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多数大地震都是沿大洋板块向大陆板块俯冲的海沟发生.现在已经清楚矩震级Mw达到9级的巨大地震只发生在几个地区,包括智利、阿拉斯加、堪察加半岛和苏门答腊.日本海沟是太平洋板块向鄂霍次克海板块俯冲的地区,并没有历史记载表明这里曾发生过矩震级9级的大地震,唯一可能的例外是公元869年贞观(Jogan)大地震[1],其震级到现在... 相似文献
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2012年4月11日在苏门答腊北部海域发生了MW8.6和MW8.2强烈地震(图1).该地震位于印度板块和澳大利亚板块之间俯冲带的走滑断裂上,两次地震震中分别位于俯冲带东南方向100 km和200 km.由于地震震中远离陆地,因此未造成较大破坏. 相似文献
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日本东北潜在大地震的规模曾被低估 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
自20世纪70年代以来,科学家已经把地球分为可以产生9.0级地震的板块边界和不会产生9.0级地震的板块边界.然而,2011年发生在日本东北的大地震与2004年发生在苏门答腊—安达曼的超级大地震却让科学家们震惊,因为这两个地区被认为都不可能发生震级超过8.4的大型逆冲地震.现在,地震科学家经重新研究后都承认现有的最大地震规模的预测模型不再有效.人们对这些模型已经提出疑问:苏门达腊什么时候驱动一个板块边界穿过它们的中心?日本东北又在何时驱动了另一个板块边界? 相似文献
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文中对2018年12月1日发生在美国阿拉斯加州的MW7. 0地震开展了震源参数以及破裂过程的反演研究,并综合研究结果探讨了此次地震发生的动力学背景。震源机制反演结果表明,此次地震为拉张型正断地震,矩心相对于初始震中位置向NE偏移约10km。破裂过程反演的结果显示此次地震的滑动量分布比较集中,主要发生在长30km、宽20km的区域内,最大滑移量达3. 6m。此外,破裂并非简单地以震源为中心对称分布。此次地震的破裂方向和余震分布均呈NE向延伸的趋势,发震断层的西南段则出现地震空区,由此可初步判断该地震是一次发生在太平洋板块与北美板块俯冲碰撞带后缘的弧后拉张环境中的典型正断型地震事件。由于太平洋俯冲板块在向N俯冲的过程中受高温高压作用影响,造成太平洋板片的俯冲角度变陡、向后弯曲变形,由此在碰撞带的后缘形成拉张环境,造成此次阿拉斯加MW7. 0地震的发生。 相似文献
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2011年东北近海MW9.0巨大逆冲地震发生后,在整个日本列岛观测到数千个内陆和火山地震,这些地震并不仅限于发生在东北地区太平洋海岸近海的余震区内。这提醒我们评估地震活动时思路要更宽,要去掉前震-主震-余震活动仅限于特定地震有限余震区内的普通想法。在最近的100年中,全球发生了几个巨大逆冲断层地震。根据我们的地震发生区在沿倾向双段(ADDS)和沿走向单段(ASSS)之间明显不同的新假设,我们研究了地震前后的重要地震事件。总体来说,沿倾向双段巨大逆冲断层的一些重要余震(大于MW7.5)发生于板块外侧隆起区及其附近(Ⅰ类),其中有些是倾滑正断层作用,有些是俯冲海洋板块内具有正断层分量的走滑断层作用。这些板块外侧隆起区的地震被认为是受巨大逆冲断层板块耦合作用减弱,引起的海洋板块下降板片的板片拉力控制。此外,有些沿余震区内板块边界和类似余震区扩展到相应巨大逆冲断层的地震也很重要(Ⅱ类)。另一方面,沿走向单段的余震发生在相同余震区及其附近,而且重要的或灾难性的板块外侧隆起区地震很稀少。已知沿倾向双段和沿走向单段的巨大逆冲断层也有一些大(不重要)的内陆地震。所有这些结果均不取决于俯冲几何形状是否是斜向的还是正交的。 相似文献
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1主震2011年3月11日日本当地时间14时46分,发生了以宫城县近海为震中的M9.0东北地方太平洋近海地震。其后,特大海啸袭击了东北地方太平洋沿岸。根据震源区和机制解等的分析确定,这次地震是在俯冲的太平洋板块和陆地板块边界发生的板间地 相似文献
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根据近几年来关于台湾地区北西向构造研究的最新进展,以北部菲律宾板块俯冲带和南部南海次板块俯冲带北西向的交界线为界,研究了北南两个区域深源地震分布的对称性,说明在此研究区域的构造活动上两个方向相反的俯冲带起到了控制作用。研究中还发现南海次板块深源地震、两个俯冲带的震级影响函数与粤闽交界及台湾海峡区域中强地震有较好的对应关系,两者都显示自2000年以来粤闽交界及台湾海峡处于5级以上地震平静期。 相似文献
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自3 Ma至现今,在欧亚东缘太平洋、菲律宾海板块以较大速率朝NWW方向运动,并沿海沟向欧亚大陆俯冲;同时欧亚板块以较小速率朝SEE方向移动,构成双方向的板块汇聚格局.沿日本岛弧东侧,海洋板片以较小的倾角插入欧亚大陆下面,在浅部产生的挤压变形扩展到日本海东边缘.琉球岛弧的中、北部,菲律宾海俯冲板片的倾角较大,其西南段由NE向转变为EW向,正经历活动的海沟后退与弧后扩张.台湾是3种板块汇聚的交点:欧亚沿马尼拉海沟向东俯冲,吕宋弧与台湾碰撞,使台湾岛陆壳东西向缩短与隆升,形成年轻的造山带,菲律宾海板块沿琉球海沟的西南段向北俯冲到欧亚下面.位于南海与菲律宾海之间的菲律宾群岛是宽的变形过渡带,两侧被欧亚向东、菲律宾海向西俯冲夹击,中间是大型左旋走滑断层.总体上,现今时期的太平洋、菲律宾海板块的西向俯冲运动所产生的变形主要分布在俯冲板片内部及岛弧,未扩散到弧后地区,可能这种俯冲运动产生的水平应力较小,不能阻挡欧亚大陆的向东移动,对大陆内部的现今构造没有明显的影响. 相似文献
