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1.
On deposits controlled by tectonic lenses   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Tectonic lenses (e.g., boudinage structures,pinch-and-swell structures) are common geologicalstructures observed in various scales ranging fromseveral hundreds of kilometers (e.g., lenticular terranesor massifs) in orogenic belts to a few millimeters (e.g.,core-mantle structures and porphyroclasts) in petro-graphic thin-sections. The most frequently observedtectonic lenses are those developed in metamorphicrocks where compositional layers with distinctrheological strengths coexist. No matter h…  相似文献   

2.
The aim of this paper is to show the concise chemico-physical adsorbent performance of water purification systems utilizing geo-(e.g., allophane, clinoptilolite, and smectite) and bio-polymer materials(e.g.,chitosan or cellulose nanocomposite materials) and to propose an optimal ground-water remediation technique. The performance of geo-materials is evaluated based on the individual sorption and immobilization capacities for various priority substances and pollutants(e.g., lead, zinc, cadmium, c...  相似文献   

3.
Preface to the Special Issue on Active Source Research   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
<正>The seismic waveforms may present subtle changes related to the external loadings such as earthquakes (Pei Shunping et al.,2019) and landslides (Larose E. et al.,2015). Monitoring subtle changes provides a complementary tool for studying the dynamic processes (e. g.,Niu Fenglin et al.,2008),which has long been a major subject in seismology.The subsurface can be monitored by using natural repetitive events including repeated earthquakes (e.g.,Song Xiaodong et al.,1996) and ambient seismic noises (e.g.,Mao Shujuan et al.,2019). However,only the use of repeatable active sources can achieve long-distance and  相似文献   

4.
Many granitic batholiths occur in the form of com-plexes, presented principally by a temporal-spacial association between two stages of intrusion, in the Nanling region. Compared with main intrusive gran-ites, late intrusive granites are characterized by fine- grained texture, Si- and Al-enriched composition, and small occurrence as stock or apophysis. On the basis of its rock chemistry (e.g., increasing aluminium saturation index) and geochemistry (e.g., Eu depletion, decreasing concentratio…  相似文献   

5.
Nonlinear balance constraints in 3DVAR data assimilation   总被引：7，自引：2，他引：7  
Consideration of the so-called balance properties/ constraints is of great importance in the data assimila- tion. First, it is desirable to separate the slow modes (e.g., Rossby waves) from the fast modes (e.g., gravity waves and deep convection). Second, consideration of the balance constraints enables us to infer information about all variables that are balanced with the observed variable and hereby improve the quality of the analy- sis. The balance properties are usually represented by some…  相似文献   

6.
1INTRODUCTIONInprocess-basedoverlandflowandsoilerosionmodels,surfacerunoffonahillslopeisoftenrepresentedaseitherbroadsheetfloworflowinrillswithassumedrectangularchannelcrosssections(e.g.,Bairdelal1992,NSERL1995).Inmostcasesthehydraulicsofoverlandflowiscalculatedbyusingthekinematicwavemodel,whichisasirnplificationofthedynamicwavemodel(theequationsystemofSaint-Venantequationandequationofcontinuity).Forabroadsheetoverlandflowonhillslopeduetorainfallexcess,theequationofcontinuityiswherehis…  相似文献   

7.
地震定位:在多大距离内地球可不再被视为平坦的?   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
引言对记录到的近震和远震事件的定位程序传统上一直使用走时表 ,如 J-B走时表 ( Jeffreysand Bullen,1 958)。该表是以横向均匀球状地球的射线跟踪 ( e.g.,Boyed etal.,1 984)为基础的。由于地壳和上地幔波速结构的区域变化 (即这些事件的初至 P波和 S波花费了大部分时间的地球区域 ) ,因此利用当地和近区台站资料定位地震 ,这种走时表也许给出的不是精确的定位。直到最近 ,一项不平凡的工作是建立不同的球状地球速度结构的走时表。在过去的 3 0多年中 ,对大多数当地和近区域记录的事件一直是用穿过恒定速度层的平坦地球射线跟踪程序定…  相似文献   

