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1.
根据中国地震局地球物理研究所中国数字地震台网数据管理中心(CDSN DMC)从美国地震学联合研究会数据管理中心(IRIS DMC)得到的最新统计资料，2004年9月份全球范围内共发生M≥5．0地震114次(见表1)，其中M5～5．5地震78次，M5．6～6．0地震25次，M6．1～6．5地震7次，M6．6～7．0地震2次，7级以上地震2次。 相似文献
2.
有毒铜绿微囊藻对鱼和溞的毒性 总被引：12，自引：2，他引：12
用有毒铜绿微囊藻细胞及其从毒细胞中提取的毒素喂养和腹腔注射鱼类，结果表明：（1）微囊藻毒素MCYST－LR对所有实验过的鱼有毒害作用（LD_(50)为110－500μg／kg）．注射毒素24h后，鱼肝电镜超微结构观察均表现出肝损伤．（2）在受控条件下，当用有毒铜绿微囊藻作为食物喂养日鲢和罗非鱼时，鱼类能在以毒藻为唯一食物的环境中生活20d以上．白鲢和罗非鱼粪便的毒性比喂食藻类的毒性分别降低约2—4．5倍，其肝的超微结构现察仍有轻度损伤．（3）在培养液中加入15μg／mLMCYST－LR和用实验室纯培养的铜绿微囊藻作为食物培养枝角类时，均可使它们在48h死亡．以无毒微囊藻培养时则生长不良亦不怀卵，表明它不是枝角类合适的食物． 相似文献
3.
4.
富营养化湖泊的蓝藻水华加剧了水体污染,影响湖泊生态系统的稳定.本研究针对安徽沿江富营养化程度不同的巢湖和菜子湖,2010年4--9月份,利用微核和彗星电泳实验检测水体污染物对克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii)血细胞的微核率和DNA损伤,评价湖泊污染物的遗传毒性效应.巢湖和菜子湖细胞微核率最低值分别为0.316±0.131和0.243±0.063,最高值分别为0.624±0.136和0.360±0.081;巢湖DNA损伤三项指标TailDNA、TM和OTM最高值为7.59±1.58、2.75±1.55和3.12±1.45,菜子湖为5.02±1.42、1.07±0.16和1.19±0.26.两个湖泊克氏原螯虾血细胞微核率和DNA损伤都表现为随时间推移而增加,且巢湖6、7月份血细胞微核率和DNA损伤增加幅度最大.7、8、9三个月份,两湖泊细胞微核率和DNA损伤差异性达到极显著.彗星实验和微核实验结果一致,但前者更敏感.两种不同的遗传毒性检测方法结合能更好地检测污染物对机体产生的遗传毒性作用. 相似文献
5.
肺结核球的高分辨率CT诊断分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
目的：探讨肺结核球的高分辨率CT(HRCT)表现特征及诊断价值。方法：分析2l例共24个肺部球形结核灶的HRCT平扫及强化表现，病灶部位用层厚1．5～2．0mm扫描。结果：24个病灶中右肺上叶13个(54．2％)，下叶5个(20．8％)，左肺上叶6个(25．0％)。最大者3．8cm，最小者1．0cm。边缘清楚者18个，不清楚可见毛刺或分叶者6个。周围有卫星灶者16个。密度不均可见钙化者8个。增强扫描无强化者15个，有强化包膜者8个，广泛强化者1个。结论：HRCT能较好的显示结核球的边缘形态及内部密度，增强扫描后密度的变化有助于对该病的正确诊断及鉴别诊断。 相似文献
6.
本实验的目的是提取和纯化铜绿微囊藻(Microcystic aeruginosa var．major)胞外带酸性基团的多糖，为综合利用爆 发的水华提供一定的理论依据．采用 pH 8．0、80℃的热水抽提铜绿微囊藻的胞外多糖．经充分脱蛋白、脱色后用 DEAE- 纤维素(DE-52)作离子交换柱层析，分离出其中不被 DE-52吸附和被吸附的两种组分．取后者上 sephadexG-150柱进 一步分离得到两种分子量不同的酸性多糖(EAPS Ⅰ和 EAPSⅡ)，质量比为1．92∶1，经 HPLC 测定 EAPS Ⅰ均分子量为7．01 ×10~4D，EAPSⅡ均分子量为4．21×10~4D．经测定，它们各带有不同含量的酸性基团：EAPS Ⅰ糖醛酸含量为10．74%， SO_4~(2-)含量为44．44μg/mg，EAPSⅡ糖醛酸含量为7．08%，SO_4~(2-)含量为9．08μg/mg．EAPSⅠ单糖组成为：9．6549%D( ) 木糖，19．2522% D-果糖，71．0930%葡萄糖；EAPSⅡ单糖组成为：6．4065%D( )木糖，18．0016%D-果糖，75．5919%葡萄糖． 相似文献
7.
