共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
R. Gutiérrez C. Roldán R. Gutiérrez-Sánchez J. M. Angulo 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》2005,19(4):258-265
This paper describes techniques for estimation and prediction of two-parameter lognormal diffusion random fields. The drift and diffusion coefficients, which characterize a two-parameter lognormal diffusion under certain conditions, are estimated by maximum likelihood. For data on a regular grid, an alternative method is proposed to estimate the diffusion coefficient. Both of these estimates are compared in several situations. The kriging predictors are formulated involving the drift and diffusion coefficients and the predictions are obtained using the estimates of these coefficients. 相似文献
2.
《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2015,(6)
The relative dispersion of the cloud droplet spectra or the shape parameter is usually assumed to be a constant in the two-parameter cloud microphysical scheme, or is derived through statistical analysis. However, observations have revealed that the use of such methods is not applicable for all actual cases. In this study, formulas were derived based on cloud microphysics and the properties of gamma function to solve the average cloud droplet radius and the cloud droplet spectral shape parameter. The gamma distribution shape parameter, relative dispersion, and cloud droplet spectral distribution can be derived through solving the droplet spectral shape parameter equation using the average droplet radius, volume radius, and their ratio, thereby deriving an analytic solution. We further examined the equation for the droplet spectral shape parameter using the observational droplet spectral data, and results revealed the feasibility of the method. In addition, when the method was applied to the two-parameter cloud microphysical scheme of the Weather Research and Forecast(WRF) model to further examine its feasibility, the modeling results showed that it improved precipitation simulation performance, thereby indicating that it can be utilized in two-parameter cloud microphysical schemes. 相似文献
3.
Water pollution by industrial and agricultural waste is an increasingly major public health issue. It is therefore important for water engineers and managers to be able to predict accurately the local behaviour of water-borne pollutants. This paper describes the novel and efficient coupling of dynamically adaptive hierarchical grids with standard solvers of the advection–diffusion equation. Adaptive quadtree grids are able to focus on regions of interest such as pollutant fronts, while retaining economy in the total number of grid elements through selective grid refinement. Advection is treated using Lagrangian particle tracking. Diffusion is solved separately using two grid-based methods; one is by explicit finite differences, the other a diffusion-velocity approach. Results are given in two dimensions for pure diffusion of an initially Gaussian plume, advection–diffusion of the Gaussian plume in the rotating flow field of a forced vortex, and the transport of species in a rectangular channel with side wall boundary layers. Close agreement is achieved with analytical solutions of the advection–diffusion equation and simulations from a Lagrangian random walk model. An application to Sepetiba Bay, Brazil is included to demonstrate the method with complex flows and topography. 相似文献
4.
Asymptotic methods provide an efficient way to compute seismograms in heterogeneous media. However, zeroth-order ray theory, the simplest of the asymptotic methods, often fails because of the presence of caustics. Maslov theory is an extension of zeroth-order ray theory, which gives a uniformly valid expression of the wavefield everywhere, including the caustics. This result is given in terms of an integral of ray data over one or two ray parameters. It is shown in this paper how geometrical arrivals are constructed in the one and two-parameter Maslov integrals.In practice Maslov seismograms have been computed using only one ray parameter. However, in three-dimensional media two parameters are needed to uniquely define a ray. In this paper we present an efficient algorithm to compute two-parameter Maslov integrals. The Maslov integral is evaluated by computing the frequency-to-time Fourier transform prior to integration over the ray parameters. The wavefield is then discretized by smoothing with a boxcar function. The resulting expression, which only requires the results of ordinary kinematic and dynamic ray tracing, cen be computed efficiently and robustly. A numerical example is given that illustrates the use of this algorithm. 相似文献
5.
本文研究了二维多孔弹性波方程的多尺度波场数值模拟方法.该多尺度方法可采用较粗的网格计算,同时又能反映细尺度上物性参数的变化信息.文中详细阐述了多尺度模拟方法与算法,并推导了相应的计算格式.基本思想是建立粗细两套网格,在粗网格上,基于有限体积方法计算更新波场;在细网格上,计算多尺度基函数,这基于有限元方法通过求解一个局部化问题得到.对含有随机分布散射体的多孔介质模型进行了数值计算,计算中应用了完全匹配层(PML)吸收边界条件,数值结果验证了本文方法和算法的正确性和有效性. 相似文献
6.
