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1.
Distribution of ice thickness and subglacial topography of the “Chinese Wall” around Kunlun Station,East Antarctica 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
As fundamental parameters of the Antarctic Ice Sheet, ice thickness and subglacial topography are critical factors for studying the basal conditions and mass balance in Antarctica. During CHINARE 24 (the 24th Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition, 2007/08), the research team used a deep ice-penetrating radar system to measure the ice thickness and subglacial topography of the “Chinese Wall” around Kunlun Station, East Antarctica. Preliminary results show that the ice thickness varies mostly from 1600 m to 2800 m along the “Chinese Wall”, with the thickest ice being 3444 m, and the thinnest ice 1255 m. The average bedrock elevation is 1722 m, while the minimum is just 604 m. Compared with the northern side of the ice divide, the ice thickness is a little greater and the subglacial topography lower on the southern side, which is also characterized by four deep valleys. We found no basal freeze-on ice in the Gamburtsev Subglacial Mountains area, subglacial lakes, or water bodies along the “Chinese Wall”. Ice thickness and subglacial topography data extracted from the Bedmap 2 database along the “Chinese Wall” are consistent with our results, but their resolution and accuracy are very limited in areas where the bedrock fluctuates intensely. The distribution of ice thickness and subglacial topography detected by ice-penetrating radar clarifies the features of the ice sheet in this “inaccessible” region. These results will help to advance the study of ice sheet dynamics and the determination of future locations of the GSM’s geological and deep ice core drilling sites in the Dome A region. 相似文献
2.
收集整理2007年以来延边地震台记录的113个远震数字波形资料,采用远震接收函数反演延边地震台下方地壳结构,运用H-Kappa叠加方法,计算得到台站下方地壳厚度和泊松比.采用全球平均地壳模型作为初始模型,反演台站下方0-100 km的S波速结构.反演结果表明,延边地震台下方地壳厚度为30.8 km,波速比为1.84,泊松比较高,为0.29.在台站下方15-20 km及25-30 km处存在低速层. 相似文献
3.
Radar surveys of Bench Glacier, Alaska, collected over five field seasons between 2002 and 2006 reveal a surface layer of radar transparent ice in this temperate valley glacier. The transparent layer covers the up‐glacier half of the ablation zone and is defined by a distinct lack of the radar scattering events considered typical of temperate ice. Radar scattering ice underlies the transparent zone, and extends to the surface elsewhere on the glacier. We observed the layering in constant offset radar surveys conducted with characteristic frequencies ranging from 5 MHz to 100 MHz. The radar transparent layer extends from the surface to 20 m depth on average, but up to 50 m in some places. Bench Glacier's transparent layer appears similar to the cold surface layer of polythermal glaciers, however, observations in over 50 boreholes on Bench Glacier suggest there is no cold ice corresponding to the radar transparent layer. We conclude that spatially extensive radar‐transparent layers normally used to identify cold ice in polythermal glaciers are present in some temperate glaciers. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
4.
By using the teleseismic receiver function method, this paper analyzes the crustal thickness and v_P/v_S ratios beneath the 4 National seismic stations (KMI, TNC, CD2 and PZH) in the Sichuan-Yunnan area. This study gives the variance of Moho depths and velocity ratios of the 4 stations in different directions. The results show that the Moho depth beneath the Kunming station is around 50km, and the velocity ratio varies between 1.62 and 1.69. The thickness of crust and the velocity ratio do not change much with the direction. The crust beneath Tengchong station shows clear directivity, being 40.7km thick in the northeast and 49.7km thick in the southeast. The difference of the v_P/v_S values is remarkable between the two directions, reaching 0.2. The Chengdu station also has shallow Moho, about 40km, but is 8km deeper in the northeast and southwest and the velocity ratio has a change of 0.13 between the two directions. The crust beneath the Panzhihua station is stable. In all directions, the Moho depth is around 60km and the v_P/v_S ratio doesn't change significantly. 相似文献
5.
