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1.
太湖流域1999年特大洪水和对防洪规划的思考 总被引：11，自引：10，他引：1
１９９９年太湖流域梅雨期自６月７日入梅,历时４３ｄ,流域面平均梅雨总量６７０ｍｍ,是常年的３倍,致使流域发生了本世纪以来的特大洪水。项平均连续最大７ｄ,１５ｄ,３０ｄ,４５ｄ、６０ｄ,９０ｄ雨量均超过历史暴雨实测最大值,接近或超过了百年一遇。流域降雨空间分布南部大于北部,浙西区、湖区、杭嘉湖区和浦东、浦西区明显大于湖西区和武澄锡区。太湖最高水位达到５．０８ｍ,超达１９９１年最高历史水位０．２９ｍ。 相似文献
2.
通过对太湖流域平望水位和米市渡潮位过程及其影响因子的研究，提出了潮位过程的平均潮位、潮差、潮位过程平移、潮位过程分解与重建等概念，并用简单实用的统计相关方法建立了平望水位和米市渡潮位过程预报模型；用1996—1999年汛期(5月1日—9月30日)的水文观测资料对所建立的模型进行了率定，率定结果表明，所建立的模型具有一定的预报精度、对太湖流域洪水预报调度具有重要的参考作用。 相似文献
3.
长江流域近50年降水变化及其对干流洪水的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
根据我国长江流域气象观测站近42年的资料,分析了整个流域年和季节平均面雨量、暴雨日数和暴雨量的变化特征,以及降水对流域径流和洪水的影响.长江流域年和夏季平均面雨量存在明显的年际和年代变化特征,也表现出比较显著的趋势变化特点.大部分测站年平均面雨量呈增加趋势,夏季和冬季平均面雨量的增加趋势尤其明显;秋季平均面雨量呈显著下降趋势.同时,年和夏季暴雨日数和暴雨量也在较大范围内呈显著增加趋势.长江流域的降水对干流平均流量具有重要影响.1973年、1983年和1998年的洪水主要是由明显高于平均的流域面雨量引起的;长江下游平均流量变化趋势也同流域年平均面雨量、夏季平均面雨量变化趋势基本一致,特别是70年代末以来,下游平均流量和流域面雨量的上升趋势更加明显,并同时在1998年达到最高值.长江流域大的丰水年一般对应El Nino年或El Nino次年,表明E1 Nino对长江较大洪水可能具有一定影响. 相似文献
4.
太湖是流域洪水集散地、水资源调配中心,也是长三角水生态环境的晴雨表,其水位高低影响防洪、供水、水生态、水环境等系统功能,使得太湖面临统筹调度问题日益凸显。本文以太湖为主要研究对象,基于多年实测数据,采用数理统计、河网水动力模型计算,分析流域降雨、进出湖水量和水生态环境演变规律及其与太湖水位的互馈关系,综合考虑不同调度期流域防洪、供水、水生态、水环境目标及其承受风险的时空差异性,优化太湖调度水位,并在此基础上提出太湖调度功能区划图。结果表明,在设计洪水和供水条件下,通过调度水位调整,统筹调控流域水工程,前期预降太湖水位,后期适抬太湖水位,实现太湖多目标调度,可有效保障流域防洪、供水和航运安全,改善河湖生态环境,共绘美丽太湖。 相似文献
5.
最近十年来,江苏境内长江下游干流汛期最高潮位连续偏高,持续时间亦明显偏长。造成防汛工作紧张,引起政府有关部门的重视,水利部门将治理长江作为重点工作。本文利用长江下游干流大通水文站和以下各潮位站的实测水位流量资料对１９９８年和１９５４年的特大洪水水情进行了对比,分析了从六十年代到九十年代长江下游平均洪水量,平均最高水位和平均最高潮位,超过防洪警厌水位的平均天数等的变化规律。 相似文献
6.
长江下游秦淮河流域近年来由于城市化崛起导致不透水面迅速扩张,改变了流域水文过程,导致暴雨洪水灾害风险增大.本文以南京秦淮河流域为例,基于1988—2015年间下垫面和水文气象资料建立了流域水文模型,通过不透水面扩张情景分析,探讨了 1988—2015年间不透水面空间扩张及对流域洪水过程的影响.研究结果表明:(1)秦淮河全流域1988—2015年不透水率从3.92%增长到19.11%,且不同区域扩张速度有所差异;(2)2006—2015年不透水面情景下的洪峰流量平均涨幅大于城市化初期;受流域上下游位置和下垫面地形条件的影响,流域溧水河和句容河两河源处的不透水面变化对洪峰的影响较流域下游出口处更显著;(3)秦淮河流域及不同位置的不透水面扩张情景下,小洪水的洪峰响应均大于大洪水,且不透水面扩张发生在下游主干河流域时的大、小洪水洪峰涨幅差距略大于河源流域. 相似文献
7.