淡水贝类观察——生物阐释水污染和毒理的创新手段 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
淡水渔业是国民经济重要产业,在产量和产值均取得巨大成就的同时,也面临着严峻的水域生态环境污染形势.与此相适应,自2003年系统性提出以背角无齿蚌(Anodonta woodiana)为专用指示生物的创新性“淡水贝类观察”研究体系(Freshwater Mussel Watch)以来,已经成功地应用于国内外的江河、湖泊和池塘等渔业生态环境无机(特别是重金属)和有机污染物胁迫的监测、评价和预警,以及毒理学、污染物积累动力学和水质净化等方面研究.本文梳理了“淡水贝类观察”在被动监测、主动监测及渔业环境研究用模式动物开发等方面的研究进展,以期为渔业以及水域生态环境污染的有效监测、评价、保护以及阐释污染毒性机制提供有益参考. 相似文献
8.
两种沉水植物对黄颡鱼(Pseudobagrus fulvidraco)夏花培育水体主要水质因子的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
以黄颡鱼夏花培育水体为实验用养殖污水，伊乐藻、轮叶黑藻作为净化水质的沉水植物材料，建立封闭型(非换水)和交换型(定期换水)的两种鱼草共生的生态系统并与传统的商业性养殖系统模式作同步比较，分析了养鱼水体水质主要因子的变化及对鱼存活率的影响．实验结果如下：1．作为实验组的鱼草共生系统两种水体水质优良，鱼类生长良好，交换型水体中D0值≥8．0，NH4—N≤0．34，COD≤18mg/L，悬浮物≤12mg/L夏花成活率为93．3％；封闭型水体中D0值≥7．5，总NH4—N≤0.92，COD≤28mg/L，悬浮物毒20mg/L夏花成活率为60．0%．2．作为对照组有色无草的封闭系统中水质逐渐恶化，鱼类生长受到抑制甚至生存也不能保障，其中，D0值≥2．5，NH4-N≤3.22，COD≤88mg/L，悬浮物≤55mg/L，夏花成活率仅为6．7％；交换系统中D0值≥4．0，总NH4—N≤2．41，COD≤66mg/L,悬浮物≤51mg/L，即使定期换水夏花成活率也仅达66．7％；研究结果表明：鱼草共生系统中栽培伊乐藻、轮叶黑藻等沉水植物可有效地净化水质，不仅确保了夏花生产良性运行，还节约了水资源并达到无污染排放． 相似文献
9.
根据无限稀释溶液中物质的分子扩散系数,估算沉积物中污染物的扩散系数时,需确定地层因数与孔隙度的关系.本研究将Miller Soil Box应用于测定青岛近岸不同粒径砂质沉积物与孔隙水的电阻率,以确定沉积物的地层因数,并结合沉积物的孔隙度,通过曲线拟合建立地层因数与孔隙度的关系式.研究结果表明,运用Ullman和Aller给出的经验m值(当φ≤0.7时,m取2)计算近岸砂质沉积物中污染物的分子扩散系数,将会引起40%~50%的误差;近岸砂质沉积物地层因数与孔隙度的关系可以采用Archie公式表示,即F=φ-m,m=1.52;经验证分析,可取m=1.52代入Ds=D0.φm-1公式,计算浅水砂质沉积物中污染物的分子扩散系数. 相似文献
10.
上海地表软土层、细砂层的地震波反应 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
0 引言国内外许多地震学家和工程地震学家就墨西哥地震 ( 1 985年 9日 1 9日 ,ＭＳ8 1 )、日本阪神地震 ( 1 995年 1月 1 7日 ,ＭＳ7 4 )等造成如此巨大的伤亡和财产损失进行研究 ,发现地表软土覆盖层引起地震动明显放大 ,使振型频率落在地震动放大频段内的建筑物遭受的破坏比基岩处大得多。在国外 ,研究软土覆盖层地震波反应的有 :日本的神山和柳泽 (安艺敬一 ,1 989)用日本1 1 7份强地面运动中 2 0ｇａｌ以上的记录求出 2 6个观测点的场地放大因子 ;美国的Ｔｕｋｅｒ和Ｋｉｎｇ(安艺敬一 ,1 989)曾到前苏联加尔姆作过调查 ,对 2 0 0ｇａ… 相似文献
11.
