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1.
Mohan D. Sharma 《Journal of Seismology》2007,11(2):187-197
A new technique relates the wave velocity of the surface waves in anisotropic elastic medium to its elastic constants. Anisotropic
propagation of surface waves is studied in a half-space occupied by a general anisotropic elastic solid. The phase velocity
expressions of quasi-waves, in three-dimensional space, are used to derive the secular equation of surface waves. The complex
secular equation is resolved, analytically, into real and imaginary parts and is then solved, numerically, for phase velocity
along a given phase direction on the surface. The complete procedure is thus analogous to the one used for conventional Rayleigh
waves in isotropic medium. A non-linear equation relates the ray direction of the surface waves to its phase direction on
the (plane) surface of the medium. The analytical differentiation of secular equation yields the directional derivative of
phase velocity. This derivative is used to calculate the wave velocity of surface waves. Spatial variations of phase velocity,
wave velocity and ray direction over the free plane surface are plotted for the numerical models of crustal rocks with orthorhombic,
monoclinic and triclinic anisotropies. 相似文献
2.
利用时频偏振分析技术分析穿过青藏高原不同地区的基阶Love波的偏振方向,确定不同周期的Love波到达台站的入射方向对于大圆的偏离．结果表明,在青藏高原内部传播的Love波传播路径基本不偏离大圆路径,穿过青藏块体及川滇西部低速区边界的Love波明显偏离大回路径低速区（青藏高原及川滇西部）的边界区域速度变化梯度大,对路径影响大．低速区内部路径偏离不明显,内部速度变化梯度比边界区域速度变化梯度小．低速区内大约在青藏高原中部位置是面波速度最低的地方．面波路径对于大圆路径的明显偏离,是由于速度结构的横向不均匀性造成的．利用已知的相速度分布,采用射线追踪方法正演计算的结果与实测结果在偏离方向上是一致的,但偏离角的值则比实测值小． 相似文献
3.
Mantle structure from inter-station Rayleigh wave dispersion and its tectonic implication in western China and neighboring regions 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
We processed more than 3000 inter-station great circle paths to determine the phase velocity for the fundamental mode of Rayleigh wave, and finally arrived at 110 paths of high quality dispersion data, which show good spatial coverage in western China and neighboring regions. Rayleigh wave phase velocity dispersion model WChina1D was obtained and compared with previous global and regional models. Phase velocity maps from 15 to 120 s were inverted and the maps of 20, 40, 80, and 120 s are presented in this paper. Checkerboard tests show the average lateral resolution in our area of interest is about 7°. Our tomographic results corroborate a prominent low-velocity anomaly lying mainly in the lower crust and uppermost mantle in the Chang Thang terrane. The apparent low-velocity anomaly also appears in the wide area of northeastern Tibet in the crust and upper mantle. The low-velocity area around southeastern Tibet may be created by the southeastern migration of the low-velocity mass of the Tibetan plateau. The eastern Tarim shows structure with higher velocities relative to that of central Tarim. A large-scale low-velocity anomaly is clearly seen in central and western Mongolia. Our high quality measurements were also used to evaluate the CUB global shear velocity model [Shapiro, N., Ritzwoller, M., 2002. Monte-Carlo inversion for a global shear-velocity model of the crust and upper mantle. Geophys. J. Int. 151, 88-105] of the crust and upper mantle. The 40 s Rayleigh phase velocity map predicted from CUB model shows an apparent discrepancy with our measurements in western China and western Mongolia, which implies a higher estimated (about +1-2%) phase velocity model in these regions, probably due to the Gaussian smoothing condition in their tomography inversion. 相似文献
4.