本文分析长时间强度维持"菲特"台风不同发展阶段的位涡分布特征发现：台风内核区中尺度高值PV带及其变化与台风强度变化具有伴随关系，即高值PV区与内核区强对流不仅具有对应关系；而且其生命史与台风强盛维持期一致；此外在眼墙区附近位涡梯度最大.分析还指出：垂直剖面上的高值PV呈现由单极位涡态（台风发展加强期）向中空位涡态（台风强盛维持期）的转变，到台风快速衰减期，又形成PV量值较小的单极位涡态.位涡收支方程诊断表明：内核区域水平平流、垂直输送和凝结加热的初始增强和大值收支带不仅对台风内中尺度高值位涡分布及长时间强度维持具有重要影响，而且具有伴随关系.此外，位涡收支各项对位涡态的转变起着不同的作用，其中凝结加热在台风强盛期中空位涡塔的建立中作用明显，水平平流项则在眼墙区的位涡塔中上层有着正贡献，垂直输送在高值PV分布的再分配中起中介作用. 相似文献
8.
针对目前尚缺乏客观的流域梅雨划分指标的现状,本文依据最新的梅雨监测国家标准与NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,利用19862016年太湖流域水文年鉴逐日雨量整编资料,重新划分了太湖流域入/出梅日期,计算了梅雨特征量,构建了梅雨洪水指数(RFI),并对梅雨期超设计、超警戒洪水年的环流异常成因进行分析.研究表明:(1)新标准下太湖流域多年平均在6月17日入梅,7月11日出梅,梅雨期长度24 d,梅雨量266.8 mm;与历史序列相比,新标准确定的梅雨量一致率较高,其次是入梅时间和出梅时间.(2)雨日数和副高脊线北跳时间是影响入/出梅确定的两个重要因素,新标准将1992、2013年定为空梅,1986、1987、1989、1996、2005年历史入/出梅日期向后调整,1988、2007年出梅日期向前调整,更为合理地反映了梅雨的高温高湿气候特征,客观性较强.(3)梅雨量越大,雨强越大,太湖水位越高,流域越易涝;以梅雨洪水指数作为参考因子,考虑到影响太湖洪水形成的两个关键因子(梅雨期起涨水位、最大7 d降水量占梅雨量的比例),对入梅起涨水位异常偏高、因集中强降雨引起太湖洪水的指示意义较强.(4)高低纬环流配置关系密切,来自西太平洋经南海的偏南气流、印度洋经孟加拉湾的西南暖湿气流汇合后与来自北方的冷空气在太湖流域交汇,太湖流域垂直上升运动异常强烈,触发降雨层结不稳定能量释放,导致暴雨持续形成洪水. 相似文献
9.
长江防洪是国家水安全的重要部分.2020年受持续强降雨影响,7月长江中下游沿线及洞庭湖、太湖水位长时间超警戒水位,太湖超保证水位,鄱阳湖湖区部分站点达到历史最高水位;8月长江上游岷江和嘉陵江发生特大洪水,重庆等沿江城市部分地区被淹,防汛压力和灾害损失大.社会舆论持续关注,并对三峡等水库调控提出一些质疑.文章从应对1954年洪水、1998年洪水与2020年洪水比较,分析长江防洪格局变化,提出新时代长江防洪总体战略仍然应该坚持"蓄泄兼筹,以泄为主".在工程体系方面,以堤防为基础,以三峡等控制性水库为重要调控手段,加快推进重点蓄滞洪区安全建设,保证行洪区畅通,维护好洲滩生态环境质量.在非工程措施方面,加强适应气候变化的洪水风险管理,规范防洪区土地利用方式,给洪水以空间,推动洪水风险图及洪水保险制度,将常遇洪水可适应、特大洪灾风险可承受作为防洪体系建设的最终目的. 相似文献
10.