对比分析喀什基准台麦盖提井下和相邻地表宽频带地震计记录的背景噪声、麦盖提ML3.1近震和棉兰老岛ML6.6远震波形记录以及功率谱,并进一步研究了相关的震级差和台站下方结构。研究结果表明,井下和地表地震计记录到的波形特征和功率谱既存在相似性,又具有差异性;井下地震计记录的近、远震波形更清晰、简洁,且功率谱也相对较低。麦盖提台站下方地壳厚度约50km,井下地震计下方59m和地表地震计下方47m深度范围内的平均S波速度分别为0.59km/s和0.47km/s。井下地震计得到的近震和远震震级分别比地表地震计得到的震级小0.518和0.025。本文研究结果对合理布设地表和井下地震计,以及利用其观测数据进行地震学研究具有一定的指示意义。 相似文献
6.
The distribution of small fractures and water content of the Fourcade glacier on King George Island, Antarctica, was investigated in November 2006 and December 2007 by two ground-based (470-and 490-m-long profiles) and one helicopter-borne (470-m-long profile) ground-penetrating radar (GPR) surveys using 50-, 100-, and 500-MHz antennas. Radar images in the pre-migrated GPR sections are characterized by a smooth ice surface and irregular bed topography, numerous diffraction hyperbolas in the ice and at the g... 相似文献
7.
The role of GPR techniques in determining ice cave properties: Peña Castil ice cave,Picos de Europa 
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下载免费PDF全文 Manuel Gómez Lende Enrique Serrano Luis Jordá Bordehore Senén Sandoval 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2016,41(15):2177-2190
The structure and ice content of ice caves are poorly understood. Ground penetrating radar (GPR) can provide useful insights but has only rarely been applied to ice caves. This paper interprets GPR images (radargrams) in terms of internal structure, stratification, compaction, thickness and volume of the ice block in the Peña Castil ice cave (Central Massif of Picos de Europa, northern Spain), providing the endokarst geometry of the ice cave in GPR data reflections. Eight radargrams were obtained by applying a shielded ground‐coupled antenna with a nominal frequency of 400 MHz. Although the radargrams do not depict the ice–basal bedrock interface, they suggest that the ice block is at least 54 m deep and similarly thick. Some curved reflection signatures suggest a potential vertical displacement in the block of ice, and thus certain dynamics in the ice body. Other images show numerous interbedded clasts and thin sediment layers imaged as banded reflections. In this particular cave a direct visual inspection of the ice stratigraphy is a difficult task but GPR provides clear reflectivity patterns of some of its internal features, making GPR a suitable instrument for this and future studies to achieve a better and broader understanding of the internal behavior of ice caves. 相似文献
8.
Seismicity in the vicinity of Ross Island, Antarctica 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Earthquakes in the Ross Sea, Antarctica, are of two types: volcanic, and those which appear to be of tectonic origin. Volcanic events in the vicinity of Ross Island are associated exclusively with Mount Erebus, Ross Island; this volcano erupts regularly, generating several earthquakes per day whose characteristics are quite distinct from non-volcanic events. These nonvolcanic earthquakes are recognizable by their distinct P- and S-wave arrivals, and a lack of the high frequency, often monochromatic character typical of Erebus events.One hundred fifty-seven tectonic microearthquakes (M < 2.0) were recorded in 1983 and 1984 by the ten station network on Ross Island; these events were located using the least-squares routine, HYPOELLIPSE. Of these events, 106 have RMS residual traveltime errors of less than or equal to 0.6 seconds; they are clustered in the vicinity of Ross Island, but are not restricted to it. There is a linear trend of epicenters cutting across the island and continuing northward. Most activity seems to center beneath Mount Terra Nova, between Mount Erebus and Mount Terror. Mean depth for events is 8.2 km; however, depths are rather evenly distributed over a range of 0 to 25 km.Modelling based on Bouger gravity anomalies and seismic refraction studies indicates a depth to the Moho of about 40 km beneath the continent, shallowing to 27 km beneath the Ross Sea. This 27 km depth is approximately equal to the lower limit of the tectonic seismicity detected by the Erebus network; hence, events are of crustal origin. These data suggest, with the rift-type geochemistry of Erebus' magma, that the Ross Sea is a site of active crustal extension and rifting. 相似文献
9.