Vikas C. Baranwal Antje Franke Ralph-Uwe Börner Klaus Spitzer 《Journal of Applied Geophysics》2011,75(2):363-372
We present a 2-D inversion code incorporating a damped least-squares and a minimum-model approach for plane wave electromagnetic (EM) methods using an adaptive unstructured grid finite element forward operator. Unstructured triangular grids permit efficient discretization of arbitrary 2-D model geometries and, hence, allow for modeling arbitrary topography. The inversion model is parameterized on a coarse parameter grid which constitutes a subset of the forward modeling grid. The mapping from parameter to forward modeling grid is obtained by adaptive mesh refinement. Sensitivities are determined by solving a modified sensitivity equation system arising from the derivative of the finite element equations with respect to the model parameters. Firstly, we demonstrate that surface topography may induce significant effects on the EM response and in the inversion result, and that it cannot be ignored when the scale length of topographic variations is in the order of magnitude of the skin depth. Secondly, the dependency of the inversion on the starting model is discussed for VLF and VLF-R data. Thirdly, we demonstrate the inversion of a synthetic data set obtained from a model with topography. Finally, the inversion approach is applied to field data collected in a region with undulating topography. 相似文献
7.
本文选取华北地震区作为研究区域,尝试利用空间光滑活动模型进行地震危险性评估.首先对研究区域进行划分网格,依据地震构造和地震空间分布特征建立地震构造模型,确定构造区特征参数(b值、M0、Mu、断层方位角及M-L关系等).采用考虑了地震构造背景的椭圆光滑过程的地震活动参数模型,计算各网格点的地震发生率.并利用网格源的地震危险性概率评价方法,由不同输入地震目录通过综合加权得到该区域50年超越概率10％的加速度峰值区划结果.该方法充分体现了地震活动的空间非均一性,尤其适用于发震构造不甚清晰的中强地震可能造成的地震危险性,避免了常规潜在震源区的划分.且评价方法简单快捷,为地震区划以及重大工程地震安全性评价工作提供了新的技术方法. 相似文献
8.
Herman W. J. Kernkamp Henri A. H. Petit Herman Gerritsen Erik D. de Goede 《Ocean Dynamics》2005,55(3-4):351-369
In this paper, the formulations of the primitive equations for shallow water flow in various horizontal co-ordinate systems
and the associated finite difference grid options used in shallow water flow modelling are reviewed. It is observed that horizontal
co-ordinate transformations do not affect the chosen co-ordinate system and representation in the vertical, and are the same
for the three- and two-dimensional cases. A systematic derivation of the equations in tensor notation is presented, resulting
in a unified formulation for the shallow water equations that covers all orthogonal horizontal grid types of practical interest.
This includes spherical curvilinear orthogonal co-ordinate systems on the globe. Computational efficiency can be achieved
in a single computer code. Furthermore, a single numerical algorithmic code implementation satisfies. All co-ordinate system
specific metrics are determined as part of a computer-aided model grid design, which supports all four orthogonal grid types.
Existing intuitive grid design and visual interpretation is conserved by appropriate conformal mappings, which conserve spherical
orthogonality in planar representation. A spherical curvilinear co-ordinate solution of wind driven steady channel flow applying
a strongly distorted grid is shown to give good agreement with a regular spherical co-ordinate model approach and the solution
based on a β-plane approximation. Especially designed spherical curvilinear boundary fitted model grids are shown for typhoon
surge propagation in the South China Sea and for ocean-driven flows through Malacca Straits. By using spherical curvilinear
grids the number of grid points in these single model grid applications is reduced by a factor of 50–100 in comparison with
regular spherical grids that have the same horizontal resolution in the area of interest. The spherical curvilinear approach
combines the advantages of the various grid approaches, while the overall computational effort remains acceptable for very
large model domains. 相似文献
9.