复杂河道洪水预报系统研究——以淮河王家坝至小柳巷区间流域为例 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
随着社会经济的快速发展,洪水灾害造成的损失日益严重.洪水预报作为一项重要的防洪非工程措施,对防洪、抗洪工作起着至关重要的作用.淮河洪水危害的严重性和洪水演进过程的复杂性使得淮河洪水预报系统的研究长期以来受到高度重视.本文以王家坝至小柳巷区间流域为例,以河道洪水演算为主线,采用新安江三水源模型进行子流域降雨径流预报,概化具有行蓄洪区的干流河道,进行支流与干流、行蓄洪区与干流的洪水汇流耦合计算,采用实时更新的基于多元回归的方法确定水位流量关系,并以上游站点降雨径流预报模型提供的流量作为上边界条件、以下游站点的水位流量关系作为下边界条件,结合行蓄洪调度模型,建立具有行蓄洪区的河道洪水预报系统,再与基于K-最近邻(KNN)的非参数实时校正模型耦合,建立淮河中游河道洪水预报系统.采用多年资料模拟取得了较好的预报效果,并以2003和2007年大洪水为例进行检验,模拟结果精度较高,也证明了所建预报系统的合理性和适用性. 相似文献
11.
关于1999年太湖流域洪水灾情、成因及流域整治的若干认识和建议 总被引：11，自引：3，他引：8
１９９９年春末夏初,太湖流域发生了建国以来继１９５４年和１９９１年洪水后的又一次全流域性大洪水,造成了严重经济损失,中国科学院在定购和解译加拿大雷达卫星图像,派遣遥感飞机现场航拍的基础上,组织精干力量,投入洪水灾情调查,并得到太湖流域水利主管部门、地方各级政府和人民解放军的大力支持和协助,获得了关于１９９９年太湖流域洪涝灾情的大量资料及洪灾成因的初步认识,并对太湖流域进一步整治问题提出若干建议．１雨情超历史、水情创记录,受淹范围缩小,经济损失增加,是１９９９年 太湖流域洪水的显著特征 １９９９年太… 相似文献
12.
《水文科学杂志》2013,58(1)
Abstract Abstract Monthly precipitation and temperature trends of 51 stations in the Yangtze basin from 1950–2002 were analysed and interpolated. The Mann-Kendall trend test was applied to examine the monthly precipitation and temperature data. Significant positive and negative trends at the 90, 95 and 99% significance levels were detected. The monthly mean temperature, precipitation, summer precipitation and monthly mean runoff at Yichang, Hankou and Datong stations were analysed. The results indicate that spatial distribution of precipitation and temperature trends is different. The middle and lower Yangtze basin is dominated by upward precipitation trend but by somewhat downward temperature trend; while downward precipitation trend and upward temperature trend occur in the upper Yangtze basin. This is because increasing precipitation leads to increasing cloud coverage and, hence, results in decreasing ground surface temperature. Average monthly precipitation and temperature analysis for the upper, middle and lower Yangtze basin, respectively, further corroborate this viewpoint. Analysis of precipitation trend for these three regions and of runoff trends for the Yichang, Hankou and Datong stations indicated that runoff trends respond well to the precipitation trends. Historical flood trend analysis also shows that floods in the middle and lower Yangtze basin are in upward trend. The above findings indicate that the middle and lower Yangtze basin is likely to face more serious flood disasters. The research results help in further understanding the influence of climatic changes on floods in the Yangtze basin, providing scientific background for the flood control activities in large catchments in Asia. 相似文献
13.
Flood frequency under the influence of trends in the Pearl River basin,China: changing patterns,causes and implications 
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下载免费PDF全文 Using a nonstationary flood frequency model, this study investigates the impact of trends on the estimation of flood frequencies and flood magnification factors. Analysis of annual peak streamflow data from 28 hydrological stations across the Pearl River basin, China, shows that: (1) northeast parts of the West and the North River basins are dominated by increasing annual peak streamflow, whereas decreasing trends of annual peak streamflow are prevailing in other regions of the Pearl River basin; (2) trends significantly impact the estimation of flood frequencies. The changing frequency of the same flood magnitude is related to the changing magnitude or significance/insignificance of trends, larger increasing frequency can be detected for stations with significant increasing trends of annual peak streamflow and vice versa, and smaller increasing magnitude for stations with not significant increasing annual peak streamflow, pointing to the critical impact of trends on estimation of flood frequencies; (3) larger‐than‐1 flood magnification factors are observed mainly in the northeast parts of the West River basin and in the North River basin, implying magnifying flood processes in these regions and a higher flood risk in comparison with design flood‐control standards; and (4) changes in hydrological extremes result from the integrated influence of human activities and climate change. Generally, magnifying flood regimes in the northeast Pearl River basin and in the North River basin are mainly the result of intensifying precipitation regime; smaller‐than‐1 flood magnification factors along the mainstream of the West River basin and also in the East River basin are the result of hydrological regulations of water reservoirs. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
14.
