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1.
目的：电阻率影像法以其观测密度大、分辨率高等优点得到了广泛的应用。在解决堤坝渗漏方面，也有着很好的应用前景。方法：通过分析常见的堤坝渗漏模型，给出了电阻率影像法在解决堤坝渗漏上的工作和解释方法。结果：最后，以土石坝为例，用三维有限元法对堤坝渗漏模型进行了模拟。结论：对结果进行了解释，取得了较好的效果。  相似文献   

2.
我国西北地区分布着大量土遗址，在对西北地区土遗址实地调查的基础上，按照病害成因类型对该区域土遗址进行归纳总结。根据调查数据进行量化拟合分析后发现，裂缝、掏蚀、冲沟、倒塌等四种病害之间有明显的内在联系，各种病害形成与发展之间存在先后及促进关系。其中线性拟合结果表明上述四种病害之间呈现不同程度的相关性，裂缝、掏蚀、冲沟等三种病害最终将导致土遗址倒塌，相关系数表明导致土遗址倒塌最为显著的影响因素是土遗址冲沟与掏蚀病害。文章认为土遗址加固保护应该综合考虑多种病害，进行多病害综合治理的方法，最大程度地延缓土遗址破坏。  相似文献   

3.
为探讨含水多孔介质被垃圾渗滤液污染后的电阻率模型,实现基于土体电阻率的污染物量化分析,以不同粒径组成、不同初始含水量三种渗滤液污染砂土为样本进行了电阻率测试,基于实验结果对污染砂土电阻率变化机制进行了分析.结果显示污染砂土电阻率普遍随渗滤液侵入量增大呈指数降低;和相同含水程度未污染土相比,污染土电阻率值更低,降低幅度随初始含水量增大而减小.渗滤液污染导致的孔液电阻率变小、孔隙水含量增大是导电性增强的主导因素,与此同时污染过程也存在导致土体导电性降低的因素,降低因子受土的类型和初始含水量控制.涵盖这些因素的Archie型公式可作为渗滤液污染土的电性基本式,进而可利用这个基本式实现土体中污染物含量的量化分析.  相似文献   

4.
土的动模量和阻尼比的经验估计   总被引：56，自引：8，他引：56  
本文对现有土的动应力－应变关系试验成果进行了分析和总结，推荐了用不同物性指标估算Ｇｍａｘ的经验公式，用塑性指数Ｉｐ描述Ｇ／Ｇｍａｘ－γ和λ－γ关系的经验曲线，并提出了用Ｉｐ为参数的Ｇｍａｘ、Ｇ／Ｇｍａｘ－γ和λ－γ曲线的经验公式，对工程应用颇有实用价值。  相似文献   

5.
矿井瞬变电磁法全空间视电阻率解释方法研究   总被引：23，自引：3，他引：20       下载免费PDF全文
从全空间中心回线源响应公式出发,推导了全空间晚期和全区视电阻率公式;通过与半空间公式比较和对实测资料的分析,研究了全空间视电阻率公式的应用效果.结果显示,全空间视电阻率为半空间视电阻率的(5/2)2/3倍,其晚期视电阻率与真值的相对误差小于0.56%,而相应的半空间视电阻率与真值误差均大于42%.与常规解释方法相比,采用全空间全区视电阻率换算方法能更好地圈定低阻异常范围,且电阻率差异大.因此,该公式更适用于矿井瞬变电磁法资料处理与解释,并具有更好的效果.  相似文献   

6.
本文导出了电阻率-孔隙度、电阻率-含油(气)饱和度关系的一般形式——两个对称的表达式,并给予了实验证明。同时,本文指出,Archie公式、Winsauer公式和双水公式都是一般形式在一定条件下的特例。在一般情况下,本文给出了14个能够逼近这两个表达式的函数类型,通过岩芯数据进行选优,可以得到适合不同地区或地层的最优方程。根据本文理论建立的解释方法和研制的软件已经在油田生产中推广应用并取得了良好效果。 由于涉及内容较多,全文分两部分撰写。以下是本文的第(Ⅰ)部分,即一般形式的导出及实验验证;而最佳函数类型的确定及其在生产中的应用将作为本文的第(Ⅱ)部分发表。  相似文献   