8.
Equilibrium Si isotope fractionation factors among orthosilicic acid(i.e.,H4 Si O4(aq)), quartz and the adsorption complexes of H4 Si O4(aq)on Fe(III)-oxyhydroxide surface were calculated using the full-electron wave-function quantum chemistry methods [i.e., B3LYP/6-311G(2df,p)]with a new cluster-model-based treatment. Solvation effects were carefully included in our calculations via water-droplet method combined with implicit solvent models(e.g., PCM).The results revealed that, if it is under equilibrium conditions,heavy Si isotopes would be significantly enriched in quartz in comparison to H4 Si O4(aq). However, most of the field observations suggested that quartz would have identical or even depleted d30 Si values compared to that of H4 Si O4(aq). To explain this discrepancy between the equilibrium calculation results and the field observations, the kinetic isotope effect(KIE) associated with the formation of amorphous silica,which usually is the precursor of crystalline quartz, was investigated using quantum chemistry methods. The KIE results showed that amorphous silica would be significantly enriched in light Si isotopes during its formation. Our equilibrium fractionation results, however, matched a special type of quartz(i.e., Herkimer ‘‘diamond') very well, due to its nearly equilibrated precipitation condition. Opposite to the case of precipitated quartz, a large equilibrium Si isotope fractionation(i.e.,-3.0 %) was found between the absorbed bidentate Si surface complexes(i.e.,2C [ Fe2O2Si(OH)2) and H4 Si O4(aq). This calculated equilibrium Si isotope fractionation factor largely differed from a previous experimental result(ca.-1.08 %). We found that the formation of transient or temporary surface complexes [e.g.,1V [ Fe2OSi(OH)3] may have accounted for the smaller net fractionation observed.With the equilibrium and kinetic Si isotope fractionation factors provided here, the distributions and changes of Si isotope compositions in the Earth's surface systems can be better understood.  相似文献   

9.
IntroductionNowadaystheprecisionofgravitymeasurementisupto10xlo--8InjsZ(Okubo,1992),theprecisionofaltimetryisoftheorderofmm,andtheprecisionofrelativemeasurementinhorizontaldirectionusingGPStechniquesreaches(0.01--0.001)x10ed(Liu,etal,1998).Thegravitychangesinducedbyalargeearthquake(e.g.,Tangshanearthquakeof1976)canbetensorevenhundredsof10--8m/s',andthemaximumdisplacementinhorizontalandverticaldirectioncreatedbyitalwaysexceedI.0m(Chen,etal,1979,1980,Zhang,etal,1981).Therefore,structuresrela…  相似文献   

10.
It has long been recognized that the circulation in the East China Sea (ECS) and Japan/East Sea (JES) is closely related with that in Pacific, especially with the Kuroshio (e.g., Nitani[1], Hi-daka[2]). Based on current measurements in the Taiwan Strait a…  相似文献   

11.
1 INTRODUCTION Tunnel erosion or piping is very common in semi-arid areas. It is often associated with gully system development (e.g., Parker, 1965; Heede, 1971; Harvey, 1982; Crouch, 1983; Gutierrez et al., 1997). It may also become a severe soil conserv…  相似文献   

12.
INTRODUCTIONDigital seismological observation in China has had a significant development in recent years,especiallysince the last five years(Liu Ruifeng,et al.,2003).For further development,it isnecessarytoassessthe monitoringcapabilityof the existingseismological network.One of theimportantassessments is the estimation of regionalizedlocation accuracy.Upto present,several approaches have been proposed to assess the location accuracy,such asthe groundtruth event approach(e.g.,Lienert,199…  相似文献   

13.
INTRODUCTIONAccording to the“netlike plastic-flow (NPF)”continental dynamics model ( Wang, 1993a ,1993b; Wang,et al .,2001c) ,the continental lithosphere generally includes 4 tectonic deformationlayers frombottomtotop:the NPFlayer (i .e .thelowerlithosphere ,includingthelithospheric mantleandlower crust) ,the transitional weak layer distributed discontinuously (i .e .the so-called low-velocity/high-conductivitylayer) ,the shear fracturinglayer (i .e .the seismogenic layer inthe upperc…  相似文献   

14.
Field observation showed that there are many irregular leucocratic intrusive rocks in pillow lavas in the Danfeng Group in the Xiaowangjian area, north Qinling orogenic belt. Photomicrographs indicated that the protoliths of those altered leucocratic intrusive rocks are dioritic rocks. Geochemical analyses showed that pillow lavas have a range of SiO2 from 47.35% to 51.20%, low abundance of TiO2 from 0.97% to 1.72%, and percentages of MgO (MgO#=41―49). Chondrite-normalized REE patterns of pillow lavas are even, indicative of a weak differentiation between LREE and HREE (La/YbN=1.52―0.99). N-MORB-normalized trace element abundances showed that pillow lavas are enriched in incompatible elements (e.g., K, Rb, and Ba). Leucocratic intrusive rocks in pillow lavas have a wide range of SiO2 from 53.85%―67.20%, low abundances of TiO2 from 0.51%―1.10%, and MgO (MgO#=40―51), and higher percentages of Al2O3 (13.32%―16.62%) and concentration of Sr (342-539 μg/g), ratios of Na2O/K2O (2―7) and Sr/Y (17―28). Chondrite-normalized REE patterns of leucocratic intrusive rocks showed highly differentiation between LREE and HREE (La/YbN=12.26―19.41). N-MORB-normalized trace element abundances showed that leucocratic intrusive rocks are enriched in incompatible elements (e.g., K, Rb, and Ba), and significantly depleted in HFSE (e.g., Nb, Ta, Zr and Ti), indicative of a relationship to subduction. Isotopically, leucocratic intrusive rocks have a similar εNd(t) ( 7.45― 13.14) to that of MORB ( 8.8― 9.7), which indicates that those leucocratic intrusive rocks sourced from depleted mantle most likely. SHRIMP U-Pb analyses for zircon showed that those leucocratic intrusive rocks were formed at 442±7 Ma, yielding an age of subduction in the early Paleozoic in the north Qinling orogenic belt.  相似文献   