To increase the safety and efficiency of tunnel constructions, online seismic exploration ahead of a tunnel has become a valuable tool. One recent successful forward looking approach is based on the excitation and registration of tunnel surface‐waves. For further development and for finding optimal acquisition geometries it is important to study the propagation characteristics of tunnel surface‐waves. 3D seismic finite difference modelling and analytic solutions of the wave equation in cylindrical coordinates reveal that at higher frequencies, i.e., if the tunnel‐diameter is significantly larger than the wavelength of surface‐waves, these surface‐waves can be regarded as Rayleigh‐waves confined to the tunnel wall and following helical paths along the tunnel axis. For lower frequencies, i.e., when the tunnel surface‐wavelength approaches the tunnel‐diameter, the propagation characteristics of these surface‐waves are similar to S‐waves. We define the surface‐wave wavelength‐to‐tunnel diameter ratio w to be a gauge for separating Rayleigh‐ from S‐wave excitation. For w > 1.2 tunnel surface‐waves behave like S‐waves, i.e. their velocity approaches the S‐wave velocity and the particle motion is linear and perpendicular to the ray direction. For w < 0.6 they behave like Rayleigh‐waves, i.e., their velocity approaches the Rayleigh‐wave velocity and they exhibit elliptical particle motion. For 0.6 < w < 1.2 a mixture of both types is observed. Field data from the Gotthard Base Tunnel (Switzerland) show both types of tunnel surface‐waves and S‐waves propagating along the tunnel. 相似文献
5.
By exploiting the capability of identifying and extracting surface waves existing in a seismic signal, we can proceed to estimate the angular displacement (rotation about the horizontal axis normal to the direction of propagation of the wave; rocking) associated with Rayleigh waves as well as the angular displacement (rotation about the vertical axis; torsion) associated with Love waves.For a harmonic Rayleigh (Love) wave, rocking (torsion) would be proportional to the harmonic vertical (transverse horizontal) velocity component and inversely proportional to the phase velocity corresponding to the particular frequency of the harmonic wave (a fact that was originally exploited by Newmark (1969) [15] to estimate torsional excitation). Evidently, a reliable estimate of the phase velocity (as a function of frequency) is necessary. As pointed out by Stockwell (2007) [17], because of its absolutely referenced phase information, the S-Transform can be employed in a cross-spectrum analysis in a local manner. Following this suggestion a very reliable estimate of the phase velocity may be obtained from the recordings at two nearby stations, after the dispersed waves have been identified and extracted. Synthesis of the abovementioned harmonic components can provide a reliable estimate of the rocking (torsional) motion induced by an (extracted) Rayleigh (Love) wave.We apply the proposed angular displacement estimation procedure for two well recorded data sets: (1) the strong motion data generated by an aftershock of the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan earthquake and recorded over the Western Coastal Plain (WCP) of Taiwan, and (2) the strong motion data generated by the 2010 Darfield, New Zealand earthquake and recorded over the Canterbury basin. The former data set is dominated by basin-induced Rayleigh waves while the latter contains primarily Love waves. 相似文献
6.
-- A time-domain pure-state polarization analysis method is used to characterize surface waves traversing California parallel to the plate boundary. The method is applied to data recorded at four broadband stations in California from twenty-six large, shallow earthquakes which occurred since 1988, yielding polarization parameters such as the ellipticity, Euler angles, instantaneous periods, and wave incident azimuths. The earthquakes are located along the circum-Pacific margin and the ray paths cluster into two groups, with great-circle paths connecting stations MHC and PAS or CMB and GSC. The first path (MHC-PAS) is in the vicinity of the San Andreas Fault System (SAFS), and the second (CMB-GSC) traverses the Sierra Nevada Batholith parallel to and east of the SAFS. Both Rayleigh and Love wave data show refractions due to lateral velocity heterogeneities under the path, indicating that accurate phase velocity and attenuation analysis requires array measurements. T he Rayleigh waves are strongly affected by low velocity anomalies beneath Central California, with ray paths bending eastward as waves travel toward the south, while Love waves are less affected, providing observables to constrain the depth extent of anomalies. Strong lateral gradients in the lithospheric structure between the continent and the ocean are the likely cause of the path deflections. 相似文献
7.
本文用单台多重滤波方法测定了经过青藏高原地区瑞利波群速度频散曲线。所得基阶瑞利波的观测周期为5.0-56.0秒,速度标准偏差为0.08-0.15公里/秒,一阶瑞利波的观测周期范围为10-16秒,速度标准偏差为0.05-0.13公里/秒。利用广义线性反演方法对频散曲线进行反演,可得出一个由五层构成的地震横波速度地壳模型。在27-40公里之间存在低速层,其横波速度为3.29公里/秒,比上一层低0.21公里/秒。 相似文献
8.