7.
李宁 《地球物理学报》1989,32(5):580-592
本文导出了电阻率-孔隙度、电阻率-含油（气）饱和度关系的一般形式--两个对称的表达式,并给予了实验证明。同时,本文指出,Archie公式、Winsauer公式和双水公式都是一般形式在一定条件下的特例。在一般情况下,本文给出了14个能够逼近这两个表达式的函数类型,通过岩芯数据进行选优,可以得到适合不同地区或地层的最优方程。根据本文理论建立的解释方法和研制的软件已经在油田生产中推广应用并取得了良好效果。 由于涉及内容较多,全文分两部分撰写。以下是本文的第（Ⅰ）部分,即一般形式的导出及实验验证;而最佳函数类型的确定及其在生产中的应用将作为本文的第（Ⅱ）部分发表。  相似文献   

8.
土中结合水是形成黏性土的物理、化学、力学等性质的重要因素。通过对一系列人工混合黏性土和2种天然红黏土进行比表面积测试和等温吸附试验，确定各类黏性土的比表面积和土中不同结合水类型及含量，在此基础上探讨黏性土中结合水与矿物成分、比表面积等影响因素之间的定量关系。研究结果表明：(1)黏性土的比表面积与黏土矿物含量线性正相关；(2)等温吸附法中，相对湿度RH=0.90和0.98分别为黏性土中强结合水、弱结合水、自由水的界限划分点；(3)相同矿物成分的混合黏性土吸附结合水含量随蒙脱土含量、比表面积的增加而递增，大致呈线性关系；(4)天然红黏土的吸附结合水含量与其矿物成分总量、比表面积具有正相关关系，黏土矿物含量是最根本的影响因素。  相似文献   

9.
致密砂岩储层具有物性差、孔隙结构差的特点,测井解释面临着低阻气层、高阻水层以及相似物性条件下产能相差大的难点.常规碎屑岩储层中使用的根据孔隙度及电阻率判断流体性质的方法完全失效,经典的定性的测录井结合及阵列声波"含气指示"法也符合率较低,制约了致密气的勘探及开发.为了明确致密砂岩储层的流体性质,以鄂尔多斯盆地临兴神府地区上古生界致密砂岩为研究对象,通过对常规测井资料深入挖掘,以经典的阿尔奇公式为理论依据,使用密度孔隙度与电阻率测井分别对已经测试的气层、水层及干层进行回归分析,求取幂函数的相关系数.分析结果表明:在产气的储层中,密度孔隙度与电阻率测井相关性较差,而测试为干层和水层的储层则相关性较好;水层及含水干层密度孔隙度与电阻率具有负相关性,而含气干层具有正相关性;在此基础上,通过对研究区已经测试的24个层位的密度孔隙度与电阻率进行回归分析并进行统计.统计结果显示:干层及水层相关系数在0.2以上,而工业气层相关系数小于0.2.该方法在致密砂岩测井解释工作中取得了很好的效果,大大提高了解释的符合率.  相似文献   

10.
采用共振柱试验方法,研究了固结比对土最大动剪切模量的影响并给出了土最大动剪切模量的建议公式。通过对砂土、粉质黏土和粉土的系统试验,提出了不同固结比下土最大动剪切模量与固结比kc-1呈指数形式的增长模式,不同于Hard in公式最大动剪切模量与固结比kc呈直线形式的增长模式。同时给出了计算不同固结比下砂土、粉质黏土和粉土最大动剪切模量的建议公式,并与Hard in公式进行了对比,结果表明,固结比对土最大动剪切模量影响程度明显比Hard in公式要大,固结比对粉质黏土和粉土最大动剪切模量的影响程度要比对砂土的影响程度更大。  相似文献   

11.
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12.
本研究在通渭、兰州、西吉、宝鸡、西安等多个西北典型黄土震陷灾害场地获取原状土样，通过对密度、含水率、孔隙比、塑液限等物理指标的测试，分析其与土体震陷性的关系；通过动弹性模量和阻尼比、动强度、震陷等室内动力特性试验，并结合大量前人研究资料，分析土体性质对岩土震陷灾害的区域性影响。结果表明：1）震陷系数与单一土体物性参数呈正相关或负相关关系，六盘山以西和以东的黄土震陷特性反映了明显的地区变化规律，在相同地震荷载作用下震害东轻西重；2）随着时间的推移，人类的活动增加，改变了土的含水率，导致土体上覆压力增大，在上覆压力的作用下，土体的初始孔隙数量有所减少，其固结程度越来越好，宏观表现为土体的易损性即震陷性减小。  相似文献   