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Dieter Franke Michael Schnabel Stefan Ladage David R. Tappin S nke Neben Yusuf S. Djajadihardja Christian Mü ller Heidrun Kopp Christoph Gaedicke 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》2008,269(1-2):118-130
Segmentation along convergent margins controls earthquake magnitude and location, but the physical causes of segment boundaries, and their impact on earthquake rupture dynamics, are still poorly understood. One aspect of the 2004 and 2005 great Sumatra–Andaman earthquakes is their abrupt termination along a common boundary. This has led to speculation on the nature of the boundary, its origin and why it was not breached.
For the first time the boundary has been imaged and, with newly acquired marine geophysical data, we demonstrate that a ridge on the subducting Indo-Australian oceanic crust may exert a control on margin segmentation. This suggests a lower plate influence on margin structure, particularly its segmentation. The ridge is masked by the sedimentary cover in the trench. Its most likely trend is NNE–SSW. It is interpreted as a fracture zone on the subducting oceanic plate. A ramp or tear along the eastern flank of the subducting fracture zone beneath Simeulue Island may be considered as an intensification factor in terms of rupture propagation barrier. 相似文献
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Cvetan Sinadinovski 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2006,4(2):131-139
A great earthquake occurred at 00:58:49 (UTC) on Sunday, December 26, 2004 off the northwest coast of Sumatra, Indonesia. Its revised moment magnitude was M 9.3 making it in the top four largest earthquakes in the world since 1900 and the largest since the Alaskan 1964 event. The earthquake caused tsunami waves which killed more than 300,000 people in Southern Asia and Africa. There were 31 earthquakes with magnitudes between 5.5 and 7.3 in the 48-h period after the main event, and it seemed that seismicity migrated northwards along the 1200 km fault (http: //www.ga.gov.au). Similar size events occurred in that location off Sumatra in the 19th century, but no evidence of written records of their tsunami effects in Australia is found. The devastating megathrust earthquake of 26 December 2004 occurred on the interface of the Indo-Australian and Euro-Asian plates where the first plate subducts beneath the overriding second plate and the Indo-Australian plate begins its descent into the mantle. In the epicentral region, the Indo-Australian plate moves toward the northeast at a rate of about 7 cm/year relative to the Euro-Asian plate resulting in oblique convergence and partitioning into thrust-faulting. From the size of the earthquake, it is likely