Long-period Rayleigh wave group velocity dispersion curves are presented for paths across the east Pacific Ocean. The records are from the IPG site at Pamatai (Tahiti) and the IDA station at Nana. For the first time, direct-path observations of group velocities up to 300 s have been obtained. This study shows that for young oceanic regions group velocities are low even at long periods. The observations are interpreted in terms of an S-wave velocity model by a generalized inversion scheme. In the models for young ages, the low-velocity zone under the asthenosphere lid is well developed, with a strong velocity gradient at the bottom of this zone, followed at larger depths by a plateau representing a lower-velocity zone, and a marked gradient at 400 km. 相似文献
9.
The phase velocities of Rayleigh waves and the lateral variation of lithospheric structure in Tibetan Plateau 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
According to a Sino-U. S. joint project, eleven broadband digital PASSCAL seismometers had been deployed inside the Tibetan
Plateau, of which 7 stations were on the profile from Lhasa to Golmud and other 4 stations situated at Maxin, Yushu, Xigatze
and Linzhi. Dispersions and phase velocities of the Rayleigh surface waves (10s–120s) were obtained on five paths distributed
in the different blocks of Tibetan Plateau. Inversions of the S-wave velocity structures in Songpan-Ganzi block, Qiang-Tang
block, Lhasa block and the faulted rift zone were obtained from the dispersion data. The results show that significant lateral
variation of the S-wave velocity structures among the different blocks exists. The path from Wenquan to Xigatze (abbreviated
as Wndo-Xiga) passes through the rift-zone of Yadong-Anduo. The phase velocities of Rayleigh waves from 10s to 100s on this
path are significantly higher than that on other paths. The calculated mean crustal velocity on this path is 3.8 km/s, much
greater than that on other paths, where mean crustal velocities of 3.4–3.5 km/s are usually observed. Low velocity zones with
different thicknesses and velocities are observed in the middle-lower crust for different paths. Songpan-Ganzi block, located
in the northern part of Tibetan Plateau is characterized by a thinner crust of 65 km thick and a prominent low velocity zone
in the upper mantle. The low velocity zone with a velocity of 4.2 km/s is located at a depth form 115 km to 175 km. While
in other blocks, no low velocity zone in the upper mantle is observed. The value of Sn in Songpan-Ganzi is calculated to be
4.5 km/s, while those in Qiang-Tang and Lhasa blocks are about 4.6 km/s.
The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,14, Supp., 566–573, 1992. 相似文献
10.
THREE-DIMENSIONAL S-WAVE VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION BASED ON AMBIENT NOISE ANALYSIS IN EASTERN NORTH 
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下载免费PDF全文 We apply ambient noise tomography to continuous vertical component broadband seismic data between January 1, 2010 and December 31, 2011from the regional networks of 190 stations deployed by China Earthquake Administration in Hebei, Shanxi and Inner Mengolia. Ambient noise cross-correlations were performed to produce the Green's functions of each station-pair. Firstly, we used the multiple-filter analysis method to extract surface wave group and phase velocity dispersion curves from inter-station paths at periods from 7 to 40s. Then the study area was discretized into a 0.2°×0.2° grid to obtain the group and phase velocity distributions using O'ccam inversion method. After that, three dimensional (3-D) S-wave velocity structures from the surface down to 50km are inverted from group and phase velocities dispersion results. the results of S wave velocity distribution maps generally demonstrate good correlations with surface geological and tectonic features, and they also clearly revealed the lateral velocity variation in the crust. In the mid-upper crust, the basins are clearly resolved with low S wave velocity due to its thick sedimentary layer, and the Taihang and Yanshan uplifts show relative higher S wave velocity distribution. With the increase of depth (>30km), the S wave velocity distribution presents a contrary characteristic compared to that of the shallow layer, and the S wave velocity beneath the Taihang and Yanshan uplifts are much lower than basin areas, which is possibly correlated with the thickness of the crust. 3-D S wave velocity shows a low-velocity zone at~10~20km depth observed beneath the Tanshan-Hejian-Xintai-Cixian belt and Bohai Bay. the low-velocity zone at~20~30km depth beneath the Datong area may be associated with the thermal material in the crust-mantle. Our S wave velocity distribution maps clearly show that Taihang Mountains is not only the boundary of topography and tectonic zone, but also the transition zone of high and low S wave velocity. 相似文献
11.