P. Mandal Jainendra S. Joshi Sudesh Kumar Rajendra Bhunia B. K. Rastogi 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2004,161(8):1635-1654
On 26 January, 2001 (03:46:55,UT) a devastating intraplate earthquake of Mw 7.7 occurred in a region about 5 km NW of Bhachau, Gujarat (23.42°N, 70.23°E). The epicentral distribution of aftershocks defines a marked concentration along an E-W trending and southerly dipping (45°) zone covering an area of (60 × 40) km2. The presence of high seismicity including two earthquakes of magnitudes exceeding 7.7 in the 200 years is presumed to have caused a higher level of shallow crustal heterogeneity in the Kutch area; a site lying in the seismic zone V (zone of the highest seismicity for potentially M8 earthquakes) on the seismic zoning map of India. Attenuation property of the medium around the epicentral area of the Bhuj earthquake covering a circular area of 61,500 km2 with a radius of 140 km is studied by estimating the coda-Qc from 200 local earthquakes of magnitudes varying from 3.0–4.6. The estimated Q0 values at locations in the aftershock zone (high seismicity) are found to be low in comparison to areas at a distance from it. This can be attributed to the fact that seismic waves are highly scattered for paths through the seismically active and fractured zone but they are well behaved outside the aftershock zone. Distribution of Q0 values suggests that the local variation in Q0 values is probably controlled by local geology. The estimated Q0 values at different stations suggest a low value of Q=(102 ± 0.80)*f(0.98 ± 0.02) indicating an attenuative crust beneath the entire region. The frequency-dependent relation indicates a relatively low Qc at lower frequencies (1–3 Hz) that can be attributed to the loss of energy due to scattering attenuation associated with heterogeneities and/or intrinsic attenuation due to fluid movement in the fault zone and fluid-filled cracks. The large Qc at higher frequencies may be related to the propagation of backscattered body waves through deeper parts of the lithosphere where less heterogeneity is expected. Based on the attenuation curve estimated for Q0=102, the ground acceleration at 240 km distance is 13% of 1 g i.e., 0.13 g agreeing well with the ground acceleration recorded by an accelerograph at Ahmedabad (0.11 g). Hence, it is inferred that the Q0 value obtained from this study seems to be apt for prediction of ground motion for the region. 相似文献
12.
收集、整理四川省地震台网2013年5月至2017年9月产出的震相观测报告数据，采用单台多震和达法，重点分析2017年8月8日九寨沟MS 7.0强震前龙门山断裂带中北段地区波速比变化特征。结果表明：龙门山断裂带中段西侧的茂县地震台，在发震前2年左右，波速比出现一次持续时间约一年半的下降异常；发震前半年左右，波速比出现明显回返特征，波速比回返至均值上下时即发生九寨沟MS 7.0地震；震源区周边其他6个地震台波速比在发震前变化较平稳。茂县地震台波速比低值异常对判定九寨沟MS 7.0强震前龙门山断裂带中北段可能存在孕震体具有重要参考价值。 相似文献
13.
A tomographic study of the V
p and V
p/V
s structures in the crust and upper mantle beneath the Taiwan region of China is conducted by simultaneous inversion of P and
S arrival times. Compared with the previous tomographic results, the spherical finite difference technique is suitable for
the strong heterogeneous velocity structure, and may improve the accuracy in the travel time and three-dimensional ray tracing
calculations. The V
p and V
p/V
s structures derived from joint inversion and the relocated earthquakes can provide better constraints for analyzing the lateral
heterogeneity and deep tectonic characters in the crust and upper mantle. Our tomographic results reveal significant relations
between the seismic wavespeed structure and the tectonic characters. In the shallow depth, sedimentary basins and orogen show
distinct wavespeed anomalies, with low V
p, high V
p/V
s in basins and high V
p, low V
p/V
s in orogen. As the suture zone of Eurasian Plate and Philippine Sea Plate, Longitudinal Valley is characterized by a significant
high V
p/V
s anomaly extending to the middle-lower crust and upper mantle, which reflects the impact of rock cracking, partial melting,
and the presence of fluids. In the northeast Taiwan, the V
p, V
p/V
s anomalies and relocated earthquakes depict the subducting Philippine Sea Plate under the Eurasian Plate. The high V
p of oceanic plate and the low V
p, high V
p/V
s atop the subducted oceanic plate extend to 80 km depth. Along the east-west profiles, the thickness of crust reaches 60 km
at the east of Central Range with eastward dipping trend, which reveals the eastward subduction of the thickened and deformed
crust of the Eurasian continental plate.
