal phases and the occurrence of deep moonquakes from a particular hypocenter, it is possible to predict not only the occurrence times from month to month, often to within several hours, but also the magnitudes of the moonquakes from that hypocenter. The predicted occurrence of large A1 moonquakes in 1975, following a 3-a hiatus, confirms the correlation between A1-moonquake activity and the 6-a lunar tidal cycle and implies a similar resurgence for all of the deep moonquakes. Because no matching shallow moonquake signals have been identified to date, tidal periodicities cannot be identified for the individual sources. However, shallow moonquakes generally occur near the times of extreme librations and EMS and often near the same tidal phase as the closest deep moonquake epicenters. With several possible exceptations, the deep-moonquake foci located to date occur in three narrow belts on the nearside of the moon. The belts are 100–300 km wide, 1,000–2,500 km long and 800–1,000 km deep and define a global fracture system that intersects in central Oceanus Procellarum. A fourth active, although poorly defined, zone is indicated. The locations of 17 shallow-moonquake foci, although not as accurate as the deep foci, show fair agreement with the deep-moonquake belts. Focal depths calculated for the shallow moonquakes range from 0–200 km. Deep-moonquake magnitudes range from 0.5 to 1.3 on the Richter scale with a total energy release estimated to be about 1011 erg annually. The largest shallow moonquakes have magnitudes of 4–5 and release about 1015–1018 erg each. Tidal deformation of a rigid lunar lithosphere overlying a reduced-rigidity asthenosphere leads to stress and strain concentrations near the base of the lithosphere at the level of the deep moonquakes. Although tidal strain energy can account for the deep moonquakes in this model, it cannot account for the shallow moonquakes. The tidal stresses within the lunar lithosphere range from about 0.1 to 1 bar and are insufficient to generate moonquakes in unfractured rock, suggesting that lunar tides act as a triggering mechanism. The largest deep moonquakes of each belt usually occur near the same characteristic tidal phases corresponding to near minimum or maximum tidal stress, increasing tidal stress, and alignments of tidal shear stresses that correspond to thrust faulting along planes parallel to the moonquake belts and dipping 30–40°. With few exceptions, the shallow moonquakes occur at times of near minimum tidal stress conditions and increasing tidal stress that also suggest thrust faulting. The secular accumulation of strain energy required for the shallow moonquakes and implied by the uniform polarities of the deep moonquake signals probably results from weak convection. A convective mechanism would explain the close association between moonquake locations and the distribution of filled mare basins and thin lunar crust, the earth-side topographic bulge, and the ancient lunar magnetic field. The low level of lunar seismic activity and the occurrence of thrust faulting both at shallow and great depths implies that the moon is presently cooling and contracting at a slow rate. 相似文献
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The Russian electrodynamic seismometer model S-5-S has been adapted for the measurement of rotational ground motion. The mechanical system of the original S-5-S seismometer consists of electrodynamic sensing and damping transducer coils mounted on an asymmetrical double-arm pendulum. This pendulum is suspended on a footing using two pairs of crossed flat springs, which operate as the axis of rotation. The pendulum is stabilised by an additional spring. The S-5-S can be used either as a vertical or as a horizontal sensor. The adaptation of the S-5-S seismometer described below involves removal of the additional spring and installation of an additional mass on the damping arm. Strain gauge angle sensors are installed on one pair of the crossed flat springs. The main dynamic parameters of the rotational seismometer created in this way, i.e. the natural period and damping, are controlled electronically by feedback currents proportional to the angular displacement and angular velocity, both fed to the damping transducer coil. This new seismometer, named the S-5-SR, enables measurement of the rotational component of ground motion around the horizontal or the vertical axes. The output signal from this S-5-SR seismometer can be proportional either to rotational displacement or rotational velocity. 相似文献
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Determination of a seismometer’s generator constant, azimuth, and orthogonality in three-dimensional space using a reference seismometer 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
To accurately predict the performance of a seismometer, knowledge of its key parameters is required. We present a new method that requires a single reference instrument to estimate some of the important parameters of the seismometer, such as the ratio of the generator constants, the orthogonality deviation, and the rotation in space and in the horizontal plane with regards to the reference instrument. The procedure is performed in the three-dimensional spaces where the Euler rotation theorem is applied in order to define a transformation, which is then used to transform the detection of the reference seismometer as well as the detection of the instrument under test. The estimated transformation matrix is defined as an upper triangular matrix, where its elements contain the information regarding the parameters of the tested seismometer, which are then evaluated using the Euler angles. The new method has been verified on a pair consisting of two STS-2 seismometers and on a pair consisting of one CMG-3T and one STS-2 seismometer. 相似文献