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7级以上地震是对人类的生命及财产威胁极大的地震.中国地震局监测预报司“十二五”地震预报规划中指出:“1950年以来造成千人以上死亡的地震均为7级以上地震.因此,从减轻地震灾害的角度,今后5-10年地震预测预报研究和地震预测预报工作的首要任务和目标,是开展7级以上地震的长中短临预测预报探索、并在能够达到的科学认识的条件下最大限度地为政府和社会的防震减灾服务.” 相似文献
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本文对鲜水河地震带和松潘、龙门山地震带未来半年内是否能发生5级以上的地震进行了多因子模糊聚类分析。介绍了应用系统模糊聚类分析方法的具体步骤。根据各单项预报手段预报效能的清理结果,选用了9项地震活动性及前兆手段为指标,分别建立了鲜水河地震带和松潘、龙门山地震带31个时段的半年预报样本。利用这些样本分别对两地震带半年内是否可能发生5级以上地震进行了模糊聚类分析判断,并对其预报效能作了评分。结果表明用模糊聚类分析方法进行综合预报的预报评分值明显高于各单项手段的预报评分值。 相似文献
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在北天山地震带,利用区域台网Ms2.8—4.9级地震观测结果计算断层总面积∑(t)值,并根此预报附近地区的5级以上地震。结果表明,在16年研究时段内,共出现9次异常,它们分别与其后短期内发生的8组(共14次)5次以上地震相对应。统计评分R值为0.47,说明方法含有一定地震信息,具有中短期预报效能。 相似文献
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基于测震学A6值、地震异常变化及空区等,对新疆北天山地震带1970年以来5级以上地震进行了系统分析,形成了该区中强震初步预测方案,即:新疆北天山地震带西区Ab值低于均值半年,东区A6值低于均值3年;出现3级以上地震空区;2°×2°异型区内地震异常增强;出现6个月以上地震平静,就可综合考虑作出5级以上地震的预报. 相似文献
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本文根据地震分布及地质构造确定了滇南地震带的范围,研究了该带1971年至1980年小震活动,着重分析了三次中强震前的异常特征,发现一些常用测震学预报方法在几次地震之前的异常形态一致,每次地震之前几种方法的异常时间同步,从而提出该带5级以上地震的中短期预报指标为:在应变积累已达到相当于5级以上地震的背景下,应变释放连续四个月以上加速,平均释放速率达到0.3×16(?)/月以上,M_L≥2.5的月频度达到8次以上,月最大震级超过4级,“断层面总面积”半年积累超过70,小震活动表现为密集——平静——回升之后,该带在1—2个月内可能发生5级以上地震。 相似文献
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对1989年1991年山西地区3次5级以上地震预报的回顾 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
1989、1991年，山西发生了大同－阳高6.1、忻州5.1和大同－阳高5.8级3次5级以上地震（不含余震），有对大同－阳高2次地震普提出明确的中期预报意见。山西省地震局在中期预报的基础上，对1991年1月29日忻州5.1级、3月26日大同－阳高5.8级地震分别做出了一定程度的短期或临震预报，本文对这3次地震的预报过程做了简要的回顾。 相似文献
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我国最近4次7级以上地震前1年的平静特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
我国最近4次7级以上地震前的地震活动图象表明,7级地震前1年,地震所在地区出现在中强地震活动水平较高背景下的大范围5级以上地震的平静特征。它可能是岩石在应力作用下的变形特性改变的表现。这一特征对我国大陆7级地震的中期预报与7级地震的发生地区的判定具有很现实意义。 相似文献
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Gtz Schroth Luciana Ferreira Da Silva Marc‐Andree Wolf Wenceslau Geraldes Teixeira Wolfgang Zech 《水文研究》1999,13(10):1423-1436
The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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M. N. French R. L. Bras W. F. Krajewski 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》1992,6(1):27-45
A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities. 相似文献
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M. A. Kahn 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2000,28(2):95-101
Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate. 相似文献