利用交错网格有限差分和旋转交错网格有限差分进行各向异性介质弹性波场数值模拟时, 质点振动速度分量与应力张量的网格节点定义方式均不相同, 从而对各向异性波场分离效果产生不同的影响. 针对这一问题, 本文以具有垂直对称轴的横向各向同性(VTI)介质的波场分离为例, 首先分析了两种网格的参数定义方式以及VTI介质波场的分离过程; 其次, 详细研究和分析了这两种网格的参数定义方式对各向异性介质波场分离的影响, 并依据波前面连续性以及波场分离效果等方面, 通过数值模拟实验对该影响进行分析验证. 结果表明, 旋转交错网格的参数定义方式更有利于进行各向异性介质波场数值模拟和波场分离. 相似文献
10.
Selection of the best fit flood frequency distribution and parameter estimation procedure: a case study for Tasmania in Australia 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Khaled Haddad Ataur Rahman 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》2011,25(3):415-428
Selection of a flood frequency distribution and associated parameter estimation procedure is an important step in flood frequency
analysis. This is however a difficult task due to problems in selecting the best fit distribution from a large number of candidate
distributions and parameter estimation procedures available in the literature. This paper presents a case study with flood
data from Tasmania in Australia, which examines four model selection criteria: Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), Akaike
Information Criterion—second order variant (AICc), Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) and a modified Anderson–Darling Criterion (ADC). It has been found from the Monte
Carlo simulation that ADC is more successful in recognizing the parent distribution correctly than the AIC and BIC when the
parent is a three-parameter distribution. On the other hand, AIC and BIC are better in recognizing the parent distribution
correctly when the parent is a two-parameter distribution. From the seven different probability distributions examined for
Tasmania, it has been found that two-parameter distributions are preferable to three-parameter ones for Tasmania, with Log
Normal appears to be the best selection. The paper also evaluates three most widely used parameter estimation procedures for
the Log Normal distribution: method of moments (MOM), method of maximum likelihood (MLE) and Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo
method (BAY). It has been found that the BAY procedure provides better parameter estimates for the Log Normal distribution,
which results in flood quantile estimates with smaller bias and standard error as compared to the MOM and MLE. The findings
from this study would be useful in flood frequency analyses in other Australian states and other countries in particular,
when selecting an appropriate probability distribution from a number of alternatives. 相似文献
11.
《Advances in water resources》1999,22(7):711-728
Coupling advection-dominated transport to reactive processes leads to additional requirements and limitations for numerical simulation beyond those for non-reactive transport. Particularly, both monotonicity avoiding the occurence of negative concentrations, and high-order accuracy suppressing artificial diffusion, are necessary to study accurately the reactive interactions of compounds transported in groundwater. These requirements are met by non-linear Eulerian methods. Two cell-centered Finite Volume schemes are presented for the simulation of advection-dominated reactive transport. The first scheme is based on rectangular grids, whereas the second scheme requires streamline-oriented grids the generation of which is explained in an accompanying paper. Although excellent results for conservative transport are obtained by the scheme for rectangular grids, some artificial transverse mixing occurs in the case of multi-component transport. This may lead to erroneous reaction rates if the compounds interact. The transport scheme for streamline-oriented grids, on the other hand, avoids artificial transverse mixing. A quantitative comparison is given by two test cases. A conservative tracer simulation for a five-spot configuration in a heterogeneous aquifer shows a high coincidence of the breakthrough curves obtained for the two methods, whereas a test case of two reacting compounds shows significant differences. In this test case, a rate of convergence with respect to the overall reaction rates lower than first-order is calculated for the rectangular grid. 相似文献
12.
Stacking velocity V C2, vertical velocity ratio γ 0, effective velocity ratio γ eff, and anisotropic parameter χ eff are correlated in the PS-converted-wave (PS-wave) anisotropic prestack Kirchhoff time migration (PKTM) velocity model and are thus difficult to independently determine. We extended the simplified two-parameter (stacking velocity V C2 and anisotropic parameter k eff) moveout equation from stacking velocity analysis to PKTM velocity model updating and formed a new four-parameter (stacking velocity V C2, vertical velocity ratio γ 0, effective velocity ratio γ eff, and anisotropic parameter k eff) PS-wave anisotropic PKTM velocity model updating and process flow based on the simplified two-parameter moveout equation. In the proposed method, first, the PS-wave two-parameter stacking velocity is analyzed to obtain the anisotropic PKTM initial velocity and anisotropic parameters; then, the velocity and anisotropic parameters are corrected by analyzing the residual moveout on common imaging point gathers after prestack time migration. The vertical velocity ratio γ 0 of the prestack time migration velocity model is obtained with an appropriate method utilizing the P- and PS-wave stacked sections after level calibration. The initial effective velocity ratio γ eff is calculated using the Thomsen (1999) equation in combination with the P-wave velocity analysis; ultimately, the final velocity model of the effective velocity ratio γ eff is obtained by percentage scanning migration. This method simplifies the PS-wave parameter estimation in high-quality imaging, reduces the uncertainty of multiparameter estimations, and obtains good imaging results in practice. 相似文献
13.
