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本文从实验的角度模拟了地壳温压条件下石英岩的变形破坏,并进行了相应的分区。实验结果表明:石英岩变形性状和失稳形式在不同温压条件下差异悬殊。其中,温度低于450℃时,试件在不同围压下均可能产生突发式失稳,但在围压高于400MPa时,试件剪切破裂贯通后才发生粘滑方式的摩擦滑移。温度高于500℃时,不同围压下的试件一致转变为渐进失稳。在这个过程中,石英岩变形最典型特征是非弹性变形组分的迅速增加。因此,遏制岩石突发失稳的因素之一可能是升温环境中增加的非弹性变形的阻滞作用。 相似文献
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在高温高压条件下开展了天然角闪岩样品的变形实验研究,并且利用偏光显微镜和扫描电镜对实验样品进行微观结构观察,研究了在不同的温压和应变速率条件下角闪石的变形机制。实验结果表明,随着温度升高,样品的应力-应变曲线由强化逐渐转化为屈服,并且出现弱化,样品强度显著降低,随着围压增加,样品强度增大,随着应变速率降低,样品强度降低,压缩方向与样品面理斜交的实验样品强度显著降低。实验变形样品在500℃时,角闪石表现为晶内破裂和碎裂变形,其变形以脆性为主导;在600℃时,样品中发育由角闪石残斑和碎裂基质构成的碎裂组构,部分角闪石晶体出现了波状消光,角闪石以碎裂变形为主,局部具有塑性变形的特征;在700℃时,样品以晶体扭折变形为主,局部出现脱水和细粒微晶,并且含有微破裂,显示了样品以晶体扭折变形为主,含有微破裂,样品变形处于脆-塑性转换域;在800℃时,样品中基本没有发现明显的脆性变形,样品以动态重结晶作用为主,角闪石出现脱水。因此,在实验温压范围内,在500℃→600℃→700℃→800℃条件下,角闪石变形机制表现为脆性破裂→碎裂流动→晶体扭折→动态重结晶和脱水作用,显示了角闪石经历了脆性—脆-塑转化—塑性变形的变形机制。 相似文献
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研究表明 ,干的基性下地壳处于半脆性摩擦与半脆性流变的过渡状态 ,因此 ,文中采用多种基性岩样品进行了干的和含水基性岩的脆塑性转化实验 ,以深入理解大陆下地壳的力学性质。实验围压 4 5 0～ 5 0 0MPa ,应变速率 1× 1 0 - 4s- 1。实验结果表明 ,济南辉长岩 (样品C)、延庆辉绿岩 (样品D)和含水辉绿岩从 30 0℃到 90 0℃经历了脆性破裂、碎裂流动、半脆性流动和塑性流动几个变形域 ,而细粒攀枝花辉长岩 (样品A)和中细粒攀枝花辉长岩 (样品B)从 70 0℃到 90 0℃经历了半脆性流动和塑性流动 2个变形域。干的辉长岩样品比干的辉绿岩样品发生脆延性转化的温度高 1 0 0℃ ;所有干的基性岩样品的脆塑性转化都发生在 70 0℃ ,但半脆性流动域变形微观结构有差别 ,辉绿岩中斜长石和辉石发生了细粒化 ,并存在强烈的定向 ,形成初糜棱岩结构 ,辉长岩样品的细粒化和定向特征不明显。干的基性岩在以位错滑移为主的高温塑性流变域的强度和微观结构基本相同。水对基性岩脆塑性转化的影响体现在岩石的强度和脆延性与脆塑性的转化温度两方面。在实验温度范围内 ,含水辉绿岩样品的强度远小于干的辉绿岩和辉长 相似文献
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斜长角闪岩弹性和流变性质的高温高压实验研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
对来自浙江陈蔡地区的天然斜长角闪岩在高温高压下进行了弹性波速和流变性质的实验研究.波速实验发现, 细粒和中粒斜长角闪岩的纵波波速沿线理方向(X)的传播快于沿面理法向(Z)的传播;在800或600 MPa及550℃的高温高压条件下,细粒和中粒斜长角闪岩的波速各向异性仍较高, 分别约为7.83%和9.77%,其平均纵波波速约为6.77和6.64 km/s.在高准静水压力作用下,当温度升至750℃之后,不同方向上传播的岩石波速都开始大幅度下降. 高固定围压和低固定应变速率(500 MPa,1×10-4/s) 的三轴流变实验发现, 细粒斜长角闪岩的变形随温度的升高经历了脆性破裂(<650℃)、半脆性破裂、碎裂流动直至塑性变形(>800℃)这样一个基本过程. 韧性变形域内流变强度随温度的增加而逐渐下降, 且在750~800℃间强度急剧下降. 对两类实验前、后的样品进行显微和探针分析, 认为脱水熔融是引起波速和强度在高压(静水压、围压)、750℃之后大幅下降的主要原因之一. 相似文献
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《地震地质》2017,(1)
采用干燥和含水Carrara大理岩样品,在温度400~700℃、围压300MPa、应变速率10~(-4)/s和10~(-5)/s条件下开展了轴向压缩实验。利用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪,测试了实验样品中的水含量,通过偏光显微镜、扫描电镜与能谱分析了实验变形样品的微观结构。实验力学数据表明,在400℃时,样品表现为应变强化特征;在500~700℃条件下,样品转变为稳态流变。样品强度随温度增加而降低,随应变速率降低而降低;而水对大理岩强度的影响不显著。微观结构分析表明,在400℃时,大理岩以脆性破裂为主,含水样品局部出现压溶。在500℃时干样品和含水大理岩处于脆塑性转化变形域。干样品在600℃时变形以位错滑移为主,而干样品在700℃时和含水样品在600~700℃时,以位错攀移和动态重结晶为主要变形机制。较低的应变速率和较高的水含量促进了压溶作用和动态重结晶。 相似文献
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采用汶川地震震源区彭灌杂岩中代表性细粒花岗岩样品，在固体围压介质三轴实验系统上开展了高温高压流变实验研究.实验的温度和压力条件按照龙门山断层带5~30 km深度对应的温度和压力（静岩压）设定.利用偏光显微镜和扫描电镜对实验样品进行微观结构观察.实验结果表明，实验样品在10~20 km深度都具有很高的强度，彭灌杂岩在该深度处于脆性破裂-脆塑性转化域，而在20~30 km实验样品强度显著降低，彭灌杂岩进入塑性流变域，这与流变结构中的极限强度很接近.以花岗岩为代表的彭灌杂岩的破裂强度决定了中上地壳的强度，在15~20 km深度不仅强度达到最大值，而且控制了断层不稳定滑动，具备地震成核条件.因此，把彭灌杂岩强度随深度变化规律与流变结构和滑动稳定性参数（a-b）结合起来得出，彭灌杂岩在15~20 km的高强度是汶川地震的孕育和发生的必要条件. 相似文献
