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北京城市大气边界层低层垂直动力和热力特征及其与污染物浓度关系的研究 总被引：9，自引：1，他引：9
利用2001年3月19~29日和2003年8月11~25日中国科学院大气物理研究所325m大气边界层观测塔资料,分析研讨了北京城市大气边界层低层的垂直动力结构特征及其与污染物浓度分布的关系.对比分析了北京城市大气边界层低层不同高度的风、温度和湿度梯度资料、大气湍流和大气化学观测系统资料,综合分析获取了无因次速度、温度湍流方差和湍流通量、湍能分布特征及其与污染物浓度空间分布的关系,同时分析了北京地区沙尘天气过程中城市边界层低层垂直结构特征及其污染物浓度的分布与变化特征.分析结果表明,在不稳定层结条件下,47和120m高度上无因次速度湍流方差和温度湍流方差遵循莫宁-奥布克霍夫相似规律,并给出相应的拟合公式.稳定大气边界层可按层结参数z′/L分成二分区,z′/L<0.1为弱稳定区,此时相似规律可适用,z′/L>0.1为强稳定区,在此区内无因次速度方差随稳定度增大有增大的趋势,而无因次温度方差则保持不变.白天近地层包含了47和120m,而280m已在近地层之上.对2001年3月北京地区一次沙尘天气过程的城市边界层资料分析发现,320m高度上总悬浮颗粒物浓度最高达到913.3μg/m3,在边界层内大气颗粒物从上层向低层输送,这与锋面过境时低空急流从上层向下发展过程并伴随的强下沉运动有关. 相似文献
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城市冬、夏季大气污染气、粒态复合型相关空间特征 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
利用2003年冬、夏季北京城市大气环境现场科学试验(BECAPEX,BeijingCityAirPollutionObservationExperiment)综合观测资料,采用点-面结合的研究途径,探讨城市建筑群“冠层”边界观测“点上”与城市区域“面上”大气动力-化学过程时空变化信息,研究观测点大气污染气、粒态的季节性相关结构与转化特征,采用“一维空间EOF”主成分分析模型,分析城市边界层复杂结构背景下气溶胶气、粒态季节变化以及污染物种间关联特征;通过粒子浓度、气体污染物种及其气象条件“主成分”综合分析,揭示城市大气污染气、粒态复杂的组合成分与结构特征的季节变化.以进一步追踪城市区域气溶胶污染面源影响特征及其源影响大气污染成分结构季节差异.研究结果表明:冬、夏季城市大气污染气、粒态时间演变NOx,CO,SO2均呈“同位相”,且与O3呈“反位相”,具有显著“非独立性”特征.总体上,夏季气体污染物CO,SO2,NOx浓度相对于冬季明显偏低,其中CO浓度减少最为明显,其次为SO2和NOx,但夏季O3浓度却高于冬季2倍以上,而冬、夏季PM2.5,PM10粒子浓度季节性差异相对不显著,这一研究结果表明PM10,PM2.5浓度变化对冬、夏季采暖期排放源差异的响应远不如NOx,SO2,CO那样明显.冬、夏季气、粒态相关特征描述出PM10,PM2.5均与NOx有显著的相关性,且此气、粒相关性较其它污染物更为显著.采用主成分分析,发现冬、夏季PM10,PM2.5粒子各污染物种主成分组合结构存在显著差异,冬季PM10,PM2.5粒子主成分结构以SO2,NOx为主,夏季PM10,PM2.5粒子主成分结构则以CO,NOx为主,冬、夏季PM10,PM2.5粒子可能存在此类“非独立”性污染物种的不同“组合”气、粒态相关结构.研究结果还揭示出气、粒态相互影响过程亦与城市边界层垂直结构有关,即城市边界层O3浓度的低值厚度层与大气垂直结构的逆温、逆湿和低空风速低值区“配置”特征相关,其描述了夏季边界层大气特征,即风、温、湿要素的非独立因子“组合”及其配置结构对不同气体污染物浓度变化的复合影响,此类边界层O3异常低值厚度结构与其它气体污染物种的“反位相”关系特征吻合.有关PM10,PM2.5粒子浓度的气象因子主成分分析亦可揭示出PM10,PM2.5浓度变化对局地气象条件“组合”特征的敏感性. 相似文献
3.