that the displacement on the fault plane was up to fifteen meters. As with the recent event, megathrust earthquakes often generate large tsunamis that cause damage over a much wider area than is directly affected by ground shaking near the earthquake’s rupture. The subduction zone continues further south of the Indonesian archipelago and that area is also a potential risk of producing a megathrust event that may affect coastal parts of northwest Australia. The tragic events of Boxing Day 2004 highlighted the importance of establishing a tsunami warning system for the Indian Ocean like the one for the Pacific. Issues like more and better instrumentation, and a long-term program to educate people in the region about the dangers of tsunamis, were identified as priorities. Of particular interest is the time for identifying and issuing alerts for such devastating earthquakes with possibility to reduce it in future for warning purposes. 相似文献
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2010年智利大地震及历史地震活动与地质构造背景 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
2010年2月27日(当地时间)智利发生了8.8级地震,造成了严重的破坏和损失。该地震是典型的逆冲型地震,处于环太平洋地震带,是Nazca板块以每年8cm的汇聚速率俯冲于南美洲板块之下,使得该板块下部的应力积累到一定程度引发破裂的结果。历史地震分析表明,目前该地区可能开始一个新的大震活跃期,未来3～4年内可能还会发生一次8级以上的地震。 相似文献
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Introduction Northeastem China has the most strong Cenozoic volcanism in China (Liu, 1999), where dis-tributes more than 500 Cenozoic volcanoes, including sleeping volcanoes of Tianchi Lake (Celes-tial Pond) of Changbai Mountain, and Wudalianchi (Five linked Lakes) (LIU, 1999). Vo lcano ofTianchi Lake of Changbai Mountain consists of basaltic rocks of shield-forming stage andtrachytes and pantellerites in cone-forming stage. It is suggested by study of REE, incompatibleelements a… 相似文献
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There are three cases of variation of trench location possible to occur during subduction: trench fixed, trench advancing,
and trench retreating. Retreat of trench may lead to back-arc extension. The Pacific plate subducts at low angle beneath the
Eurasia plate, tomographic results indicate that the subducted Pacific slab does not penetrate the 670 km discontinuity, instead,
it is lying flat above the interface. The flattening occurred about 28 Ma ago. Geodynamic computation suggests: when the frontier
of the subducted slab reaches the phase boundary of lower and upper mantle, it may be hindered and turn flat lying above the
boundary, facilitates the retreat of trench and back-arc extension. Volcanism in northeastern China is likely a product of
such retreat of subduction, far field back-arc extension, and melting due to reduce of pressure while mantle upwelling.