利用三分量远震记录资料,计算获得了江西省13个数字地震台下方的体波接收函数,利用H-kappa叠加方法反演得到这些台站下方的地壳厚度及泊松比。结果表明,研究区域东西向莫霍面起伏平缓,南北向地壳厚度变化稍大,全区域内地壳平均厚度为31 km,最大深度为九江的35 km,最小深度为赣州的28 km。泊松比的分布在研究区内从0.2到0.3之间变化,最大为会昌的0.27,最小为南昌的0.21。赣南各台站泊松比分布明显高于赣北,这可能与该区域地幔组分及地质演化过程有关。 相似文献
10.
Volcanic glass shards from three tephra layers at 788, 1457, 1711 m depth in the 2164-m Byrd Station ice core from the West Antarctic Ice Sheet were analysed by electron microprobe. Glass shards within each tephra layer are homogeneous and have peralkaline trachyte compositions. Mt. Takahe, 450 km north-northwest of the drill site is considered the most likely eruptive source, although Toney Mountain, 460 km to the north is also a possible source. Tephra layers in ice cores from the West Antarctic ice sheet may offer a valuable tool for stratigraphic correlation. 相似文献
11.
The teleseismic receiver functions of 48 stations belonging to the CCDSN are used to invert the crustal structure beneath each station with the neighborhood algorithm. Thin layers with low velocity have been found beneath eight stations with "abnormal" observed receiver functions. Unreasonable results of few stations have been adjusted lightly with the trial-and-error method. The final result indicates that the crust in the western China is relatively thicker than the eastern China. The crust thickness beneath the Tibetan plateau is very large, which reaches 84 km at the station LSA. Double-crust structure exists below the stations LSA and CAD in Tibet, which might imply the collision between the Indian and Eurasian plates. A pronounced low velocity zone in the lower crust beneath the station TNC of Yunnan province might relate to the high temperature or emergence of partially molten material caused by Quaternary volcano, magma and geothermal activities in this area. The Moho is a transitional zone made up of thin layers instead of simple sharp discontinuity beneath several stations. The Conrad discontinuity is clearly identified beneath 20 stations mainly in the southeastern China, whereas it is blurry beneath 14 stations and uncertain beneath remaining stations. 相似文献
12.
Tephra deposition on glaciers and ice sheets on Mars: Influence on ice survival, debris content and flow behavior 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
We examine the consequences of pyroclastic deposits being emplaced onto ice layers on Mars, both those in the polar caps and those forming glaciers on the flanks of some of the large shield volcanoes. We show that layers of pyroclasts greater than a few meters in thickness, whether emplaced cold (as fall deposits) or hot (as pyroclastic density current deposits) act almost exclusively to protect ice layers beneath them from sublimation, irrespective of whether they are emplaced at high or low elevations or high or low latitudes. Layers less than about 2 m thick, on the other hand, can cause significant ice loss by raising the surface temperature due to their low albedo and then transmitting that increased temperature to the underlying ice, especially on a diurnal time scale. This can have a significant bearing on the emplacement history of polar water ice and on the survival time of glacial ice on shield volcano flanks. A key factor in the latter case is the timing of the episodic volcanic activity relative to the cycles of climate change driven by Mars' obliquity and eccentricity variations. 相似文献
13.
Sea ice thickness measurement and its underside morphology analysis using radar penetration in the Arctic Ocean 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
Sea ice, as an important component of the Arctic climate system, has drawn significant sci-entific interest. Sea ice thickness and its morphology have dramatic impacts on ocean-atmos- phere-ice interactions[1—4], which directly affect the exchange proces… 相似文献
14.