Research on meteorological thresholds of drought and flood disaster: a case study in the Huai River Basin,China 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1
Chao Gao Zhengtao Zhang Jianqing Zhai Liu Qing Yao Mengting 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》2015,29(1):157-167
Together with affected areas of crops from 1978 to 2008, the daily precipitation of 110 stations located in the Huai River Basin during 1959–2008 was used to study the critical conditions when drought and flood occur, based on which the quantitative relationship between the critical condition and the affected area of crops was further studied. Based on the research on the hazard-formative factor of precipitation and the damage degree of crops, the spatial-temporal characteristics of disasters were analyzed, the drought and flood disaster-causing threshold was determined, and the quantitative relationship between the disaster-causing threshold and affected area of crops was established. The results are as the follows: (1) During 1959–2008, extreme precipitation levels were high in the eastern and western part of the Huai River Basin and were low in its central part; the spatial distribution of the coefficient of variation (CV) differed greatly from average extreme precipitation: the series of most stations were located in the central basin, and especially there was a positive trend in Anhui and Henan Provinces. (2) The cumulative precipitation during the disaster period of each station was divided by its mean cumulative precipitation during the same period in 1959–2008 to obtain the disaster-causing threshold, which has shown a good effect on reflecting the actual grade and affected areas in disasters. (3) The relationship among disaster grade, disaster-causing threshold and damage area of crops was established; this threshold can be used as a tool for agricultural disaster assessment and early warning, and can effectively improve the ability to prevent and mitigate disaster in the Huai River Basin. (4) The disaster-causing threshold can be an important input parameter for hazard assessment; other underlying surface indicators can be good supplements for determining the threshold in hazard assessment. 相似文献
15.
太湖流域位于长江入海口,地处中国沿海经济带和长江沿线内陆经济带的交汇处,是中国高度城镇化地区之一.流域汛期降水受到多重天气系统的影响,不同的天气系统带来时空分布各异的降水,给该地区城镇防洪排涝工作造成了巨大的挑战.本文基于Copula理论对太湖流域汛期洪涝风险进行研究,考虑了因降水主导因素不同所造成的流域洪涝风险的时空差异性.在时间角度,采用降水主导因素发生时间的概率分布,将汛期划分为梅汛期和台汛期;在空间角度,通过Copula函数,对研究区进行聚类划分;在此基础上,根据太湖流域防洪规划,对流域梅汛期和台汛期的洪涝风险进行分析.研究结果表明:①太湖流域的汛期划分为:6月24日7月21日为梅汛期,7月22日9月22日为台汛期;②根据各分区降水和太湖水位的联合分布函数拟合效果的优劣,在梅汛期,太湖流域被划分为P-Ⅰ区、P-Ⅱ区和P-Ⅲ区;在台汛期,整个流域的降水作为一个整体,不分区;③到2025年,太湖流域在梅汛期和台汛期出现排涝不利情境的风险概率分别为2.4%和1.1%.本文的研究方法可以为太湖流域设计暴雨的调整、洪水资源的利用以及防洪排涝实时调度的决策提供科学参考. 相似文献
16.
An analysis of spatial and temporal trends of precipitation in Beijiang River basin, Guangdong Province, China during 1959–2003 was performed using 17 time series (including monthly, annual, wet season, dry season, early flood period and late flood period totals) both on station based and sub‐basin based data sets. Two nonparametric methods (Mann–Kendall and Sen's T) were used for data analysis. The results showed that (1) downward trends of temporal distribution were mostly detected during the early flood period, especially in May, while upward trends were observed in July and the dry season; (2) downward trends of spatial distribution were mostly detected in the southern Beijiang River basin, while upward trends were observed north of this area. Our results indicated a delayed rainy season and a northward trend of the precipitation belt compared to recent years. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
17.