Nils Reidar B. Olsen 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2017,42(14):2393-2401
A numerical model is presented that compute the geometrical dimensions and movement of downstream migrating antidunes. The model solves the Navier–Stokes equations together with the k‐epsilon turbulence model to find the water flow field over the bedforms. A two‐dimensional width‐averaged grid is used. The bed elevation changes are computed by solving the convection–diffusion equation for suspended sediments and bedload, together with the Engelund–Hansen sediment transport formula. The free surface is computed with an algorithm based on water continuity in the surface cells. Non‐orthogonal adaptive grids were used, moving vertically with the computed location of the bed and the free water surface. The numerical model was tested on data from a physical model study where regular downstream migrating antidunes had been observed. The numerical model started out with a flat bed and the trains of antidunes formed over time. Many of the physical processes observed in earlier studies were replicated by the numerical model. Four dune parameters were computed in the current tests: The antidune wavelength, height and celerity, together with the average water depth. The antidune wavelengths were best predicted with an accuracy of 3 to 8% compared with the measurements. The antidune heights were computed with a deviation of 11 to 25% compared with an empirical formula. The water depths over the antidunes were predicted with an accuracy of 3 to 9% related to the measured values. The average antidune celerity was the parameter with largest deviation: For the coarsest grid it was overpredicted with 37%. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
14.
损伤指数是判断结构或构件经受地震作用后是否破坏、评价结构或构件破坏程度的重要指标,是对震后受损结构进行安全评估和修复加固的重要理论依据。基于40组钢筋混凝土柱的试验结果,对国内外7种较具代表性的损伤模型进行了对比分析。研究结果表明:对于同一试件,不同损伤模型计算得到的损伤指标差异较大,损伤曲线发展趋势亦不同;基于能量的损伤模型多表现出前期增长速度快和后期增长速度慢的上凸趋势,而基于变形和能量组合形式的双参数损伤模型多表现出前期增长速度慢和后期增长速度快的上凹趋势;Park-Ang模型及其改进形式能够较好地反映构件层次的损伤发展过程,但未知参数较多,计算过程较复杂,不利于整体结构层次的震害评估;从能量耗散原理角度提出的损伤模型更符合整体结构抗震的本质,未知参数少且计算过程简单,但存在边界条件的界定不明确的缺陷,因此还需要做更深入的研究。 相似文献
15.
Sea surface temperature (SST) from a near real-time data set produced from satellites data has been assimilated into a coupled
ice–ocean forecasting model (Canadian East Coast Ocean Model) using an efficient data assimilation method. The method is based
on an optimal interpolation scheme by which SST is melded into the model through the adjustment of surface heat flux. The
magnitude and space–time variation of the adjustment depend on the depth of heat diffusion into the water column in response
to changes in surface flux, the correlation time scale of the data, and model and data errors. The diffusion depth is scaled
by the eddy diffusivity for temperature. The ratio of the model and data errors is treated as an adjustable parameter. To
evaluate the quality of the assimilation, the results from the model with and without assimilation are compared to independent
ship data from the Atlantic Zone Monitoring Program and the World Ocean Circulation Experiment. It is shown that the assimilation
has a significant impact on the modeled SST, reducing the root mean square difference (RMSD) between the model SST and the
ship SST by 0.63°C or 37%. The RMSD of the assimilated SST is smaller than that of the satellite SST by 0.23°C. This suggests
that model simulations or predictions with data assimilation can provide the best estimate of the true SST. A sensitivity
study is performed to examine the change of the model RMSD with the adjustable parameter in the assimilation equation. The
results show that there is an optimal value of the parameter and the model SST is not very sensitive to the parameter. 相似文献
16.