金沙大气本底站反应性气体本底浓度及长距离输送的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
对金沙大气本底站在2006年6月至2007年7月之间获得的O3,CO,NOx,SO2浓度的频率分布进行Lorentz多（单）峰曲线拟合,得到4个不同季节下不同的峰值浓度.这些峰值浓度代表着不同过程作用下的本底浓度水平.将这些峰值浓度与相应的总体平均值（中值）浓度比较,讨论了后者在代表本底浓度水平的可行性和局限性.在某些情况下,大气污染物的平均值（中值）浓度可在一定程度上代表该地区的本底浓度,但由于受污染物输送等因素的影响,总体平均值（中值）浓度往往低估或高估了本底浓度.本工作利用HYSPLIT轨迹模式计算了观测期间的气团后向轨迹,通过聚类-气体浓度关联分析法取得了各类轨迹的空间分布、季节变化特征以及对应的O3,SO2,NOx和CO平均浓度水平,并进一步通过滤掉污染物固有的季节变化,取得了不同气团来源对金沙站污染物浓度水平相对影响的信息.结果表明：金沙站可用于研究受长三角、中南地区、江汉平原及其北部地区排放影响的不同气团来源的大气本底信息;来自其南面的华中、华南地区和长三角西部地区的气团对其近地面O3的贡献显著;来自其北至东北方向的江汉平原、黄淮平原和华北平原地区,以及其南面的中南地区的气团对其SO2,CO和NOx的贡献显著;来自海洋的长距离输送气团对局地污染物起清洁作用;来自西北的长距离输送气团常带有自由大气的特征（高O3浓度,低CO,NOx浓度和相对湿度）,但却带着相对高浓度的SO2. 相似文献
4.
天津近海大气中CH_4,N_2O和CO_2季节变化分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为研究渤海天津近海海域温室气体污染状况,分别于2006年8月、12月和2007年4月、11月在渤海天津近海对CH4,N2O和CO2三种主要温室气体进行了观测,并采用后轨迹模型对其来源进行了分析,得到结果认为采样期间区域大气受到天津沿海地区影响较大,表现出城市温室气体分布特征,同时可能受到海洋自身的影响.样品分析结果发现渤海天津近海大气中CH4浓度最大值出现在夏季为2.61μL/L,最小值在冬季为1.87μL/L.N2O的浓度范围为319.33～347.67nL/L,且各点位浓度值的分布为冬季>秋季>夏季>春季.CO2浓度的变化范围是375.4～648.4μL/L,采暖期高出非采暖期.渤海天津近海海域3种主要温室气体的浓度都已超过2005年全球平均本底浓度,应引起足够重视.三者在一定程度上受共同的源影响,尤其是CO2和N2O,自相关性显著且与气象因子的相关性一致. 相似文献
5.
利用印度尼西亚Bukit Koto Tabang(BKT)观测站的地面和大气红外探测仪(AIRS)卫星观测数据,分别提取了该观测站2004年和2005年苏门答腊两次M8.0地震前后地面和卫星观测所获得的CO总量、近地面(1 000 hPa)CO体积分数和O3总量的高光谱气体地球化学信息,对BKT台站附近卫星观测数据和地面观测数据进行了相互验证。结果表明两次大地震前卫星和地面观测均捕获到了CO和O3异常,其中卫星观测获得的CO总量和CO体积分数与地面测得的CO浓度呈强正相关,相关系数分别为0.83和0.75,表明CO浓度异常可能主要源于孕震过程中地下逸出的气体,大气中的化学反应对CO异常的贡献次之。O3卫星观测结果与地面观测结果也呈正相关关系(r=0.49),地震前O3异常可能主要归因于地震前地下逸出的气体在大气中的化学反应。地面观测的CO和O3浓度在两次地震前标准偏差变大,且CO和O3浓度变化与分别以地面观测站和地震震中为中心从卫星数据提取的气体浓度与地面观测数据变化趋势一致。研究结果丰富了利用高光谱卫星数据提取地震前后气体地球化学异常信息的方法。 相似文献
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7.