Characterizing the changing behaviours of precipitation concentration in the Yangtze River Basin,China 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
Weiguang Wang Wanqiu Xing Tao Yang Quanxi Shao Shizhang Peng Zhongbo Yu Bin Yong 《水文研究》2013,27(24):3375-3393
The statistical characteristics of precipitation on the daily resolution play an important role not only in the risk assessment of floods and droughts but also in the land use management. In this study, spatial and temporal patterns of the precipitation concentration in the Yangtze River Basin are investigated by using three indices, i.e. precipitation concentration index (CI), precipitation concentration degree (PCD) and precipitation concentration period (PCP). Based on meteorological data of 147 stations for the period of 1960–2008, non‐parametric trend analysis and wavelet transformation analysis are employed to detect the temporal variation of these indices. Spatial variability of precipitation concentration indices and their trends are analysed and demonstrated with the help of GIS tools. The results indicate the following: (i) The high precipitation CI values mainly distribute in the middle region of the Yangtze River Basin, whereas the lower and lowest CI values are found in the lower and upper regions, respectively. A roughly east–west gradient for PCD value and PCP value varies from 0.26 to 0.77 and from 123 to 197, respectively. (ii) The analysis results of precipitation CI trends for different periods (i.e. recent 40, 30 and 20 years) show that the middle region of the Yangtze River Basin experienced a transition from decreasing precipitation CI to increasing precipitation CI during the last two decades, although the decreasing long‐term trends in the precipitation CI are not significant in most areas during the period of 1960–2008. (iii) The upper basin, middle basin and lower basin are, respectively, dominated by the significant decreasing, increasing and no significant trends in PCD. A dominance of insignificant PCP trends is observed in the entire basin during 1960–2008 despite that a few areas in the upper region are characterized by significant decreasing trends. (iv) Interdecadal oscillations can be found for three precipitation indices, but with no constant periodicity. Furthermore, good positive correlations have been detected between precipitation CI and PCD, whereas insignificant correlation coefficients of PCP with precipitation are common in the basin. The results can provide beneficial reference to water resource and eco‐environment and mitigation to flood or drought hazards in the Yangtze River Basin for policymakers and stakeholders. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
18.
Qiang Zhang Chong-Yu Xu Zengxin Zhang Yongqin David Chen Chun-ling Liu Hui Lin 《Journal of Hydrology》2008,353(3-4):215-227
This study investigated spatial and temporal patterns of trends of the precipitation maxima (defined as the annual/seasonal maximum precipitation) in the Yangtze River basin for 1960–2005 using Mann–Kendall trend test, and explored association of changing patterns of the precipitation maxima with large-scale circulation using NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data. The research results indicate changes of precipitation maxima from relative stable patterns to the significant increasing/decreasing trend in the middle 1970s. With respect to annual variability, the rainy days are decreasing and precipitation intensity is increasing, and significant increasing trend of precipitation intensity was detected in the middle and lower Yangtze River basin. Number of rain days with daily precipitation exceeding 95th and 99th percentiles and related precipitation intensities are in increasing tendency in summer. Large-scale atmospheric circulation analysis indicates decreasing strength of East Asian summer monsoon during 1975–2005 as compared to that during 1961–1974 and increasing geopotential height in the north China, South China Sea and west Pacific regions, all of which combine to negatively impact the northward propagation of the vapor flux. This circulation pattern will be beneficial for the longer stay of the Meiyu front in the Yangtze River basin, leading to more precipitation in the middle and lower Yangtze River basin in summer months. The significant increasing summer precipitation intensity and changing frequency in the rain/no-rain days in the middle and lower Yangtze River basin have potential to result in higher occurrence probability of flood and drought hazards in the region. 相似文献
19.
Changing properties of precipitation concentration in the Pearl River basin, China 总被引：16，自引：3，他引：13
Qiang Zhang Chong-yu Xu Marco Gemmer Yongqin David Chen Chunling Liu 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》2009,23(3):377-385
In this paper, precipitation concentrations across the Pearl River basin and the associated spatial patterns are analyzed
based on daily precipitation data of 42 rain gauging stations during the period 1960–2005. Regions characterized by the different
changing properties of precipitation concentration index (CI) are identified. The southwest and northeast parts of the Pearl
River basin are characterized by lower and decreasing precipitation CI; the northwest and south parts of the study river basin
show higher and increasing precipitation CI. Higher but decreasing precipitations CI are found in the West and East River
basin. Comparison of precipitation CI trends before and after 1990 shows that most parts of the Pearl River basin are characterized
by increasing precipitation CI after 1990. Decreasing precipitation CI after 1990 (compared to precipitation CI changes before
1990) is observed only in a few stations located in the lower Gui River and the lower Yu River. Significant increasing precipitation
CI after 1990 is detected in the West River, lower North River and upper Beipan River. These changes of precipitation CI in
the Pearl River basin are likely to be associated with the consequences of the well-evidenced global warming. These findings
can contribute to basin-scale water resource management and conservation of ecological environment in the Pearl River basin. 相似文献