13.
To study the characteristics of the distribution of the preferential paths and the affecting factors in the Three Gorges area, four soil profiles were dug to observe the distribution of preferential paths in the Quxi watershed in the Yangtze River basin. The Morisita exponential test method was used to examine the distribution type of preferential paths. The physical properties and infiltration characteristics of the soil were also measured to evaluate their relationship to preferential paths. The results showed that in this area, preferential paths clustered and mainly distributed in the 80-100 cm soil layer, and along the interface between the weathered layer and semi-weathered layer. There were more non-capillary pores in the 83-110 cm layer than in the other layers. It can be derived that most non-capillary pores in this layer were preferential paths caused by geological processes and rotten plant roots. The percentage of coarse soil particles increased with the depth of the soil layer. In the deeper soil layer, the coarse soil particles helped the formation of preferential paths. The fastest steady infiltration rate was observed in the of 83-110cm layer, which is inferred to be due to the greater number of preferential paths.  相似文献   

14.
The point measurement of soil properties allows to explain and simulate plot scale hydrological processes. An intensive sampling was carried out at the surface of an unsaturated clay soil to measure, on two adjacent plots of 4 × 11 m2 and two different dates (May 2007 and February–March 2008), dry soil bulk density, ρb, and antecedent soil water content, θi, at 88 points. Field‐saturated soil hydraulic conductivity, Kfs, was also measured at 176 points by the transient Simplified Falling Head technique to determine the soil water permeability characteristics at the beginning of a possible rainfall event yielding measurable runoff. The ρb values did not differ significantly between the two dates, but wetter soil conditions (by 31%) and lower conductivities (1.95 times) were detected on the second date as compared with the first one. Significantly higher (by a factor of 1.8) Kfs values were obtained with the 0.30‐m‐diameter ring compared with the 0.15‐m‐diameter ring. A high Kfs (> 100 mm h?1) was generally obtained for low θi values (< 0.3 m3m?3), whereas a high θi yielded an increased percentage of low Kfs data (1–100 mm h?1). The median of Kfs for each plot/sampling date combination was not lower than 600 mm h?1, and rainfall intensities rarely exceeded 100 mm h?1 at the site. The occurrence of runoff at the base of the plot needs a substantial reduction of the surface soil permeability characteristics during the event, probably promoted by a higher water content than the one of this investigation (saturation degree = 0.44–0.62) and some soil compaction due to rainfall impact. An intensive soil sampling reduces the risk of an erroneous interpretation of hydrological processes. In an unstable clay soil, changes in Kfs during the event seem to have a noticeable effect on runoff generation, and they should be considered for modeling hydrological processes. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

15.
将土体视为固-液两相介质，基于饱和土体有效应力原理，建立饱和土体-地下综合管廊结构体系相互作用动力模型：在地应力平衡的静力状态下，采用Duncan-Chang非线性弹性本构模型，在地震波作用的动力状态下，采用Davidenkov非线性黏弹性本构模型；考虑饱和土体黏弹性动力人工边界条件，并将地震动作用转化为作用在人工边界节点上的动力荷载。模型考察不同土体材料、结构特性以及土-结构接触摩擦对结构地震响应的影响，得出如下结论：（1）地震波的卓越周期与场地卓越周期相近时，引起结构上的变形最大；（2）综合管廊结构管廊壁厚越薄，埋深越深，结构尺寸越大，结构刚度越小，结构变形越大；（3）不考虑土-结构接触面的状态非线性将会增大结构变形。  相似文献   

16.
Soil bulk density (ρb) is commonly treated as static in studies of land surface dynamics. Magnitudes of errors associated with this assumption are largely unknown. Our objectives were to (a) quantify ρb effects on soil hydrologic and thermal properties and (b) evaluate effects of ρb on surface energy balance and heat and water transfer. We evaluated 6 soil properties, volumetric heat capacity, thermal conductivity, soil thermal diffusivity, water retention characteristics, hydraulic conductivity, and vapour diffusivity, over a range of ρb, using a combination of 6 models. Thermal conductivity, water retention, hydraulic conductivity, and vapour diffusivity were most sensitive to ρb, each changing by fractions greater than the associated fractional changes in ρb. A 10% change in ρb led to 10–11% change in thermal conductivity, 6–11% change in saturated and residual water content, 49–54% change in saturated hydraulic conductivity, and 80% change in vapour diffusivity. Subsequently, 3 field seasons were simulated with a numerical model (HYDRUS‐1D) for a range of ρb values. When ρb increased 25% (from 1.2 to 1.5 Mg m?3), soil temperature variation decreased by 2.1 °C in shallow layers and increased by 1 °C in subsurface layers. Surface water content differed by 0.02 m3 m?3 for various ρb values during drying events but differences mostly disappeared in the subsurface. Matric potential varied by >100 m of water. Surface energy balance showed clear trends with ρb. Latent heat flux decreased 6%, sensible heat flux increased 9%, and magnitude of ground heat flux varied by 18% (with a 25% ρb increase). Transient ρb impacted surface conditions and fluxes, and clearly, it warrants consideration in field and modelling investigations.  相似文献   