Numerical modeling of local scour at a submerged weir with a downstream slope using a coupled moving-mesh and maskedelement approach 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
This paper presents a model for local scour at submerged weirs with downstream slopes that uses a coupled moving-mesh and masked-element approach.In the developed model,the fluid-sediment interface is tracked using a moving-mesh technique,and the effects of the structure on the hydrodynamics and bed morphology are resolved using a masked-element technique.Compared to traditional sediment scour models,based on the moving-mesh technique,the present model has the advantage of allowing for a simpler setup of the computational grids and a larger-amplitude deformation.Laboratory experiments on local scour at a submerged weir with a downstream slope were conducted,which provided bed profiles at different time instants.The results obtained by the present model are compared to the experimental data.The comparisons demonstrate the performance of the model in satisfactorily predicting local scour at a submerged weir with a downstream slope.The model was further modified and employed to carry out additional computations to investigate the influence of various parameters and sub-models. 相似文献
17.
R. Gutiérrez R. Gutiérrez-Sánchez A. Nafidi A. Pascual 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》2012,26(4):533-543
This paper proposes a new stochastic model, based on a Vasicek non-homogeneous diffusion process, in which the non-linear
trend coefficient (drift) depends on deterministic functions that describe the dynamic evolution of certain exogenous variables.
After studying its probabilistic characteristics, and in particular the transition probability density and trend function,
the associated stochastic inference based on discrete sampling in time is established using maximum likelihood methodology.
This model is applied to detect, estimate and model the non-linear trend present in data corresponding to CO2 emissions in Morocco. Energy and financial variables that affect the behaviour of this trend are also detected, and substantial
improvement provided by this non-homogeneous model with respect to its corresponding homogeneous version, is confirmed. 相似文献
18.
Complex stratigraphy can be difficult to simulate in MODFLOW models. MODFLOW uses a structured grid that requires that each grid layer be continuous throughout the model domain. This makes it difficult to explicitly represent common features such as pinchouts and embedded seams in a MODFLOW model. In this paper, we describe a method for automatically generating MODFLOW-compatible grids from boundary-representation solid models. Solid models are data structures developed originally for computer-aided design applications that define the geometry of three-dimensional objects. Solid models can be used to represent arbitrarily complex stratigraphy. The elevations defined by the solids are then extracted from the solids in a manner that preserves the continuous-layer requirement imposed by MODFLOW. Two basic approaches are described: The first method adjusts the MODFLOW grid dimensions (layer elevations) to fit the solid model boundaries, and the second method creates a regular MODFLOW grid and adjusts the material properties to match the changes in stratigraphy. One of the main benefits of using solid models to define stratigraphy for MODFLOW models is that it provides a grid-independent definition of the layer elevations that can be used to immediately re-create the MODFLOW grid geometry after any change to the grid resolution. 相似文献
19.
20.
—?We develop algorithms for the construction of irregular cell (block) models for parameterization of tomographic inverse problems. The forward problem is defined on a regular basic grid of non-overlapping cells. The basic cells are used as building blocks for construction of non-overlapping irregular cells. The construction algorithms are not computationally intensive and not particularly complex, and, in general, allow for grid optimization where cell size is determined from scalar functions, e.g., measures of model sampling or a priori estimates of model resolution. The link between a particular cell j in the regular basic grid and its host cell k in the irregular grid is provided by a pointer array which implicitly defines the irregular cell model. The complex geometrical aspects of irregular cell models are not needed in the forward or in the inverse problem. The matrix system of tomographic equations is computed once on the regular basic cell model. After grid construction, the basic matrix equation is mapped using the pointer array on a new matrix equation in which the model vector relates directly to cells in the irregular model. Next, the mapped system can be solved on the irregular grid. This approach avoids forward computation on the complex geometry of irregular grids. Generally, grid optimization can aim at reducing the number of model parameters in volumes poorly sampled by the data while elsewhere retaining the power to resolve the smallest scales warranted by the data. Unnecessary overparameterization of the model space can be avoided and grid construction can aim at improving the conditioning of the inverse problem. We present simple theory and optimization algorithms in the context of seismic tomography and apply the methods to Rayleigh-wave group velocity inversion and global travel-time tomography. 相似文献