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1.
Flood control of the Yangtze River is an important part of China’s national water security.In July 2020,due to continuous heavy rainfall,the water levels along the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze River and major lakes constantly exceeded the warning levels,in which Taihu Lake exceeded its highest safety water level and some stations of Poyang Lake reached their highest water levels in its history.In August 2020,another huge flood occurred in the Minjiang River and the Jialing River in the upper Yangtze River,and some areas of Chongqing Municipality and other cities along the rivers were inundated,resulting in great pressure on flood control and high disaster losses.The 2020 Yangtze River flood has received extensive media coverage and raised concerns on the roles of the Three Gorges Dam and other large reservoirs in flood control.Here we analyze the changes in the pattern of the Yangtze River flood control by comparing the strategies to tackle the three heavy floods occurring in 1954,1998,and 2020.We propose that the overall strategy of the Yangtze River flood control in the new era should adhere to the principle of"Integration of storage and drainage over the entire Yangtze River Basin,with draining floods downstream as the first priority"by using both engineering and non-engineering measures.On the basis of embankments,the engineering measures should use the Three Gorges Dam and other large reservoirs as the major regulatory means,promote the construction of key flood detention areas,keep the floodways clear,and maintain the ecosystem services of wetlands and shoals.In terms of non-engineering measures,we should strengthen adaptive flood risk management under climate change,standardize the use of lands in flood detention areas,give space to floods,and promote the implementation of flood risk maps and flood insurance policies.The ultimate goal of this new flood control system is to enhance the adaptability to frequent floods and increase the resilience to extreme flood disasters. 相似文献
2.
The soil Microbial Carbon Pump as a new concept for terrestrial carbon sequestration 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Soil is a huge terrestrial carbon pool, which has higher carbon storage than the sum of atmospheric and terrestrial vegetation carbon. Small fluctuations in soil carbon pool can affect regional carbon flux and global climate change. As soil organic carbon plays key roles in soil carbon storage and sequestration, studying its composition, sources and stability mechanism is a key to deeply understand the functions of terrestrial ecosystem and how it will respond to climate changes. The recently-proposed concept of soil Microbial Carbon Pump(MCP) emphasizes the importance of soil microbial anabolism and its contributions to soil carbon formation and stabilization, which can be applied for elucidating the source, formation and sequestration of soil organic carbon. This article elaborates MCP-mediated soil carbon sequestration mechanism and its influencing factors, as well as representative scientific questions we may explore with the soil MCP conceptual framework. 相似文献
3.
The two leading modes of winter surface air temperature(SAT) over China during 1961–2017 are a spatially consistent pattern and a north-south dipole pattern. Based on the two leading modes, the characteristics of the extreme cold and warm days in the two patterns, defined by the standard deviation larger than 1.28 or smaller than-1.28 in the time series of the two leading modes, are analyzed. With the increase of winter SAT during 1961–2017, the number of spatially consistent extreme cold days decreased and their occurrence was restricted to late December to early January, whereas the number of spatially consistent extreme warm days increased significantly in January and February. Global warming is associated with an increase in the spatially consistent extreme warm days and a decrease in spatially consistent extreme cold days, but has little relation to the sum of extreme cold and warm days of either the spatially consistent or north-south dipole pattern. The Siberian High(SH) is the main factor controlling the sum of spatially consistent extreme warm and cold days. The strong(weak) SH before(after) the1990 s corresponds to an increase(decrease) in the sum of the spatially consistent extreme warm and cold days. The occurrences of extreme south-cold-north-warm and extreme south-warm-north-cold days are related to the north-south difference of the SH.When the center of the SH is in mid-high latitudes, the extreme south-warm-north-cold(south-cold-north-warm) days occur more(less) often. During the winters of 1961–2017, the total number of extreme cold and warm days of the north-south dipole pattern changes negligibly. The North Atlantic meridional overturning circulation(AMOC) may be the main factor affecting the sum of the extreme cold and warm days of the two types of SAT pattern in China. 相似文献
4.