Supported by Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. KZCX3-SW-234-2), National Basic Research
Program of China (Grant No. 2007CB411701), National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2006AA09A101-0201)
and National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 40804016, 40704013) 相似文献
14.
Shanxi Graben is in the middle part of the North China Craton, from south to north. With the teleseismic data recorded by Regional Seismograph Networks and the temporary ZBnet-W Seismic Array around east part of Shanxi Graben, we measured the crustal thickness and vP/vS ratio beneath each station using the H-κ stack of receiver functions. The observed crustal thickness shows obvious lateral variation, increasing gradually from east to west in the Shanxi Graben. Beneath the Shanxi Graben the crust is relatively thicker than both sides of the south and the north. In addition, the vP/vS ratio in the north of study zone is higher than that in the south. The highest vP/vS ratio exists in the crust of the Xinding basin and the Datong basin. Our study also suggests that high velocity ratio might result from the strong activities of the magmation and volcanism. 相似文献
15.
In this paper we study the variation of Vp/Vs and Poisson's ratio (δ) in the Yellowstone National Park region, using earthquakes which were well recorded by a local seismic network. We find that the average Vp/Vs value within the geothermally active Yellowstone caldera is about 7% lower than in the area outside the caldera. Within the caldera itself there may be a further 2–7% reduction of Vp/Vs in the hydrothermally active Norris Geyser Basin, the Upper and Lower Geyser Basins, and the Yellowstone Lake and Mud Volcano regions. After considering various possible causes for Vp/Vs changes, such as geologic and structural differences, thermal effects, partial melting, and hydrothermal activity, we conclude that the most plausible explanation for the observed Vp/Vs reduction is the presence of hot-water at temperatures and pore-pressures near the water steam transition in the caldera geothermal reservoirs. 相似文献
16.
利用布设于兴蒙造山带诺敏河火山群地区的宽频带流动地震台站资料，基于接收函数方法，获取了该地区的地壳厚度与波速比值.研究结果显示，该地区的地壳厚度介于32~38 km，莫霍面深度在空间上分布特征与五大连池为中心的火山带分布具有较好的一致性：沿着火山带延展方向地壳较薄.该地区的波速比介于1.74~1.84，波速比在空间上与地壳厚度变化具有一致性：高波速比主要集中于靠近五大连池火山带地区，向诺敏河火山和小古里河火山延展.研究认为：诺敏河火山与五大连池火山带可能具有相同的岩浆来源，可能与富钾岩石圈地幔拆沉作用造成的地幔热物质上涌有关.研究区地壳厚度与波速比呈现负相关关系，暗示该地区可能发生过岩浆底侵作用. 相似文献
17.
Data from 753 earthquakes are used to determine a relationship between surface-wave magnitude (M
s) and bodywave magnitude (m
b), and from 541 earthquakes to determine a relationship between surface-wave magnitude (M
s) and local magnitude (M
L) for China and vicinity: M
s=0.9883 m
b-0.0420, M
s=0.9919 M
L-0.1773. The relationship of M
s
versus m
b is obtained for 292 events occurred in the Chinese mainland in the time period from 1964 to 1996, 291 events occurred in
Taiwan in the time period from 1964 to 1995 and 170 events occurred in the surrounding area. Standard deviation of the fitting
is 0.445. Relationship of M
s
versus M
L is obtained for 36 events occurred in the Chinese mainland, 293 events occurred in Taiwan, China and 212 events occurred
in the surrounding area. The total amount is 541 events. Standard deviation of the fitting is 0.4673.
The uncertainties of the converted M
s in different magnitude intervals can be estimated using complementary cumulative distribution function (CCDF). In the relationship
of M
s
versus m
b, taking ±0.25 as a range of uncertainties, in magnitude interval m
b 4.0–4.9, the probabilities for the converted M
s taken value less than (M
s-0.25) and more than (M
s+0.25) are 17% and 27% respectively. Similarly, we have probabilities for m
b 5.0–5.9 are 34% and 20% and that for m
b 6.0–6.9 are 11% and 47%.
