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《中国科学:地球科学》2017,(3)
关于印度与亚洲大陆初始碰撞时间,目前存在3种主流认识,即(65±5)、(45±5)和(30±5)Ma.文中厘定了5种碰撞判别标志,包括板块运动速率的突然衰减、俯冲型岩浆作用的停止、大陆之间的物质交换、海洋的消亡和构造变形.通过综合分析认为,在上述3种认识中,(65±5)Ma构造事件符合一个判别标志,即物质交换——冈底斯碎屑物质在此时出现在印度板块北缘,不过,在此时冈底斯再次发生大规模的岩浆活动,反映出俯冲作用发生活化,意味着两大陆仍未碰撞.俯冲成因的冈底斯岩浆作用在白垩纪末-第三纪初(72~65Ma)间断了约7Myr,文中提出这可能与构造转换有关,即特提斯俯冲消减带被转换断层置换,亚洲与印度大陆由此呈水平走滑汇聚,到了约65Ma,随着新俯冲带的形成,岩浆作用重新开始,直到约45Ma结束.(45±5)Ma的构造事件导致海相沉积和俯冲型岩浆作用的停止,符合大部分大陆碰撞判别标志,文中定义为初始碰撞时间.(30±5)Ma的构造事件与上述判别标准多不符合,反映的是印度和亚洲大陆大规模陆内汇聚作用,即硬碰撞,由此形成青藏高原现今的地质、地貌格局.文中得出的结论是:印度与欧亚大陆的汇聚并非仅仅是受新特提斯海的俯冲消减协调,两者在足够接近时经历了3个阶段,即早期的水平走滑汇聚(72~65Ma)、初始碰撞((45±5)Ma)和晚期的陆内汇聚((30±5)Ma). 相似文献
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流体运移时携带热量,会产生温度变化.温度作为地下流体的示踪剂得到了广泛应用,但通常需要事先确定热扩散系数.实际上,基于浅层地壳不同深度的周期性温度-时间序列,利用流体运动对振幅和相位的影响,可以同步获取热扩散系数和地下流体运移信息.本文以新疆喀什地区5个钻孔不同深度的基岩温度数据为基础,获取了热扩散系数和流体运移特征.主要成果有:(1 )获得了不同测点的热扩散系数α ,以及视热扩散系αA 和αΦ (即单独通过振幅或相位获得的热扩散系数).其中,α、αA 和αΦ的值分别为 1.52～8.91、0.79～1.71 和(1.53～33.1)×10－6 m2·s－1 .另外,当流体热效应不明显时,通过相位获得的视热扩散系αΦ更接近真实的热扩散系数α .(2 )获得了不同测点的流体流向和流速信息.测点的流体流向均向上,靠近天山地区的测点流体流速为(0.10～1.94)×10－7 m·s－1 ,靠近昆仑山地区的测点流体流速为(8.56～9.71)×10－7 m·s－1 ,不同地区测点流体流速的差异可能与区域水文地质环境有关.总之,通过多深度的连续基岩温度观测,有望获得浅层地壳的热扩散系数及流体运移特征. 相似文献
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《中国科学:地球科学》2018,(11)
黄海和东海作为中国最为重要的陆架边缘海,其碳源汇的性质与变化对近海生态系统及区域气候演变具有重要影响.文章从海气界面CO_2交换、水体溶解/颗粒碳溶存及沉积物碳埋藏等3个方面归纳总结了黄东海碳源汇特征与控制过程,以期为进一步研究陆架边缘海碳源汇过程及效应提供帮助.(1)黄海和东海具有迥异的海气CO_2交换特性.黄海的海气CO_2交换在源汇性质及通量强度上存在较大不确定性,黄海的124°E以西的海域在冬、春季表现为大气CO_2的汇,在夏、秋季表现为源,而大量的研究结果显示在全年尺度上黄海是大气CO_2的源.表层海水温度与浮游生物活动控制着黄海CO_2源汇的变化,两者分别主导了黄海外部海域与近岸海域的海气CO_2交换通量.东海全年则表现为大气CO_2的碳汇,年均通量约为(-4.2±3.2)mmol m~(-2)d~(-1),共可吸收碳约13.7×10~6t,其中冬、春、夏季吸收大气CO_2,秋季释放CO_2.东海不同季节海气界面CO_2通量的年际变化的影响因素复杂多变.(2)黄海和东海水体中分别储有425×10~6t、1364×10~6t的DIC和28.2×10~6t、54.1×10~6t的DOC,从南黄海近年DOC浓度有减小趋势看,其水体溶存"实际碳汇"量在减小.黄东海POC的总量约10.6×10~6t,与海气界面CO_2交换通量基本处于同一量级.黄海浮游生物年固碳量约为60.42×10~6t,东海为153.41×10~6t,其中近海大型经济藻类的年固碳量约为0.36×10~6～0.45×10~6t,生物固碳是具有多重价值的"蓝碳增汇"举措.(3)黄海陆架沉积物中有机碳的埋藏通量每年约为4.75×10~6t,其中海源有机碳的埋藏量为3.03×10~6t,占黄海浮游生物固碳量的5.0%,而东海陆架沉积物中有机碳的埋藏通量为每年7.4×10~6t,其中海源有机碳的埋藏量为5.5×10~6t,占东海浮游生物固碳量的5.4%.黄东海具有高于全球海洋平均水平的沉积物埋藏通量,对黄东海最终的"蓝碳增汇"作用巨大. 相似文献
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EY60回声探测仪在青海湖鱼类资源量评估中的应用 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
2006年8月16-18日通过使用回声探测仪(Simrad公司EY60型,200kHz换能器)对青海湖的鱼类资源进行了探测评估.结果表明:青海湖裸鲤(Gymnocypris przewalski)水平分布具不均匀性,有小型鱼群聚集现象;在不同的设定分区,鱼类密度在0.168-12.8ind./1000m~3之间,均值为1.16 ind./1000m~3;布哈河口鱼类较为密集,密度最大值为12.8ind./1000m~3.初步估算青海湖裸鲤达可捕规格(体长大于20cm)个体数量为6.5×10~7ind.,95%置信度区间为35.6×10~7-118.4×10~7ind.,应用资源密度体积法估算青海湖裸鲤的可捕资源量约为1 5275t.探测实验还证实,EY60回声探测仪在青海湖中进行鱼类资源评估时探测效果良好,分析软件Sonar5可以对鱼类个体自动识别、计数,便于进行鱼类资源量评估. 相似文献
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周转(一个集合体中的物种在另一个集合体中被其他物种代替)和嵌套(物种贫乏的集合体是物种丰富集合体的严格子集)是形成β多样性的两种途径.本文采用Baselga提出的β多样性加法分解方法,对云南高原湖泊软体动物β多样性及其周转和嵌套组分进行了研究.利用多位点方法计算,结果表明云南高原湖泊软体动物总β多样性为0.8903(S?rensen指数法)和0.9419(Jaccard指数法),周转组分分别占总β多样性的80.93%(S?rensen指数法)和88.92%(Jaccard指数法).总β多样性为瓣鳃类腹足类,金沙江水系南盘江水系澜沧江水系元江水系,浅水型深水型.周转组分占总β多样性的比例为瓣鳃类腹足类,元江水系南盘江水系澜沧江水系金沙江水系,深水型浅水型.采用配对的方法计算结果表明,不同湖泊对软体动物总β多样性及其周转、嵌套成分的值分布形式不同.周转的成分分布比较均匀,嵌套成分呈现一种单峰的分布.周转成分最大值为1,最小值为0,表明湖泊对间β多样性存在着完全的周转和完全的嵌套形式,所以相应地要采取多区域保护和重点保护相结合的策略保护云南高原湖泊软体动物. 相似文献