北京城区低层大气PM10和PM2.5垂直结构及其动力特征 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
2003年8月10~26日在中国科学院大气物理研究所气象铁塔3个不同高度(8, 100和320 m)得到了1 min平均的PM2.5和PM10连续质量浓度资料, 配合其它观测资料, 其中包括4个不同高度(8, 100, 200和320 m)PM2.5和PM10日平均质量浓度, CO和NO2连续观测, 并结合气象铁塔同期的气象场观测, 揭示了北京城区PM2.5和PM10垂直结构及其动力特征. 北京325 m铁塔所观测到的气溶胶垂直分布大致分为两种类型: 渐缓递减型和快速递减型. 静稳天气以及污染日气溶胶垂直分布属于渐缓递减型, 而弱冷空气过境及清洁日气溶胶垂直分布属快速递减型, 气溶胶垂直分布特征是和边界层大气动力、热力结构及湍流特点密切相关. 清洁日低层(100 m)PM2.5和PM10浓度较接近于8 m, 高层(320 m)浓度下降较快, 其浓度和8 m相比几乎下降了—半, 其中PM2.5下降的略偏多些. 清洁日150 m以下存在较强的湍流强度, 气溶胶能够很好地混合, 但受上层较强的逆温层阻档又不能向高层输送, 同时, 清洁日各层水平风速较大, 尤其高层增加更加明显, 结果高层气溶胶浓度迅速降低, 因此造成气溶胶垂直分布上下浓度的明显差异. 污染日低、中(200 m)、高层PM2.5和PM10浓度与8 m比较平均逐层下降10%左右. 污染日伴随着边界层低风速出现, 同时边界层有两重浅薄递温层结构, 但气溶胶仍可在逆温层下进行—定的混合, 因此污染日PM2.5和PM10浓度随高度降低比较缓慢; 观测结果还发现320 m高度在西南和东南风向条件下PM2.5和PM10均明显出现高浓度值, 而其它高度PM2.5和PM10浓度和风向没有关系. 足痕分析计算结果表明这是由于来自污染相对较重的河北省保定、石家庄以及天津、山东等北京偏南地区对该高度的贡献, 而低层仅受北京局地源的影响. 所计算的功率谱和周期初步反映了静稳天气条件下铁塔各高度PM10的周期仅以分钟量级计, 而风速较大情况下PM10和PM2.5在320 m除存在分钟量级的短周期外, 尚有小时级的较长周期出现; 和作者以往观测所发现的在北京不同测点、不同高度, 各空气污染物种有同位相变化特点一样, 基于试验同样观测到铁塔不同高度PM2.5和PM10日变化及平均日变化也有同位相的特点, 其充分展示了北京城市冠层中存在空气污染物同位相的时空分布特征; PM10和PM2.5平均日变化呈较平缓的双峰特征. 其密切地联系到北京城市冠层中不同高度存在明显的湍流动量通量、感热通量和湍流动能的相似日变化的特点; 此外, 静稳天气PM2.5和PM10浓度随高度增加降低较慢, 低层降低为8 m的90%左右, 中层略低于低层, 高层约为8 m的80%. 弱冷空气过境天气条件下PM2.5和PM10浓度随高度增加明显降低, 低层可降到8 m的70%, 中层以上降到20%~30%, 其中PM2.5降低的更多—些. 相似文献
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基于扫描差分光学吸收光谱（DOAS）系统,于2007年8月27日~9月4日期间对北京市朝阳区大气污染物SO2,HCHO,O3和NO2的垂直分布进行了连续监测,并对污染物垂直廓线进行了分析,详细探讨了SO2垂直分布特征以及夜间NO对O3的滴定作用.结果表明,SO2浓度通常没有明显垂直分层分布特征,但在清晨风速较低时呈现负梯度变化.研究发现夜间O3、NO和NO2之间存在稳态作用,表明城市区域O3的滴定主要来自于地面NO的直接排放,显示出NO的滴定作用对夜间O3、NO和NO2的垂直变化起到重要作用. 相似文献
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重污染和新粒子生成过程中城市大气颗粒物数谱分布演变过程 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
使用双电迁移性颗粒物粒径谱分析仪和空气动力学颗粒物粒径谱分析仪对北京城市大气颗粒物（3nm~10μm）数浓度谱分布进行长期观测.选取2006年春节期间出现的一次重污染事件和一次新粒子生成过程,对期间颗粒物数谱分布特征及演变过程进行分析.在重污染事件中3~10nm颗粒物（平均数浓度46cm？3）几乎在大气中消失,而新粒子生成事件中核模态颗粒物数浓度最高达到3.5×104cm？3.这种现象可以通过颗粒物的碰并汇和低挥发性气态前体物的凝结汇从颗粒物的汇和源两个角度进行解释：重污染事件中,3~10nm颗粒物的碰并汇为1.1×10？2~1.2×10？3s？1,显著高于新粒子生成过程（9.9×10？4~1.4×10？4s？1）;在新粒子生成过程中,参与成核的低挥发性气态前体物的凝结汇为0.01s？1,显著低于重污染事件（0.13s？1）.研究结果表明在分析极端大气环境中的颗粒物数谱分布时,除交通和气象因素外,碰并和凝结过程的影响也需要给予足够的重视. 相似文献
10.