15.
The receiver function (RF) technique is a well-established method to investigate the crustal and upper mantle structures based on three-component seismograms of teleseismic events. In the present study, we propose a modified automatic procedure to determine the back azimuth and polarization angles of a teleseismic event based on the RF technique. The method is tested for the recording of 3 permanent and 3 temporary broadband seismic stations located in the vicinity of Poland. Additionally, the analysis of Rayleigh wave polarization is conducted to show that the new procedure is not sensitive to incorrect seismometer orientation. The synthetic modelling of RF by a modified ray-tracing method for 2.5D models beneath each seismic station down to a depth of 60 km is performed to show the effectiveness of the proposed method in the calculation of RF for a complex structure with dipping layers. 相似文献
16.
Robert P. Massé 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1987,125(2-3):205-239
From an analysis of many seismic profiles across the stable continental regions of North America and northern Europe, the crustal and upper mantle velocity structure is determined. Analysis procedures include ray theory calculations and synthetic seismograms computed using reflectivity techniques. TheP wave velocity structure beneath the Canadian Shield is virtually identical to that beneath the Baltic Shield to a depth of at least 800 km. Two major layers with a total thickness of about 42 km characterize the crust of these shield regions. Features of the upper mantle of these region include velocity discontinuities at depths of about 74 km, 330 km, 430 km and 700 km. A 13 km thickP wave low velocity channel beginning at a depth of about 94 km is also present.A number of problems associated with record section interpretation are identified and a generalized approach to seismic profile analysis using many record sections is described. TheS wave velocity structure beneath the Canadian Shield is derived from constrained surface wave data. The thickness of the lithosphere beneath the Canadian and Baltic Shields is determined to be 95–100 km. The continental plate thickness may be the same as the lithospheric thickness, although available data do not exclude the possibility of the continental plate being thicker than the lithosphere. 相似文献
17.
Nicolaj K. Larsen Christian Kronborg Jacob C. Yde Niels Tvis Knudsen 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2010,35(5):561-574
Kuannersuit Glacier, a valley glacier on Disko Island in west Greenland, experienced a major surge from 1995 to 1998 where the glacier advanced 10·5 km and produced a ～65 m thick stacked sequence of debris‐rich basal ice and meteoric glacier ice. The aim of this study is to describe the tectonic evolution of large englacial thrusts and the processes of basal ice formation using a multiproxy approach including structural glaciology, stable isotope composition (δ18O and δD), sedimentology and ground‐penetrating radar. We argue that the major debris layers that can be traced in the terminal zone represent englacial thrusts that were formed early during the surge. Thrust overthrow was at least 200–300 m and this lead to a 30 m thick repetition of basal ice at the ice margin. It is assumed that the englacial thrusting was initiated at the transition between warm ice from the interior and the cold snout. The basal debris‐rich ice was mainly formed after the thrusting phase. Two sub‐facies of stratified basal ice have been identified; a lower massive ice facies (SM) composed of frozen diamict enriched with heavy stable isotopes overlain by laminated ice facies (SL) consisting of millimetre thick lamina of alternating debris‐poor and debris‐rich ice. We interpret the stratified basal ice as a continuum formed mainly by freeze‐on processes and localized regelation. First laminated basal ice is formed and as meltwater is depleted more sediment is entrained and finally the glacier freezes to the base and massive diamict is frozen‐on. The increased ability to entrain sediments may partly be associated with higher basal freezing rates enhanced by loss of frictional heat from cessation of fast flow and conductive cooling through a thin heavily crevassed ice during the final phase of the glacier surge. The dispersed basal ice facies (D) was mainly formed by secondary processes where fine‐grained sediment is mobilized in the vein system of ice. Our results have important implications for understanding the significance of basal ice formation and englacial thrusting beneath fast‐flowing glaciers and it provides new information about the development of landforms during a glacier surge. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
18.