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《中国科学:地球科学》2016,(11)
土壤中游离态Fe(Ⅱ)与铁(氢)氧化物矿物之间的原子交换是最近发现的重要的铁循环化学过程.但是,结晶度高、性质稳定的赤铁矿,与游离态Fe(Ⅱ)之间的原子交换过程及其矿物晶相变化仍然未知.本研究中,我们采用控制实验,以~(5 7)Fe同位素示踪方法研究厌氧体系中游离态Fe(Ⅱ)与赤铁矿中结构态Fe(Ⅲ)之间的原子交换机制.结果表明,游离态Fe(Ⅱ)与赤铁矿中的结构态Fe(Ⅲ)能发生明显的Fe原子交换,即游离态Fe(Ⅱ)进入到赤铁矿结构形成结构态Fe(Ⅲ),而赤铁矿中原来的部分结构态Fe(Ⅲ)被还原释放,进入到溶液体系形成游离态Fe(Ⅱ).这一反应体系中Fe原子交换率受pH和游离态Fe(Ⅱ)初始浓度的影响;与酸性环境相比,pH 7.5的中性环境更有利于Fe原子交换的发生;在相同pH条件下,Fe原子交换率首先随游离态Fe(Ⅱ)初始浓度的升高而提高,但是过高的Fe(Ⅱ)浓度导致在赤铁矿表面吸附的Fe(Ⅱ)超过单层吸附位覆盖量,在一定程度上抑制Fe原子交换.Fe(Ⅱ)作用下Fe原子交换发生的同时,赤铁矿晶相发生重组.更为重要的是,通过X射线衍射表征研究发现,游离态Fe(Ⅱ)驱动赤铁矿晶相重组过程中形成新的赤铁矿和针铁矿;进一步通过穆斯堡尔谱研究证实,新的赤铁矿晶体主要形成机制为晶体同质外延生长,针铁矿形成机制为异质外延生长.本研究发现的游离态Fe(Ⅱ)驱动性质稳定的赤铁矿晶相转变及其Fe原子交换过程,可为揭示以稳定态铁(氢)氧化物为主要含铁矿物分布的热带亚热带土壤元素环境地球化学过程机制提供重要理论基础. 相似文献
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于2014年4、7和10月以及2015年1月(分别代表春、夏、秋和冬季)对鄱阳湖13个常规监测点表层水体中氧化亚氮(N_2O)浓度进行测定,并选择合适的模型估算其释放量.结果表明,鄱阳湖全年N_2O平均浓度为32.57±17.35 nmol/L,总体处于过饱和状态,平均饱和度为256.83%±129.05%.鄱阳湖N_2O年平均交换通量为0.83±0.69μmol/(m2·h).鄱阳湖水体N_2O季节性释放规律为春季最高,平均交换通量为1.71μmol/(m2·h),其次是夏季和冬季,秋季最低.从空间上来看,春季北部湖区交换通量显著高于南部湖区.相关性分析表明,铵态氮浓度是影响夏季和冬季鄱阳湖水体N_2O产生的主要因素.结合水域面积初步估算出全年释放N_2O约1.29×107mol,其中春季和夏季是鄱阳湖水体N_2O释放的高峰期,总释放量约占全年的80.40%.全年通过N_2O输出氮素约为361.93 t,对鄱阳湖流域内N_2O分布及质量平衡具有一定影响. 相似文献
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南海北部陆架陆坡流系研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
受季节性反转的季风强迫、海峡水交换、地形等影响,南海北部陆架陆坡流系呈现复杂多变的形式.南海北部陆坡流、南海暖流、沿岸流及其与之相关的上升流(夏季)和下降流(冬季)系统等构成了南海北部典型的流系.本文回顾了自20世纪90年代以来南海北部陆架陆坡流系的研究进展,总结了黑潮入侵南海、季风、地形、冲淡水浮力热力效应等因素在南海北部陆架陆坡流系中的作用.指出南海北部内区海盆与陆架陆坡流的动力联系、南海暖流是否稳定存在、冬季下降流时空特征及其物质能量输运等方面还需要进一步加强研究. 相似文献
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本文基于2004苏门答腊地震后全球地球动力学计划观测网中9台超导重力仪13200h的连续重力观测数据,联合利用整体经验模态分解(EEMD)、最优序列估计(OSE)、积谱密度分析(PSA)和自回归估计(AR)方法,探测地球固态内核平动振荡模态(Slichter模)的三重分裂信号.利用EEMD提取常规预处理后的重力残差中包含目标频段的本征模态函数(IMFs)作为最终的重力残差之后,将每个台站的重力残差平均分成无重叠的3个子数据块,再应用OSE和PSA方法获取Slichter模三重分裂谱线的积谱密度,并采用AR方法估计各积谱中弱共振信号的中心频率及其误差.结果表明,结合OSE和PSA方法探测到三个清晰的谱峰,周期分别为5.8307±7.1×10-4h、5.2161±8.1×10-4 h和4.7536±5.2×10-4 h,分别对应Slichter模三重分裂谱线m=-1、m=0和m=+1,且三个谱峰的周期与Crossley(1992)、Rochester和Peng(1993)、Peng(1997)和Rogister(2003)基于PREM地球模型给出的Slichter模理论周期非常接近,也与Ding和Shen(2013)建议的"可能的观测结果"较为接近.参考现有的理论和观测结果,本文认为这三个信号可能是Slichter模三重分裂谱线. 相似文献
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《国际泥沙研究》2014,(4)
正Director:Shangfu Kuang,China Vice-directors:Chunhong Hu,China Duihu Ning,China Guangquan Liu,China The International Research and Training Center on Erosion and Sedimentation(IRTCES)was jointly set up by the Government of China and UNESCO on July 21,1984.It aims at the promotion of international exchange of knowledge and cooperation in the studies of erosion and 相似文献
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《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2014,(3)
正SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences,an academic journal cosponsored by the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the National Natural Science Foundation of China,and published by Science China Press and Springer,is committed to publishing high-quality,original results in both basic and applied research. 相似文献
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Richard D. Hey 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1979,4(1):59-72
Feedback mechanisms, which operate upstream through drawdown and backwater effects and downstream through sediment discharge are responsible for channel evolution. By combining these mechanisms with channel processes it euables a dynamic process-response model to be developed to simulate the initial evolution of straight gravel-bed channels. When erosion commences on a land surface, sediment entrained in the headwater reach by hydraulic action is selectively transported, deposited and reworked. This produces a damped oscillation between degradation and aggradation as the channel and valley respond to spatial and temporal variations in sediment calibre and hydraulic conditions. The initial cut and fill phases are responsible for valley incision and floodplain development while secondary and subsequent activity can produce river terraces. Eventually sediment entrainment in the headwaters declines as slopes are reduced. Subsequent channel evolution is relatively insignificant because it is dependent on local weathering activity producing material that can be transported on declining slopes. Therefore landforms produced during the initial phase of development, when local weathering was non-limiting, dominate the landscape. 相似文献
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Based on relocating the Jiujiang-Ruichang earthquake sequence which occurred on November 26, 2005 in Jiangxi Province with the double-difference （DD） algorithm and master event technique, the paper discusses the focal mechanism of the main shock （MsS.7） and the probable seismo-tectonics. The precise relocation results indicate that the average horizontal error is 0.31kin in a EW direction and 0.40kin in a NS direction, and the average depth error is 0.48kin. The focal depths vary from 8kin to 14kin, with the predominant distribution at 10kin - 12kin. The epicenter of the main shock is relocated to be 29.69^oN, 115.74^oE and the focal depth is about 10.Skin. Combining the predominant distribution of the earthquake sequence, the focal mechanism of the main shock and the tectonic conditions of N-E- and NW-strike faults growth in the seismic region, we infer that the main shock of the earthquake sequence was caused by a NW striking buried fault in the Rnichang basin. The nature of seismic faults needs to be further explored. 相似文献
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《水文科学杂志》2013,58(6)