15.
The trophic structure of a community is used to infer ecosystem functioning(e.g. energy transfer and nutrient cycling). Here the trophic structure of the benthic infaunal and epifaunal communities in the Brunei Estuary are characterized, and their distribution along an estuarine pH gradient is analyzed using univariate and multivariate techniques. This analysis revealed that surface deposit feeders(e.g., polychaetes) were numerically dominant within the infaunal communities whereas in the epifaunal communities filter feeders(e.g., bivalves) were highly abundant. Species richness for almost all trophic groups increased toward the lower estuary, except for omnivores in the epifaunal communities, which decreased markedly. Both Analysis of Variance(ANOVA) and Analysis of Similarities(ANOSIM) detected significant differences in the density of respective trophic groups among stations. Within infaunal communities, both Biological and Environmental procedure(BIO-ENV) and Canonical Correspondence Analysis(CCA) showed that trophic shifts were associated with environmental gradients. Surface-deposit feeders and omnivores were the most abundant macrobenthos of the upper estuary characterized by low salinity, low pH, and a higher percentage of mud particles. The proportion of filter feeders and carnivores increased with salinity/pH and sand. A more uniform distribution of trophic structure was found in the lower estuary, with high salinity and pH over sandy habitat. In contrast, within epifaunal trophic groups,the percentage of surface deposit feeders and omnivores declined, but filter feeders remarkably increased toward the sea. The proportion of carnivores remained similar at all stations. Non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling(nMDS) ordination for epifaunal trophic groups clearly demarcated higher salinity/pH stations from lower salinity/pH stations, suggesting different trophic compositions along the estuarine pH gradient.  相似文献   

16.
The two one-state-variable, rate-and state-dependent friction laws, i.e., the slip and slowness laws, are compared on the basis of dynamical behavior of a one-degree-of-freedom spring-slider model through numerical simulations.Results show that two(normalized) model parameters, i.e., Δ(the normalized characteristic slip distance) and β-α(the difference in two normalized parameters of friction laws), control the solutions.From given values of Δ, β, and α, for the slowness laws, the solution exists and the un...  相似文献   

17.
正In May 2021, two strong earthquakes occurred in west and southwest China, causing ground cracks, building damages, along with human injuries. These events remind us again, that earthquakes and earthquakeinduced disasters always intertwine with human history. Reducing the losses caused by earthquakes and subsequent hazards (e.g., landslides,tsunamis) is one of the primary goals that geoscientists keep striving for.  相似文献   

18.
The Smart Sediment Particle(SSP) instrumented with multiple sensors to obtain tri-axial linear accelerations is used for studying the mechanism of coarse grain entrainment. Three bed arrangements are tested to examine their influences on entrainment processes and the threshold force and impulse conditions. The SSP shows satisfactory precision to capture the imperceptible movement tendencies immediately(e.g., 0.15 s) after the dislodgement. The experimental results show that bed packing can signi...  相似文献   

19.
大地震前观测到异常的电磁信号已有很多报道 ,1 995年 1月 1 7日日本阪神 7.2级地震 (Hayakawa etal.,1 996)和 1 989年 1 0月 1 9日美国洛马普列塔 7.1级地震 (Fraser- Smith etal.,1 990 )之前的电磁异常信号尤其引人注目 .但所报道的仅为一、两个台的资料 .为确认这一现象 ,笔者研究了距集集地震震中2 56～ 858km内我国大陆沿海地区 9个台用同一种仪器 (ULF、VLF电磁波观测系统 )的观测结果 ,总结地震前 3个月到发震时刻的资料 ,得到地震前电磁异常信号的区域分布、时域特征和频域特征 .为认识地震前异常电磁信号的特征和传播途径 ,…  相似文献   

20.
Hofmann[1] found that the depleted mantle (DM) and bulk continental crust (BCC) are simply compen-satory in terms of many elements and elemental ratios. High-field-strength elements (HFSE) (e.g., Zr, Hf, Nb, Ta and Ti) are immobile and thus useful to track the primary features of the ancient mafic volcanics. It has been long considered that Nb-Ta behave as identical twins during magmatic processes, based on their matching atomic radii and valence state and hence coherent geochemical affi…  相似文献   

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