Zhaode YUAN Jing LIU-ZENG Xue LI Jing XU Wenqian YAO Longfei HAN Tao LI 《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2021,64(1):127-147
Large-scale detailed mapping plays a key role in revealing the rupture characteristics and mechanisms of strong earthquakes.Relatively few studies have been performed on the surface ruptures of large earthquakes in central and western Tibet due to its remote nature and high elevation.Based on high-resolution unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)photography,we mapped the coseismic surface rupture of the 2014 Yutian M_s7.3 earthquake.Along the western Altyn Tagh fault system,the earthquake produced~37 km of surface rupture along the South Xor Kol fault(southern section S1),Xor Kol fault(central section S2)and Ashikule fault(northern section S3).Section S1 has a 16-km-long surface rupture with an average sinistral offset of 52±25 cm and a maximum offset of~90 cm,while section S3 has a 14.2-km-long surface rupture with an average sinistral offset of 36±21 cm and a maximum offset of~84 cm.A compilation of 5308 cracks yields an average crack width along the southern section of 85±71 cm and a maximum width of~700 cm;the average width along the central section is 39±21 cm,and the maximum width is 243 cm;and the average width along the northern section is 61±44 cm with a maximum of~340 cm.In addition,the average cumulative opening across rupture zone is 3.4±2.9 m along the southern section,with a maximum of~17 m;4.3±3.6 m along the central section,with a maximum of~13 m;and 1.7±1.6 m along the northern section,with a maximum of~6 m.Evidently,the average crack width and cumulative opening decrease towards bends and steps along the fault.A global synthesis of surface rupture distributions corresponding to strike-slip earthquakes indicates that the rupture zone is wider near the complex parts of fault geometries(such as bends,steps and fault bifurcations)than along straight sections,suggesting that the fault geometry has an obvious control on the surface rupture width.The widespread cracks at the intersection between the Xor Kol and South Xor Kol faults may indicate that an extensional regime is more likely to produce distributed offfault deformation,which provides an observational constraint for the numerical simulation of dynamic rupture on a fault.In addition to coseismic surface rupture,the Yutian earthquake also produced a large number of gravity-driven slides on alluvial fans with gentle slopes.The friction efficiency of the water-bearing salt layer beneath fans could decrease the sliding threshold and trigger instability under surface shaking.These distributed deformations and gravity-driven slides reflect the coupling between the rupture propagation and fault geometry and indicate that the rupture may have propagated in two directions along the Ashikule fault after passing through a step.Therefore,the investigation of coseismic surface rupture provides important observational constraints on the dynamic rupture process. 相似文献
5.
Numerical simulations of shake-table experiment for dynamic soil-pile-structure interaction in liquefiable soils 总被引：5，自引：4，他引：1
A shake-table experiment on pile foundations in liquefi able soils composed of liquefi able sand and overlying soft clay is studied. A three-dimensional(3D) effective stress fi nite element(FE) analysis is employed to simulate the experiment. A recently developed multi-surface elasto-plastic constitutive model and a fully coupled dynamic inelastic FE formulation(u-p) are used to model the liquefaction behavior of the sand. The soil domains are discretized using a solid-fl uid fully coupled(u-p) 20-8 noded brick element. The pile is simulated using beam-column elements. Upon careful calibration, very good agreement is obtained between the computed and the measured dynamic behavior of the ground and the pile. A parametric analysis is also conducted on the model to investigate the effect of pile-pinning, pile diameter, pile stiffness, ground inclination angle, superstructure mass and pile head restraints on the ground improvement. It is found that the pile foundation has a noticeable pinning effect that reduces the lateral soil displacement. It is observed that a larger pile diameter and fi xed pile head restraints contribute to decreasing the lateral pile deformation; however, a higher ground inclination angle tends to increase the lateral pile head displacements and pile stiffness, and superstructure mass seems to effectively infl uence the lateral pile displacements. 相似文献
6.
Numerical modeling of free-surface flow over a mobile bed with predominantly bedload sediment transport can be done by solving the shallow water and Exner equations using coupled and splitting approaches.The coupled method uses a coupling of the governing equations at the same time step leading to a non-conservative solution.The splitting method solves the Exner and the shallow water equations in a separate manner,and is only capable of modeling weak free-surface and bedload interactions.In the current study,an extended version of a Godunov-type wave propagation algorithm is presented for modeling of morphodynamic systems using both coupled and splitting approaches.In the introduced coupled method the entire morphodynamic system is solved in the form of a conservation law.For the splitting technique,a new wave Riemann decomposition is defined which enables the scheme to be utilized for mild and strong interactions.To consider the bedload sediment discharge within the Exner equation,the Smart and Meyer-Peter&Müller formulae are used.It was found that the coupled solution gives accurate predictions for all investigated flow regimes including propagation over a dry-state using a Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy(CFL)number equal to 0.6.Furthermore,the splitting method was able to model all flow regimes with a lower CFL number of 0.3. 相似文献
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Historical biome changes on the Tibetan Plateau provide important information that improves our understanding of the alpine vegetation responses to climate changes.However,a comprehensively quantitative reconstruction of the historical Tibetan Plateau biomes is not possible due to the lack of quantitative methods that enable appropriate classification of alpine biomes based on proxy data such as fossil pollen records.In this study,a pollen-based biome classification model was developed by applying a random forest algorithm(a supervised machine learning method)based on modern pollen assemblages on and around the Tibetan Plateau,and its robustness was assessed by comparing its results with the predictions of the biomisation method.The results indicated that modern biome distributions reconstructed using the random forest model based on modern pollen data generally concurred with the observed zonal vegetation.The random forest model had a significantly higher accuracy than the biomisation method,indicating the former is a more suitable tool for reconstructing alpine biome changes on the Tibetan Plateau.The random forest model was then applied to reconstruct the Tibetan Plateau biome changes from 22 ka BP to the present based on 51 fossil pollen records.The reconstructed biome distribution changes on the Tibetan Plateau generally corresponded to global climate changes and Asian monsoon variations.In the Last Glacial Maximum,the Tibetan Plateau was mainly desert with subtropical forests distributed in the southeast.During the last deglaciation,the alpine steppe began expanding and gradually became zonal vegetation in the central and eastern regions.Alpine meadow occupied the eastern and southeastern areas of the Tibetan Plateau since the early Holocene,and the forest-meadow-steppe-desert pattern running southeast to northwest on the Tibetan Plateau was established afterwards.In the mid-Holocene,subtropical forests extended north,which reflected the“optimum”condition.During the late Holocene,alpine meadows and alpine steppes expanded south. 相似文献
9.