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脆塑性转化带对于研究岩石圈变形、断层强度和变形机制以及强震的孕育和发生具有重要意义。文中采用汶川地震震源区彭灌杂岩中具有代表性的细粒花岗岩样品,在固体压力介质三轴实验系统上开展了高温高压非稳态流变实验研究。实验设计模拟了汶川地震区地壳10~30km深度的实际温度和压力,温度为190~490℃,压力为250~750MPa,应变速率为5×10-4s-1,利用扫描电镜对实验样品进行微观结构观察。实验力学数据、微观结构及变形机制分析表明,在相当于地壳浅部10~15km深处的低温低压条件下,表现为应变强化,样品具有脆性破裂-半脆性流动的变形特征;在相当于地壳15~20km的深度条件下,随着应变量增加,应力趋于稳态,样品具有脆塑性转化特征;在相当于地壳20~30km的深度条件下,样品具有塑性流动特征。当样品处于半脆性域时发生非稳态流变,主要变形机制为碎裂作用,同时激活了动态重结晶作用、位错蠕变等塑性变形机制。样品强度随着深度不断增大,在深度为15~20km时达到极大值,深度为20~30km时强度逐渐减小。因此,花岗岩的强度随深度的变化规律与微观结构及变形机制均表明,在实验温度和压力条件下,花岗岩具有非稳态流变特征,在15~20km深处,龙门山断裂带处于脆塑性转化带,花岗岩强度达到最大值,该深度与汶川地震的成核深度一致,显示出彭灌杂岩的强度和变形对汶川地震的孕育和发生具有控制作用。 相似文献
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新形势下地震监测预报发展的思考 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文从我国30多年地震监测预报历程、今后监测预报的发展方向以及改进监测预报管理工作等方面简明扼要地阐明了在新形式下如何推进地震监测预报发展的思考,文中所讨论的问题及新思维、新观点,相信对广大读者会带来更多的启迪,以此促进防震减灾事业的不断发展。 相似文献
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The Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) onboard the ERS-2 satellite has been in operation since July 1995. The Norwegian ground-based total ozone network has played an important role both in the main validation during the commissioning phase and in the validation of upgraded versions of the analysis algorithms of the instrument. The ground-based network consists of various spectrometer types (Dobson, Brewer, UV filter instruments). The validation of the second algorithm version used until January 1998 reveals a very good agreement between GOME and ground-based data at solar zenith angles <60° and deviations of GOME total ozone data from ground-based data of up to ±60 DU (∼20%) at zenith angles ≥60°. The deviations strongly depend on the season of the year, being negative in summer and positive in winter/spring, The deviations furthermore show a considerable scattering (up to ±25 DU in monthly average values of 5° SZA intervals), even in close spatial and temporal coincidence with ground-based measurements, especially in the high Arctic. The deviations are also dependent on the viewing geometry/ground pixel size with an additional negative offset for the large pixels used in the backswath mode and at solar zenith angles ≥85°, compared to forward-swath pixels. 相似文献
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C.-F. Enell Å. Steen T. Wagner U. Frieß K. Pfeilsticker U. Platt K.-H. Fricke 《Annales Geophysicae》1999,17(11):1457-1462
Polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) are often observed in the Kiruna region in northern Sweden, east of the Scandinavian mountain range, during wintertime. PSC occurrence can be detected by ground-based optical instruments. Most of these require clear tropospheric weather. By applying the zenith-sky colour index technique, which works under most weather conditions, the data availability can be extended. The observations suggest that PSC events, especially of type II (water PSCs) may indeed more common than predicted by synoptic models, which is expected because of the frequent presence of mountain-induced leewaves. However, it will be of importance to increase the density of independent observations. 相似文献
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C. H. A. von Savigny I. C. McDade G. G. Shepherd Y. Rochon 《Annales Geophysicae》1999,17(11):1439-1446