Foundation item: National Natural Science Foundation of China (40234042 and 40174027). 相似文献
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—Tectonic studies of the great 1964 Alaska earthquake have underappreciated the nature of the subducted plate in influencing seismicity. We compare seismological observations in the Prince William and Kodiak areas that ruptured during this earthquake with the corresponding morphology and structure of the subducting plate. The upper plate geology (Prince William Terrane) and velocity structure are the same in both areas. In the Prince William area where the Yakutat Terrane subducted, the energy released and coupling were stronger than above the Kodiak subduction zone where thick trench sediment subducts. The conjecture that lower plate character or the amount of subducted sediment affects coupling helps explain variability in seismology, geodetic inversions and the horizontal velocity of GPS stations. 相似文献
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What controls the lateral variation of large earthquake occurrence along the Japan Trench? 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Abstract The lateral (along trench axis) variation in the mode of large earthquake occurrence near the northern Japan Trench is explained by the variation in surface roughness of the subducting plate. The surface roughness of the ocean bottom near the trench is well correlated with the large-earthquake occurrence. The region where the ocean bottom is smooth is correlated with'typical'large underthrust earthquakes (e.g. the 1968 Tokachioki event) in the deeper part of the seismogenic plate interface, and there are no earthquakes in the shallow part (aseismic zone). The region where the ocean bottom is rough (well-developed horst and graben structure) is correlated with large normal faulting earthquakes (e.g. the 1933 Sanriku event) in the outer-rise region, and large tsunami earthquakes (e.g. the 1896 Sanriku event) in the shallow region of the plate interface zone. In the smooth surface region, the coherent metamorphosed sediments form a homogeneous, large and strong contact zone between the plates. The rupture of this large strong contact causes great under-thrust earthquakes. In the rough surface region, large outer-rise earthquakes enhance the well-developed horst and grabens. As these structure are subducted with sediments in the graben part, the horsts create enough contact with the overriding block to cause an earthquake in the shallow part of the interface zone, and this earthquake is likely to be a tsunami earthquake. When the horst and graben structure is further subducted, many small strong contacts between the plates are formed, and they can cause only small underthrust earthquakes. 相似文献
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青藏高原是我国现代构造活动和地震活动最强烈的地区,自有地震记录以来,在高原内记录到多达18次8级以上巨大地震和100余次7~7.9级地震,它们均发生在喜马拉雅板块边界构造带和板内断块区及其次级断块的边界活动构造带上.自1900年有地震仪器记录以来,青藏高原曾经历了3次地震活动丛集高潮,即1920-1937年,1947-1976年和1995-现在.在每次地震活动丛集期都形成以8级地震为核心的7级以上地震活动系列,它们分别是20世纪20-30年代的海原-古浪地震系列、50-70年代察隅-当雄地震系列和20世纪末期以来昆仑-汶川地震系列.每一个地震系列都有自己的主体活动区,最新的昆仑-汶川地震系列的主体活动区为巴颜喀喇断块.青藏高原地震活动高潮与全球Mw≥8.0巨大地震活动高潮紧密相关,昆仑-汶川地震系列与自2001年至今的全球最新地震活动高潮相对应,它们反映了两者的动力学联系.经过详细对比研究认为,它们至今均仍在延续之中,全球板块边界构造带8~9级地震和板内大陆断块区的7~8级地震都仍在连续发生.研究了全球和区域地震活动的相关关系及青藏高原地震活动的时空分布特征,指出了该区当前地震活动的总体形势,评价了其近期地震危险性,提出了加强地震监测的建议. 相似文献
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霍山地震区位于大别造山带北缘华北板块与扬子板块接触带上,是大别造山带及周边地震活动最频繁、最集中的地区.83个大地电磁测点组成的大地电磁三维阵列覆盖了整个霍山地震区.用多重网格法、印模迭代重构法和非线性共轭梯度法对阵列数据进行三维带地形反演,获得了地震区深部三维电性结构.电性结构显示,北大别、北淮阳区的中上地壳为电阻率1000Ωm以上的高阻区,中下地壳为电阻率数十欧姆米的相对低阻区;六安盆地电阻率整体较低,中地壳存在显著的电阻率为几欧姆米的壳内高导层.北西向的晓天—磨子潭断裂分隔了北大别高阻层和北淮阳高阻层,在浅部向NE倾,深部向SW倾;北东向的落儿岭—土地岭断裂切穿北大别上地壳高阻层.小震双差定位结果表明,地震主要发生在NE向延伸的落儿岭—土地岭断裂附近的北大别、北淮阳中上地壳的高阻区,并集中于NW向的晓天—磨子潭断裂运动所造成的构造薄弱带中;2014年M S4.3霍山地震震源深度较深,位于北大别高阻区内部的电性梯度较大的区域.综合上述结果我们认为,霍山地震区的主要发震断裂为落儿岭—土地岭断裂,断裂的运动变形充分利用了晓天—磨子潭断裂早先活动所形成的构造薄弱带,断裂下方壳源高导体中的流体沿断层传播使断层强度弱化,使得这些薄弱带区易于发生小地震.由于北大别、北淮阳构造区显著高阻层的存在,我们认为霍山地震区存在发生6级以上中强震的深部孕震环境. 相似文献