近年来城市化和大气污染对辐射收支的影响日益显著.本研究利用2013—2014年中国科学院大气物理研究所325m铁塔、南郊观象台、密云气象塔、上甸子区域大气本底站四个观测站点的辐射及自动站气象要素数据,采用南郊观象台的能见度资料将观测数据分为清洁天和污染天,并进行类比分析,以1月份为例,研究了北京地区大气污染和城郊差异对辐射收支的影响.结果表明:(1)从月平均值来看,各站污染天入射短波辐射均小于清洁天,衰减最大可达55.8W·m~(-2),直接辐射亦然,衰减最大可达161.1W·m~(-2),散射辐射相反,增加最大值为72.2W·m~(-2);长波辐射污染天大于清洁天,向下向上长波辐射增加最大值分别为85.0 W·m~2和70.0 W·m~(-2),且长波辐射的衰减与污染物浓度和大气温度相关;净辐射白天污染天小于清洁天,夜间相反.(2)从各站的对比可知,大气污染对入射短波辐射的衰减,南部郊区(13.2%)大于北部城区(7.4%),与北京地区"南北两重天"的污染物分布特征一致;且污染物对长短波辐射的影响呈现了从城区到郊区衰减率依次减小的现象.本研究为大气污染与气象条件的相互作用研究提供了观测基础. 相似文献
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In this paper, the changes in sediment transport over 51 years from 1955 to 2006 in the Kuye River in the Loess Plateau in China are assessed. Key factors affecting sediment yield and sediment transport, such as precipitation depth, discharge, and human activities are studied. To investigate the changes in sediment yield in this watershed, a trend analysis on sediment concentration, precipitation depth, and discharge is conducted. Precipitation depths at 2 Climate Stations （CSs）, as well as discharge and sediment transport at 3 Gauging Stations （GSs） are used to assess the features of sediment transport in the Kuye River. The rtmoff modulus （defined as the annual average discharge per unit area, L/（s·km^2）） and the sediment transport modulus （defined as the annual suspended sediment transport per unit area, t/（yr km^2）） are introduced in this study to assess the changes in runoff and sediment yield for this watershed. The results show that the highest average monthly discharge during the study period in the Kuye River is 66.23 m^3/s in August with an average monthly sediment concentration of 88.9 kg/m^3. However, the highest average monthly sediment concentration during the study period in the Kuye River is 125.34 kg/m^3 and occurs in July, which has an average discharge of 42.6 m^3/s that is much less than the average monthly discharge in August. It is found that both the runoff modulus and sediment transport modulus at Wenjiachuan GS on the Kuye River has a clear downward trend. During the summer season from July to August, the sediment transport modulus at Wenjiachuan GS is much higher than those at Toudaoguai and Longmen GSs on the Yellow River. The easily erodible loess in the Kuye River watershed and the sparse vegetation are responsible for the extremely high sediment yield from the Kuye River watershed. The analyses of the grain size distribution of suspended load in the Kuye River are presented. The average monthly median grain size of suspended load in the Kuye River is largest in February and then decreases until June. In July, the average monthly median grain size of suspended load approaches another peak and decreases until September. Then, the median grain size of suspended load starts to increase until February of the following year. However, the average monthly median grain size of suspended load in the Yellow River at Toudaoguai and Longmen GSs is the smallest between early summer and late fall The median grain size in the Yellow River starts to increase in November and approaches the largest size in January. 相似文献
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Observations of trace gases (SO2, NH3, NO2 and O3) were made during the period 1981 to 1984 at 6 different locations representative of urban industrial, urban, nonurban, thermal power plant and marine environment. Diurnal variations of the trace gases were studied in an urban environment. Except in the urban industrial environment, the concentration of NH3 was found in the range of background values. Also, the average concentrations of NO2 and O3 at the different environments were in the order of background values. However, the concentrations of SO2 were substantially higher by about 7 times, in urban industrial and thermal power plant environments. The diurnal variations of SO2, NH3 and NO2 showed anitphase relationship with surface temperature at the urban environment station which is relatively free of industrial pollution. Discussion is centred on trace gas variations in different environments in India together with the values reported for various countries in the world. 相似文献