Vertical profiles of nitric oxide in the altitude range 90 to 105 km are derived from 553 nm nightglow continuum measurements made with the Wind Imaging Interferometer (WINDII) on the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS). The profiles are derived under the assumption that the continuum emission is due entirely to the NO+O air afterglow reaction. Vertical profiles of the atomic oxygen density, which are required to determine the nitric oxide concentrations, are derived from coordinated WINDII measurements of the atomic oxygen OI 557.7 nm nightglow emission. Data coverage for local solar times ranging from 20 h to 04 h, and latitudes ranging from 42°S to 42°N, is achieved by zonally averaging and binning data obtained on 18 nights during a two-month period extending from mid-November 1992 until mid-January 1993. The derived nitric oxide concentrations are significantly smaller than those obtained from rocket measurements of the airglow continuum but they do compare well with model expectations and nitric oxide densities measured using the resonance fluorescence technique on the Solar Mesosphere Explorer satellite. The near-global coverage of the WINDII observations and the similarities to the nitric oxide global morphology established from other satellite measurements strongly suggests that the NO+O reaction is the major source of the continuum near 553 nm and that there is no compelling reason to invoke additional sources of continuum emission in this immediate spectral region. 相似文献
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岩石中的孔隙按形状划分，可以大致分成孔洞和裂纹两类。孔洞的纵横比大，形状近似于球形，它与油气储藏有密切关系。孔洞孔隙度是岩石孔隙度的主要贡献。裂纹纵横比小，形状细长，它所造成的孔隙度是岩石总孔隙度的一小部分。但是岩石中裂纹的存在和裂纹孔隙度的变化，对于岩石的各向异性和S波的分裂有重要的影响。本文利用两类不同形状孔隙对流体静压力的不同响应，利用改变流体静压力的实验对岩石中的裂纹孔隙率进行了测定；实验得到的裂纹孔隙率和岩石裂纹的闭合压力，为了解岩石各向异性、S波分裂以及地壳动力学提供了基础数据。 相似文献
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J. M. C. Plane 《Annales Geophysicae》2000,18(7):807-814
It is proposed that a component of meteoric smoke, sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), provides particularly effective condensation nuclei for noctilucent clouds. This assertion is based on three conditions being met. The first is that NaHCO3 is present at sufficient concentration (104 cm–3) in the upper mesosphere between 80 and 90 km. It is demonstrated that there is strong evidence for this based on recent laboratory measurements coupled with atmospheric modelling. The second condition is that the thermodynamics of NaHCO3(H2O)n cluster formation allow spontaneous nucleation to occur under mesospheric conditions at temperatures below 140 K. The Gibbs free energy changes for forming clusters with n = 1 and 2 were computed from quantum calculations using hybrid density functional/Hartree-Fock (B3LYP) theory and a large basis set with added polarization and diffuse functions. The results were then extrapolated to higher n using an established dependence of the free energy on cluster size and the free energy for the sublimation of H2O to bulk ice. A 1-dimensional model of sodium chemistry was then employed to show that spontaneous nucleation to form ice particles (n > 100) should occur between 84 and 89 km in the high-latitude summer mesosphere. The third condition is that other metallic components of meteoric smoke are less effective condensation nuclei, so that the total number of potential nuclei is small relative to the amount of available H2O. Quantum calculations indicate that this is probably the case for major constituents such as Fe(OH)2, FeO3 and MgCO3. 相似文献