Much effort has been made in investigating the seismic response and failure mechanism of rectangular subway stations,however,the influence of earth retaining systems has generally been ignored in previous studies.This paper presents a numerical study on the seismic performance of a rectangular subway station with/without earth retaining systems by taking fender piles as the example,and aims to illustrate how the existence of fender piles affects seismic responses on subway stations.The loading conditions of subway stations and their surrounding soils prior to earthquakes are discussed.Next,seismic responses of subway stations with or without fender piles were simulated.Afterward,earthquake-induced deformations of stations and surrounding soils,as well as the internal forces and damage modes of the structural components,were systematically studied.Consequently,the seismic performance of the stations was affected by the existence of fender piles.In addition,earthquake intensity is illustrated.The study showed that deformation modes of surrounding soils and damage modes of stations were different with regard to the existence of fender piles.Meanwhile,earthquake intensity influencing the seismic performance of stations with or without fender piles were found to be opposite. 相似文献
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The response-spectrum mode superposition method is widely used for seismic response analyses of linear systems. In using this method, the complete quadratic combination （CQC） is adopted for classically damped linear systems and the complex complete quadratic combination （CCQC） formula is adopted for non-classically damped linear systems. However, in both cases, the calculation of seismic response analyses is very time consuming. In this paper, the variation of the modal correlation coefficients of displacement, velocity and displacement-velocity with frequency and damping ratios of two modes of interest are studied, Moreover, the calculation errors generated by using CQC and square-root-of-the-sum-of-thesquares （SRSS） methods （or CCQC and CSRSS methods） for different damping combinations are compared. In these analyses, some boundary lines for classically and non-classically damped systems are plotted to distinguish the allowed minimum frequency ratio at given geometric mean of the damping ratios of both modes if their relativity is neglected. Furthermore, the simplified method, which is a special mode quadratic combination method considering only relativity of adjacent modes in CQC method and named simplified CQC or partial quadratic combination （PQC） method for classically damped linear system, is proposed to improve computational efficiency, and the criterion for determination of how many correlated modes should be adopted is proposed. Similarly, the simplified CCQC or complex partial quadratic combination （CPQC） method for the non-classically damped linear system and the corresponding criterion are also deduced. Finally, a numerical example is given to illustrate the applicability, computational accuracy and efficiency of the PQC and CPQC methods. 相似文献
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基于共聚焦点技术可以将叠前深度偏移分为激发聚焦与接收聚焦两个过程,通过逆时聚焦算子的作用实现.由速度模型驱动逆时聚焦算子的更新,合成DTS面板,根据等时原理,通过DTS面板中时移曲线的曲率变化来交互的更新速度场.但是当地下介质稍为复杂的情况下,从面板中拾取分析点对应的时移曲线变得非常困难.针对这个问题,本文通过对分析点在限定深度和速度范围内合成的DTS面板零时刻振幅进行叠加,由其值的变化来确定分析点的合理位置及上层介质速度. 相似文献
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随机点源方法和随机有限断层方法模拟地震动的比较 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在对用随机点源方法模拟地震动和随机有限断层方法模拟地震动比较的基础上,介绍了2种方法的局限性和优越性.分别用2种方法对卢龙和宁河地震进行了模拟结果表明:用随机点源方法模拟结果仅在某些频段与记录符合得比较好,而在其它频段内与记录符合得不好;用随机有限断层模型方法模拟结果无论在低频还是在高频都与记录符合得很好.因此加强研究中国大陆的地震动经验关系对提高随机点源方法在中国大陆的适用性是有益的,用有限断层方法模拟地震动的结果与记录符合得比较好,说明现在可以用该方法大量地模拟中国大陆地震动. 相似文献
16.