In the relationship of M
s
versus M
L, if the range of uncertainties is still taken as ±0.25, the corresponding probabilities for magnitude interval M
L 4.0–4.9 are 22% and 38%, for M
L 5.0–5.9 are 20% and 15% and for magnitude interval M
L 6.0–6.9, are 15% and 29%, respectively.
The relationships developed in this paper can be used for the conversion of one magnitude scale into another magnitude scales
conveniently. The estimation of uncertainties described in this paper is more accurate and more objective than the usual estimation
expressed by deviation. The estimations described in this paper indicate various dispersions in different magnitude intervals
of original data. The estimations of uncertainties described by probabilities can be well connected with the total estimations
of uncertainties in seismic hazard assessment. 相似文献
18.
19.
Abstract Petrogenetic grids for ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) metamorphism were calculated at different Xco2 conditions in the model system CaO-MgO-SiO2-CO2-H2O involving coesite (Co), diopside (Di), dolomite (Do), enstatite (En), forsterite (Fo), magnesite (Ms), quartz (Qz), talc (Tc), tremolite (Tr) using a published internally consistent thermodynamic data set. Two P-T grids at Xco2= 0.01 and 0.5 are described. In the calculated P-T grid at Xco2= 0.01, four out of 10 stable invariant points, Co-En-Ms-Tc, Co-Di-En-Tc-Tr, Co-Di-Ms-Tc-Tr and Di-En-Ms-Tc-Tr lie within the stability field of coesite. If the fluid phase has Xco2= 0.5, no invariant point is stable under UHP conditions. Some magnesite-bearing assemblages are stabilized by the following three reactions: Di + Ms = Do + Fo + CO2, Ms + Tr = Do + Fo + CO2+ H2O and Ms + Tc = Fo+ CO2+ H2O at Xco2= 0.01 and by reaction Ms + Tc = Fo + CO2+ H2O together with these three at Xco2= 0.5. Ten possible UHP assemblages for mafic and ultramafic compositions at very low Xco2 conditions include the following: Co-Do-Ms, Co-Di-Ms, Co-Di-Tc, Di-Ms-Tc, Di-En-Tc-, Di-En-Ms, Co-Di-En, Di-En-Fo, Di-Fo-Ms, Di-Do-Fo. Among them, talc-bearing assemblages are restricted to Xco2 < 0.02 and their high-P limit is 31.7 kb (749°C) at Xco2= 0.01. Dolomite-magnesite-silica assemblages have large P-T stability fields even if Xco2 is as low as 0.1, and could occur in cold subduction zones with very low geothermal gradients. Reported UHP coesite-dolomite assemblage is restricted only to a calc-silicate rock interlayered with marble where Xco2 is relatively higher; no such assemblage appears for mafic and ultramafic rocks with low Xco2 evidenced by the occurrence of diopside (or omphacite) at the expense of dolomite + coesite. The effect of Xco2 on the stability of coesite-dolomite-magnesite, diopside-enstatite-magnesite, diopside-talc assemblages is examined and the occurrence of coesite-dolomite, magnesite-bearing and talc-bearing assemblages in the Dabie UHP rocks are interpreted by employing the calculated P-T grids. 相似文献
20.
Ultrasonic compressional wave velocity Vp and quality factor Qp have been measured in alkali basalt, olivine basalt and basic andesite melts in the frequency range of 3.4–22 MHz and in the temperature range of 1100–1400°C. Velocity and attenuation of the melts depend on frequency and temperature, showing that there are relaxation mechanisms in the melts. Complex moduli are calculated from the ultrasonic data. The results fit well a complex modulus of Arrhenius temperature dependence with log-normal Gaussian distribution in relaxation times of attenuation. The analysis yields average relaxation time, its activation energy, relaxed modulus, unrelaxed modulus and width of Gaussian distribution in relaxation times. Relaxed modulus is smaller (17.5 GPa) for basic andesite melt of high silica and high alumina contents than for the other two basalt melts (18.1–18.4 GPa). The most probable relaxation times decrease from ～ 3 × 10?10 s for basic andesite to ～ 10?11 s for alkali basalt at 1400°C. Activation energies of attenuation, ranging from 270 to 340 kJ mol?1 in the three melts, are highest in basic andesite. Longitudinal viscosity values and their temperature dependences are also calculated from Vp and Qp data. The volume viscosity values are estimated from the data using the shear viscosity values. Longitudinal, volume and shear viscosities and their activation energies are highest in the basic andesite melt of the most polymerized structure. 相似文献