利用中国大陆以及最近与俄罗斯拼接的中亚地区的布格重力和地形数据，采用响应函数和互相关函数技术，结合弹性板挠曲理论，研究了中国大陆及其邻近地区（２５°Ｎ－７０°Ｎ，５０°Ｅ－１４０°Ｅ）的岩石层强度，用现代均衡的观点探讨了研究区的均衡补偿机制．研究结果表明，整个中国大陆及其邻近地区的有效弹性厚度Ｔｅ值为３５ｋｍ．其中，青藏地区Ｔｅ值为８５ｋｍ．西伯利亚西部至乌拉尔Ｔｅ值为７５ｋｍ，天山、塔里木盆地Ｔｅ值为４０ｋｍ，帕米尔高原Ｔｅ值为２５ｋｍ左右，西伯利亚中部、蒙古以及中国东北北部Ｔｅ值为４０ｋｍ，华北Ｔｅ值为２５ｋｍ，华南Ｔｅ值为４０ｋｍ．均衡补偿对于波长大于几千米的地形负荷为局部补偿，对几百公里到１１００ｋｍ的地形负荷为局部补偿和岩石层强度所支持，短波长地形负荷基本上由岩石层强度所支持． 相似文献
19.
J. S. Gilbert M. V. Stasiuk S. J. Lane C. R. Adam M. D. Murphy R. S. J. Sparks J. A. Naranjo 《Bulletin of Volcanology》1996,58(1):67-83
A radar and gravity survey of the ice-filled caldera at Volcán Sollipulli, Chile, indicates that the intra-caldera ice has
a thickness of up to 650 m in its central part and that the caldera harbours a minimum of 6 km3 of ice. Reconnaissance geological observations show that the volcano has erupted compositions ranging from olivine basalt
to dacite and have identified five distinct volcanic units in the caldera walls. Pre- or syn-caldera collapse deposits (the
Sharkfin pyroclastic unit) comprise a sequence which evolved from subglacial to subaerial facies. Post-caldera collapse products,
which crop out along 17 of the 20 km length of the caldera wall, were erupted almost exclusively along the caldera margins
in the presence of a large body of intra-caldera ice. The Alpehué crater, formed by an explosive eruption between 2960 and
2780 a. BP, in the southwest part of the caldera is shown to post date formation of the caldera. Sollipulli lacks voluminous
silicic pyroclastic rocks associated with caldera formation and the collapse structure does not appear to be a consequence
of a large-magnitude explosive eruption. Instead, lateral magma movement at depth resulting in emptying of the magma chamber
may have generated the caldera. The radar and gravity data show that the central part of the caldera floor is flat but, within
a few hundred metres of the caldera walls, the floor has a stepped topography with relatively low-density rock bodies beneath
the ice in this region. This, coupled with the fact that most of the post-caldera eruptions have taken place along the caldera
walls, implies that the caldera has been substantially modified by subglacial marginal eruptions. Sollipulli caldera has evolved
from a collapse to a constructional feature with intra-caldera ice playing a major role. The post-caldera eruptions have resulted
in an increase in height of the walls and concomitant deepening of the caldera with time.
Received: 12 June 1995 / Accepted: 7 December 1995 相似文献
20.
During five austral summers, from 1994/1995 until 1998/1999, the Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI) carried out a large airborne radio echo sounding (RES) survey in Dronning Maud Land (DML), Antarctica. These ice thickness measurements are part of the AWI contribution to the pre-site survey for a deep ice core drill site in DML within the European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica (EPICA). The survey encompasses more than 90,000 km of RES profiles over DML and the adjacent coastal area, covering more than 1 million km2. The lower boundary of the ice sheet could be determined area-wide. Internal horizons occurring in the upper two-thirds of the ice column can also be traced for several hundred kilometers. This work presents the latest maps of the subglacial topography of the investigated area as well as of an internal horizon. 相似文献