The Fourier finite‐difference propagator and the generalized‐screen propagator are two general high‐order forms of one‐way dual‐domain methods. We compare these two propagators mainly on phase accuracy, computational efficiency and 3D extension. A comparison of phase accuracy shows that the high‐order generalized‐screen propagator is preferable to the Fourier finite‐difference propagator for heterogeneous media with a weak velocity contrast and wide dip angle. With increasing velocity contrast, the accuracy improvement gained by the high‐order generalized‐screen propagator declines rapidly. The Fourier finite‐difference propagator is more robust and flexible to lateral velocity variations than the generalized‐screen propagator. The 2D Fourier finite‐difference propagator is superior to the 2D generalized‐screen propagator when the velocity contrast is stronger than 23%. Despite the two‐way splitting error, the 3D Fourier finite‐difference propagator is more accurate than the second‐order generalized‐screen propagator when the velocity contrast is stronger than 20% and is more accurate than the fourth‐order generalized‐screen propagator when the velocity contrast is stronger than 40%. Numerical experiments on the SEG/EAGE salt model demonstrate that the Fourier finite‐difference propagator behaves better than the generalized‐screen propagator when imaging steep salt boundary and faults beneath the salt body. Under the same hardware and software conditions, the computational cost of the Fourier finite‐difference propagator in our implementation is greater than that of the second‐order generalized‐screen propagator but smaller than that of the third‐order generalized‐screen propagator. Compared with the Fourier finite‐difference propagator, the generalized‐screen propagator requires fewer grid points per wavelength and has more potential to improve running speed in the presence of a much faster Fourier transform. These analyses are applicable for both forward modelling and depth migration. 相似文献
17.
比例边界有限元法最初应用于土-结构的相互作用分析，经过近几年的完善和发展，如今已经能够应用到其他很多领域。但是因为比例边界有限元理论是基于相似性要求的，使得其在处理几何形状复杂的结构时，会有很大的局限性，从而在某些领域的应用仍旧受到限制。同时由于其全时空耦合，导致大量计算量和工作量，也是其应用受限的一个原因。采用子结构法，打破这些局限性，并且分别针对有限域、无限域的问题，对比例边界有限元子结构法进行了研究，得出了有利于比例边界有限元法在工程实践中应用的结论，为其在实际工程应用中提供了可靠的依据和规律。 相似文献
18.
IntroductionSignificant progress has been made in the application of crustal deformation data to the intermediate and long-term earthquake prediction, seismicity situation judgment and the intermediate-term prediction, but the application to the intermediate and short-term earthquake prediction and research is difficult. This is because the crustal deformation data are not stable and contain strong intermediate and long-term deformational and disturbing signals, annual deformation signals and … 相似文献
19.
位场数据边界识别的新方法—增强型水平导数法 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
边界识别是位场数据解释的一项基本任务.现有边界识别方法大多是基于水平与垂直导数的高通滤波器,但垂直导数的计算会明显地增大噪声的干扰.为了改善这一问题,本文提出了一种新的边界识别滤波器,该方法是利用不同阶水平导数之间的线性组合来进行地质体边界的识别,由于该方法不需要垂直导数参与计算,因此其输出结果较稳定.理论模型试验表明,该方法能够更加清晰的识别地质体的边界,且与其真实边界相吻合.最后将其应用于实际数据的处理中,其结果清晰地反映出断裂的位置及构造之间的界线,并能识别出更多的细节信息. 相似文献
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在岩性油气藏勘探中,为了能有效地对岩性油气藏进行识别,考虑到高分辨率和高信噪比的处理会造成保真度变差,因此,采用相对保真处理方法.但是,忽略地震资料采集方式对地震处理的影响.为此,基于准噶尔盆地石东地区一条长8km的高分辨率数据采集试验测线,通过分析剖面的反射特征和频谱特征,分别对地震采集震源和观测方式对高分辨率高信噪比地震资料处理的剖面和对相对保真地震资料处理剖面进行了分析和讨论.炸药震源的处理剖面,无论单深井还是组合井剖面的目的层反射波组特征信息都比可控震源的处理剖面丰富;无论单深井还是组合井,接收道距不同,目的层反射波组纵、横向分辨率也不同.小道距(5m道距)接收,目的层反射波组纵、横向分辨率最高. 相似文献