17.
The levels of variance associated with measuring the infiltration process and modelling it by means of a regression model are compared to see which approach yields the best results in terms of effort and accuracy. A nested sampling scheme has been used in the three major physiographic units of central Guyana, South America: ‘White Sands’; (Haplic and Ferralic Arenosols), ‘Brown Sands’ (Haplic Ferrasols) and ‘Laterite’ (Xanthic and Dystric Leptosols). Cluster analysis yields three sample groups that reflect the sharp landscape boundaries between the units. Multiple regression analysis shows that each unit has a different combination of soil properties that explains the variance in final infiltration rate and sorptivity satisfactorily. Nested analysis of variance indicates that clear spatial patterns with distances of variation of several hundred metres exist for final infiltration rate in White Sands and Laterite. Infiltration rate in Brown Sands and sorptivity in all units have large short-distance variabilities and high ‘noise’ levels. The correlated independent variables behave accordingly. For the majority of the soil properties, sampling at distances of 100 to 200 m results in variance levels of more than 80 per cent of the total variance, which indicates that only a detailed investigation can assess spatial variation in soil hydrological behaviour. The use of simple soil properties to predict infiltration is only possible in a very general sense and with the acceptance of high variance levels.  相似文献   

18.
Spatial heterogeneity of soil has great impacts on dynamic processes of the hydrological systems. However, it is challenging and expensive to obtain spatial distribution of soil hydraulic properties, which often requires extensive soil sampling and observations and intensive laboratory analyses, especially in high elevation, hard to access mountainous areas. This study evaluates the impacts of soil heterogeneity on hydrological process in a high elevation, topographically complex watershed in Northwest China. Two approaches were used to derive the spatial heterogeneity of soil properties in the study watershed: (1) the spatial clustering method, Full‐Order‐CLK was used to determine five soil heterogeneous clusters (configurations 97, 80, 60, 40 and 20) through large number of soil sampling and in situ observations, and (2) the average values of soil hydraulic properties for each soil type were derived from the coarse provincial soil data sets (Gansu Soil Handbook at 1 : 1 000 000 scale). Subsequently, Soil and Water Assessment Tool model was used to quantify the impact of the spatial heterogeneity of soil hydraulic properties on hydrological process in the study watershed. Results show the simulations by Soil and Water Assessment Tool with the spatially clustered soil hydraulic information from the field sampling data had much better representation of the soil heterogeneity and had more accurate performance than the model using the average soil property values for each soil type derived from the coarse soil data sets. Thus, incorporating detailed field sampling, soil heterogeneity data greatly improve performance in hydrological modelling. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

19.
Extensive pumping to extract water from Mexico City's subsoil has caused regional sinking. Water pumping produces regional consolidation which increases effective stresses acting on the subsoil modifying its static and dynamic properties. As the soil properties change, so does their dynamic response. Approximate expressions to estimate the future changes in soil properties are proposed. Also, this paper puts forth new evidence to illustrate these changes and presents estimates of future settlements in central Mexico City, using a soil consolidation model that overcomes some of the limitations of Terzaghi's theory. Results of an analysis to estimate the effects of the evolution of the subsoil's dynamic properties are illustrated by means of seismic analyses performed on a couple of sites in an old lake bed in Mexico City.  相似文献   

20.
ABSTRACT

This work aimed to evaluate the capability of modelled vs in situ soil moisture observations in the northwest of Spain for a period of four years (2010–2013) in order to validate the SMOS L2 product. Comparisons were performed for a set of representative stations of the Soil Moisture Measurement Stations network of the University of Salamanca (REMEDHUS) at both point and area scales. The SMOS series showed good correlation with the modelled series, better than that obtained with the in situ observations (0.77 vs 0.68 average correlation coefficients). However, some underestimation or overestimation of the SMOS series, related to the soil characteristics, was observed with respect to both the in situ and the modelled series. The SMOS data normalization produced a notable improvement in the results, highlighting the capability of the modelled data to validate the SMOS soil moisture series. This research provides a solid foundation for the future validation of SMOS at large scales, overcoming the spatial representativeness issues arising from the use of in situ point measurements.
Editor M.C. Acreman; Associate editor N. Verhoest  相似文献   

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