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Richard M. Worthington 《Annales Geophysicae》1999,17(2):257-272
A simple method is described, based on standard VHF wind-profiler data, where imbalances of echo power between four off-vertical radar beams, caused by mountain waves, can be used to calculate the orientation of the wave pattern. It is shown that the mountain wave azimuth (direction of the horizontal component of the wavevector), is given by the vector
are radar echo powers, measured in dB, in beams pointed away from vertical by the same angle towards north, south, east and west respectively, and W is the vertical wind velocity. The method is applied to Aberystwyth MST radar data, and the calculated wave vector usually, but not always, points into the low-level wind direction. The mean vertical wind at Aberystwyth, which may also be affected by tilted aspect-sensitive layers, is investigated briefly using the entire radar output 1990–1997. The mean vertical-wind profile is inconsistent with existing theories, but a new mountain-wave interpretation is proposed. 相似文献
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T. E. Van Zandt 《Annales Geophysicae》2000,18(7):740-749
The history of the development of the wind-profiling or MST radar technique is reviewed from its inception in the late 1960s to the present. Extensions of the technique by the development of boundary-layer radars and the radio-acoustic sounding system (RASS) technique to measure temperature are documented. Applications are described briefly, particularly practical applications to weather forecasting, with data from networks of radars, and scientific applications to the study of rapidly varying atmospheric phenomena such as gravity waves and turbulence. 相似文献
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The results of three series of rocket measurements of mesospheric electric fields carried out under different geomagnetic conditions at polar and high middle latitudes are analysed. The measurements show a clear dependence of the vertical electric fields on geomagnetic activity at polar and high middle latitudes. The vertical electric fields in the lower mesosphere increase with the increase of geomagnetic indexes Kp and Kp. The simultaneous increase of the vertical electric field strength and ion conductivity was observed in the mesosphere during geomagnetic disturbances. This striking phenomenon was displayed most clearly during the solar proton events of October, 1989 accompanied by very strong geomagnetic storm (Kp = 8+). A possible mechanism of generation of the vertical electric fields in the mesosphere caused by gravitational sedimentation of charged aerosol particles is discussed. Simultaneous existence in the mesosphere of both the negative and positive multiply charged aerosol particles of different sizes is assumed for explanation of the observed V/m vertical electric fields and their behaviour under geomagnetically disturbed conditions.Paper Presented at the Second IAGA/ICMA (IAMAS) Workshop on Solar Activity Forcing of the Middle Atmosphere, Prague, August 1997 相似文献