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Ingvar B. Fridleifsson 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1978,117(1-2):242-252
In an active spreading area like Iceland, where the regional geothermal gradient is in the range 50–150°C/km, it is normally not a problem to find high enough temperature with deep drilling, but the difficulties arise with finding permeable layers at depth within the strata. Various volcanological methods can be applied in the search for aquifers and geothermal reservoir rocks. The flow pattern (as deduced from deuterium studies) indicates that the thermal water flows preferentially along high porosity stratiform horizons and dyke swarms from the recharge areas in the highlands to the hot spring areas in the lowlands. The primary porosity of the volcanic strata is dependent on the chemical composition and the mode of eruption of the volcanic units. Both the reservoir rocks and the flow channels forming the geothermal plumbing system are thought to vary from the Tertiary to the Quaternary provinces due to environmental conditions at the eruptive sites. 相似文献
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3He/4He ratios up to 3.5 times the ratio of atmospheric He were found in groundwater samples. The3He enrichment can be attributed to radiogenic3He produced by in-situ beta-decay of3H. This shows that tritiogenic3He is accumulating in confined waters. From tritiogenic3He and3H concentrations, ages of groundwaters can be calculated. Detection of tritiogenic3He gives a tool to trace a tritium contamination which occurred in the past and cannot be assessed only by the3H counting method. 相似文献
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The aim of this study is to estimate likely changes in flood indices under a future climate and to assess the uncertainty in these estimates for selected catchments in Poland. Precipitation and temperature time series from climate simulations from the EURO-CORDEX initiative for the periods 1971–2000, 2021–2050 and 2071–2100 following the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 emission scenarios have been used to produce hydrological simulations based on the HBV hydrological model. As the climate model outputs for Poland are highly biased, post processing in the form of bias correction was first performed so that the climate time series could be applied in hydrological simulations at a catchment-scale. The results indicate that bias correction significantly improves flow simulations and estimated flood indices based on comparisons with simulations from observed climate data for the control period. The estimated changes in the mean annual flood and in flood quantiles under a future climate indicate a large spread in the estimates both within and between the catchments. An ANOVA analysis was used to assess the relative contributions of the 2 emission scenarios, the 7 climate models and the 4 bias correction methods to the total spread in the projected changes in extreme river flow indices for each catchment. The analysis indicates that the differences between climate models generally make the largest contribution to the spread in the ensemble of the three factors considered. The results for bias corrected data show small differences between the four bias correction methods considered, and, in contrast with the results for uncorrected simulations, project increases in flood indices for most catchments under a future climate. 相似文献
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This paper briefly summarizes the works in the processing of strong ground motion data, the factors affecting strong ground motion, the modeling of strong ground motion and the calculating of broad-band response spectrum which have been done recent years by engineering seismologists and seismologists of China. In addition, we think back to the international cooperation in strong ground motion of the recent years and make some expectations for the future. 相似文献