Abstract The western reservoirs represent the principal groundwater system in Morocco. Demographic, industrial and agricultural developments during the last decade have markedly altered groundwater quality. The Mamora coastal aquifer system is among the Atlantic systems which are most heavily threatened by pollution. Agricultural and industrial activities, and rapid urban growth contribute to the pollution of the groundwater. Contamination transport is facilitated by a high permeability of the aquifer formations. In order to assess the actual groundwater quality of the Mamora aquifer and to understand the influence of the factors generating the pollution, an extensive multidisciplinary research programme is in progress, with hydrochemistry and microbiology playing essential roles. The present paper concerns the spatial distribution of physico-chemical parameters in the groundwater, subjected to domestic, industrial and agricultural pollution. Fifty-seven samples were analysed for several parameters (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cl?, SO4 2?, HCO3 ?, NO3 ?, pH, electrical conductivity and temperature). The microbiological analysis of 143 samples reveals the presence of four kinds of indicator bacteria in the groundwater resources: faecal Streptococci, faecal coliform, Escherichia coli and Clostridium. The physico-chemical results and bacteriological monitoring show that the nitrate and bacteria concentrations exceed the maximum admissible levels, notably around pumping stations in the sectors of Sidi Taibi, Sidi Ahmed Taleb and Aïn Sbaâ. Contamination is generated by uncontrolled anthropogenic activities and accentuated by the high intrinsic vulnerability of the aquifer system. Several parameters appeared to exceed admissibility standards. Measures are recommended to prevent groundwater pollution in the region. 相似文献
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K.-G. Malle 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》1992,20(4):196-204
Zinc in the Environment. In 1990 the world production of zinc ammounted to 7 Mio. metric tons. The main areas of application were: galvanization, alloys like brass and zinc metal. The content in the earth crust varies between 10–300 ppm zinc with a mean of 70 ppm. Uncontaminated surface waters contain less than 10 mg/m3 zinc. Apart from civilization air contains 1–10 ng zinc per m3. These background concentrations are exceeded by orders of magnitude in zinc deposit areas and where anthropogenic influences predominate. Accumulation can occur in sediments and sewage sludge. Molluscs and Algae also accumulate zinc. Zinc is essential for live. With normal food the zinc supply of man is just sufficient. Bioaccumulation of zinc towards man or chronic oversupply of man is not known. Zinc has no teratogenic or mutagenic effects, a suspicion on a carcinogenic effect proved wrong. In stockbreeding and plant cultivation a minimum supply of zinc is necessary. Plants are relatively less sensitive against higher soil contents of zinc. Considering the toxicological and ecotoxicological effects of zinc in the environment, the critical organismens are marine invertebratae like tubifex, daphnia, gammarus and algae. But normally only a minor part of the total zinc contest is biologically available, depending on salt content and pH of the waters. 相似文献