A total of 11 earthquakes with 15 Rayleigh wave paths, recorded at 11 broadband digital PASSCAL seismometers installed in the Tibet Plateau by the Sino-U.S. joint research group, were used to determine the phase velocity and attenuation coefficient of surface waves in periods of 10–130 s. The average shear wave velocity and quality factor {ie271-1} structures in the crust and upper mantle were obtained in this region. The result shows the average {ie271-2} is low and there exists a high attenuation ({ie271-3}=93–141) layer in the crust. The depth range of the low {ie271-4} value layer (16–42 km) is consistent with the range of low velocity layer (21–51 km) in the crust. Below 63 km in the lower crust, {ie271-5} decreases with depth from 114 to 34 at depth of 180 km. The low shear wave velocity and low value of {ie271-6} at the same depth range in the crust indicate that the rocks in the range is probably melted or partially melted. According to the shear wave velocity structure, the average thickness of the crust is about 71 km and a clear velocity discontiniuty appears at the depth of 51 km. The low-velocity zone (4. 26 km/s) at depth of 96–180 km may be corresponding to the asthenosphere. 相似文献
12.
We investigated the development of a distinct later phase observed at stations near the Japan Trench associated with shallow, outer-rise earthquakes off the coast of Sanriku, northern Japan based on the analysis of three-component broadband seismograms and FDM simulations of seismic wave propagation using a heterogeneous structural model of the Japan Trench subduction zone. Snapshots of seismic wave propagation obtained through these simulations clearly demonstrate the complicated seismic wavefield constructed by a coupling of the ocean acoustic waves and the Rayleigh waves propagating within seawater and below the sea bottom by multiple reflections associated with shallow subduction zone earthquakes. We demonstrated that the conversion to the Rayleigh wave from the coupled ocean acoustic waves and the Rayleigh wave as they propagate upward along the slope of seafloor near the coast is the primary cause of the arrival of the distinct later phase at the station near the coast. Through a sequence of simulations using different structural models of the Japan Trench subduction zone, we determined that the thick layer of seawater along the trench and the suddenly rising sea bottom onshore of the Japanese island are the major causes of the distinct later phase. The results of the present study indicate that for realistic modeling of seismic wave propagation from the subduction zone earthquakes, a high-resolution bathymetry model is very crucial, although most current simulations do not include a water column in their simulation models. 相似文献
13.
本文利用布设于陕西及其邻区的喜马拉雅二期流动地震台阵和区内的固定地震台网共计257个台站于2014—2015年记录到的连续波形资料,采用基于图像分析的相速度提取方法,得到了7 185条瑞雷波相速度频散曲线,反演获得了周期为5—40 s的瑞雷波相速度分布图像,其最小分辨率约为20 km。结果表明:各周期瑞雷波相速度图像具有明显的横向不均匀性,能够较好地反映出地壳及上地幔顶部的地质构造特征。周期为5—10 s的瑞雷波相速度分布与地表地质构造密切相关,且高低速异常的分界线与地块边界高度吻合;周期为15 s的瑞雷波相速度分布图像显示出,大部分断陷沉积盆地（渭河、天水等盆地）表现为低速异常,表明此区域的沉积层厚度较大;周期为20—40 s的相速度分布则受地壳厚度影响较大,青藏高原东北缘始终呈现出明显的低速异常,鄂尔多斯地块中、下地壳以高速异常为主,但周期为20—30 s的相速度低速异常区分布于青藏高原沿六盘山逆冲褶皱带并一直延伸至鄂尔多斯内部,由此推测该区域地下介质中存在一定程度的物质交换和融合。 相似文献
14.
基于南北地震带北段94个固定地震台站2013年1-9月的连续波形资料,利用背景噪声方法和层析成像技术反演该地区在2013年7月22日甘肃岷县漳县MS6.6地震前后不同时间段、两个月相同时间窗长的瑞利面波速度结构与波速演化。相速度成像结果表明:岷县漳县地震前5-6月相对于3-4月,临潭-宕昌断裂带及周边地区出现了波速降低的现象,而震后8-9月相对于5-6月波速逐渐恢复升高,这说明在岷县漳县地震前两个月出现了波速低值异常,并且在低速异常区域的边界处发生了此次地震。 相似文献
15.
收集辽宁及其周边地区（吉林、河北、山东、内蒙）70个宽频带地震仪2012年连续背景噪声波形数据,基于地震背景噪声层析成像方法,得到研究区面波群速度及相速度图像。利用台站对互相关方法,提取瑞利面波格林函数,采用时频分析法（FTAN）获取2 416条相速度频散曲线,从中筛选1 661条信噪比较高的频散曲线。将研究区以0.25°×0.25°进行网格化,采用Ditmar等提出的层析成像反演方法,得到周期10—40 s的瑞利面波群速度及相速度结构分布图。与群速度结果相比,分辨率更高,研究区大部可达0.5°×0.5°（局部可达0.25°×0.25°）。结果表明,辽宁地区地壳及上地幔面波相速度结构存在显著的横向不均匀性。在周期10—15 s的群速度图中,浅层及中上地壳速度分布与研究区地形地貌及主要地质构造单元具有较好的对应关系,盆地及沉积层低速,山区隆起高速,且在高低速转换带多为地震孕震区;在周期20—30 s相速度结构图中,下地壳至上地幔顶部深度范围内,相速度速度结构主要受地壳厚度及渤海湾内巨厚沉积层的影响,在海城至大连区域内出现的低速异常推测为地下热物质上涌;随着深度的增加,在周期30—40 s的相速度图中,速度分布逐渐受控于莫霍面起伏,明显变化出现在辽东半岛,由高速变为低速。 相似文献
16.
南海处于欧亚板块、 菲律宾海板块、 太平洋板块和印度-澳大利亚板块的交汇处, 其地质和构造作用十分复杂．通过面波群速度成像, 给出了南海及邻区的三维横波速度分布并分析了其地球动力学意义．南海西部和南部新布设的地震台站使得利用单台法时路径覆盖比过去更好. 特别是在华南地区, 新的台站分布能够弥补该地区地震少且台站少造成的射线密度不够的缺点． 首先运用多重滤波法得到南海周边48个台站周期为14——130 s范围内的基阶瑞雷波频散曲线图; 接着通过子空间反演得到整个区域在不同周期时的群速度分布; 最后通过阻尼最小二乘反演得到不同深度切片上的横波速度分布及不同纵剖面上的横波速度分布． 结果显示: ① 海盆速度较高, 且速度分布很好地勾勒出海盆的轮廓. 浅层较高的横波速度说明海盆都具有洋壳性质, 而深部较高的横波速度则可能对应扩张中心生成洋壳后残留的高速物质． 不同海盆速度上的差异与它们的热流值和年龄大小一致．海盆下的高速异常在60 km以下消失, 且在一定深度范围内由低速区替代． 在低速区下200 km深度, 在南海海盆观测到一条NE-SW走向的高速异常, 可能与古俯冲带有关. ② 环南海出现明显的高速区, 对应俯冲带特征, 且这些高速区速度差异明显且有间断, 说明俯冲带的非均质性和俯冲角度的差异. ③ 在环南海高速区内侧（向南海侧）观测到不连续的低速区． 在浅层, 这些低速区反映了沉积层和地壳的厚度特征. 在地幔, 这些低速区可能对应于古太平洋俯冲带的地幔楔或者也可能反映了南海海盆停止扩张后残留的地幔熔融物质. ④ 南海海盆岩石圈的厚度为60——85 km． 相似文献
17.
中国东部海域地壳-上地幔瑞利波速度结构研究 总被引：17，自引：8，他引：9
为了进一步了解中国东部沿海及相邻海域的地壳－上地幔结构特征,对该区域的构造演化历史、地震活动及深部构造等方面研究提供一些基础资料,利用３１个数字地震台记录的高质量瑞利波资料,采用一种新的混合路径频散的网格反演方法（Ｏｃｃａｍ方法）,对中国东部海域瑞利波群速度横向不均匀分布进行了初步研究．根据反演得到的１０-１５０ｓ共３６个中心周期的群速度分布特征,以及几个典型地点的剪切波速度结构的深度变化,对研究区域内各构造单元的划分以及它们在速度结构和上地幔低速层埋深等方面的特征进行了讨论。 相似文献
18.
Donald W. Forsyth Richard L. Ehrenbard Steven Chapin 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》1987,84(4)
Within the Australian-Antarctic discordant zone, residual depth anomalies approach 1000 m. In sea floor younger than 10 Ma that is more than 500 m deeper than expected, Rayleigh wave phase velocities are significantly faster than in sea floor of comparable age in the Pacific. In this area, the shear wave velocity in the 20–40 km depth range is unusually fast, indicating that the lithosphere develops more rapidly than usual from an asthenosphere that is perhaps cooler than average. In sea floor that is older than 10 Ma, phase velocities are anomalously fast and independent of the residual depth. Beneath this older sea floor, the low-velocity zone in the oceanic mantle is much less pronounced than beneath sea floor of comparable age in the Pacific. 相似文献
19.
High-frequency surface-wave analysis methods have been effectively and widely used to determine near-surface shear (S) wave velocity. To image the dispersion energy and identify different dispersive modes of surface waves accurately is one of key steps of using surface-wave methods. We analyzed the dispersion energy characteristics of Rayleigh and Love waves in near-surface layered models based on numerical simulations. It has been found that if there is a low-velocity layer (LVL) in the half-space, the dispersion energy of Rayleigh or Love waves is discontinuous and ‘‘jumping’’ appears from the fundamental mode to higher modes on dispersive images. We introduce the guided waves generated in an LVL (LVL-guided waves, a trapped wave mode) to clarify the complexity of the dispersion energy. We confirm the LVL-guided waves by analyzing the snapshots of SH and P–SV wavefield and comparing the dispersive energy with theoretical values of phase velocities. Results demonstrate that LVL-guided waves possess energy on dispersive images, which can interfere with the normal dispersion energy of Rayleigh or Love waves. Each mode of LVL-guided waves having lack of energy at the free surface in some high frequency range causes the discontinuity of dispersive energy on dispersive images, which is because shorter wavelengths (generally with lower phase velocities and higher frequencies) of LVL-guided waves cannot penetrate to the free surface. If the S wave velocity of the LVL is higher than that of the surface layer, the energy of LVL-guided waves only contaminates higher mode energy of surface waves and there is no interlacement with the fundamental mode of surface waves, while if the S wave velocity of the LVL is lower than that of the surface layer, the energy of LVL-guided waves may interlace with the fundamental mode of surface waves. Both of the interlacements with the fundamental mode or higher mode energy may cause misidentification for the dispersion curves of surface waves. 相似文献
20.
Long period Rayleigh wave and Love wave dispersion data, particularly for oceanic areas, have not been simultaneously satisfied by an isotropic structure. In this paper available phase and group velocity data are inverted by a procedure which includes the effects of transverse anisotropy, anelastic dispersion, sphericity, and gravity. We assume that the surface wave data represents an azimuthal average of actual velocities. Thus, we can treat the mantle as transversely isotropic. The resulting models for average Earth, average ocean, and oceanic regions divided according to the age of the ocean floor, are quite different from previous results which ignore the above effects. The models show a low-velocity zone with age dependent anisotropy and velocities higher than derived in previous surface wave studies. The correspondence between the anisotropy variation with age and a physical model based on flow aligned olivine is suggestive. For most of the Earth SH > SV in the vicinity of the low-velocity zone. Neat the East Pacific Rise, however, SV > SH at depth, consistent with ascending flow. Anisotropy is as important as temperature in causing radial and lateral variations in velocity. The models have a high velocity nearly isotropic layer at the top of the mantle that thickens with age. This layer defines the LID, or seismic lithosphere. In the Pacific, the LID thickens with age to a maximum thickness of ～50 km. This thickness is comparable to the thickness of the elastic lithosphere. The LID thickness is thinner than derived using isotropic or pseudo-isotropic procedures. A new model for average Earth is obtained which includes a thin LID. This model extends the fit of a PREM, type model to shorter period surface waves. 相似文献