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1.
华北岩石圈三维流变结构的一种初步模型 总被引：21，自引：3，他引：21
利用华北地区(105~124°E, 30~42°N)的地震P波速度资料和大地热流资料建立了华北岩石圈的三维波速分布及温度分布. 考虑了摩擦滑动、脆性破裂及蠕变三 种主要的流变机制在岩石圈中的作用. 计算了华北岩石圈流变强度及粘度的三维分布. 结果表明, 岩石圈的流变强度和粘度有着明显的分层特征. 在应变率为 的情况下, 上地壳上部为脆性区, 下部有可能是以蠕变为主的延性区; 中地壳可以是以脆性破裂为主的脆性区, 也可以是上层以脆性破裂为主而大部分是以蠕变为主的延性区; 而下地壳几乎均是以蠕变为主的延性区; 壳下岩石圈上部是以脆性破裂为主或以蠕变为主的高强度区. 同时可以看出, 流变强度在水平方向上有很大的不同, 与大地构造有着明显的联系. 讨论了岩石圈波速结构, 温度分布对流变结构的影响, 并对改进岩石圈流变结构的研究提出了建议. 相似文献
2.
研究了温度和应变率对岩石破裂强度的影响，得到了岩石圈中一些典型岩石破裂强度的新的经验规律.新的经验规律除考虑围压和标本尺度的影响外，还考虑了温度和应变率的影响，并增加了新岩石的结果，所以更能反映岩石圈内岩石破裂的真实状态.通过对鄂尔多斯平均流变结构的计算和对比研究表明：传统的忽略脆性破裂的流变模型过高地估计了流变强度，流变机制的分布也不尽合理.而考虑了脆性破裂机制的流变模型的结果表明脆性区分为两部分，浅部以摩擦滑动机制控制，深部以脆性破裂机制控制.由于新的经验规律考虑的代表性岩石更全面，并考虑了应变率的影响，得到的脆性区的范围进一步增大,流变强度进一步降低. 相似文献
3.
自20世纪60年代以来，大陆岩石圈流变学取得了较大的进展，理论和应用研究不断深入.理论上，人们不仅认识到在构造运动中岩石圈介质是流变体而非简单的刚体性和弹性体；并利用矿物和岩石的实验结果提出了岩石圈流变分层的概念，建立了一维流变模型；进而用流变的观点解释了一些具体构造现象，而且开始了三维流变结构的研究，提出了岩石圈流变结构的横向分块纵向分层的观点.应用上，人们已从把流变强度曲线简单地运用于运动学或动力学模型的阶段，进入了在三维空间中定量研究地球动力学问题的阶段.随着岩石圈流变学研究的深入及大陆岩石圈的复杂性，新的问题也不断涌现. 相似文献
4.
岩石流变参数和变形机制是根据断层摩擦和岩石幂次流动本构关系建立岩石圈强度剖面的基础。近 30年来 ,高温高压实验取得了很大进展 ,获得了大量地壳矿物和岩石流变资料。本文系统总结了这些流变实验资料 ,并应用流变数据结合地震震源深度分布 ,对华北地壳流变性质进行了研究。结果表明 ,以花岗岩和低级变质岩为代表的上地壳为脆性破裂 ,其强度受断层摩擦约束 ,以长英质片麻岩为主的中地壳和以中性麻粒岩为主的下地壳上层处于塑性流变状态 ,由干的基性麻粒岩组成的下地壳下层处于脆性向塑性流变的过渡状态。华北地壳的这种物质组成和流变为地壳不同层次的解耦和强震孕育提供了力学条件 ,也构成了不同尺度块体的底边界 相似文献
5.
塔里木北缘岩石圈热-流变结构及其地球动力学意义 总被引：17，自引：3，他引：17
结合塔里木北缘的库车坳陷和塔北隆起这两个构造单元的地温资料和岩石热物性参数, 利用一维热传导方程, 给出了塔里木北缘地区岩石圈的热结构. 塔里木北缘地区平均地表热流为45 mW/m2左右, 地幔热流约为20~24 mW/m2, 莫霍面温度为514~603℃, 热岩石圈厚度138~182 km. 在此基础上, 根据该区地震测深剖面揭示的P波速度结构和岩石学, 结合流变学模拟进一步确定了该区的岩石圈强度及其分布特征. 研究结果表明, 岩石圈的流变分层现象明显, 整个上地壳和下地壳部分以脆性性质为主, 下地壳底部才显韧性性质, 壳下岩石圈地幔也表现为脆性性质, 具有典型的“三明治”结构. 此外, 岩石圈强度也具有横向变化的特征, 隆起区强度大于坳陷区强度; 从南往北, 强度依次降低, 塔北隆起南部强度最大, 库车坳陷强度最小. 塔里木北缘地区岩石圈拉张背景下强度为4.77×1012 ~ 5.03×1013 N/m, 挤压背景下为6.5×1012 ~ 9.40×1013 N/m, 其脆-韧性转换深度在20 ~ 33 km之间. 塔里木北缘的岩石圈较冷且强度较大, 岩石圈表现为刚性并以整体变形为主. 该区地震活动性研究也表明了这一整体变形的地球动力学特征. 相似文献
6.
依据地震波速得到的上地幔温度和气象台站记录的地表温度为约束,结合地表热流和热导率观测数据,利用有限元方法计算了中国大陆及邻区岩石圈三维热结构.基于此温度结果和GPS观测得到的应变率数据,以滑动摩擦、脆性破裂和蠕变三种强度机制为约束,计算得到了中国大陆及邻区岩石圈三维流变结构.结果显示:弱强度和低等效黏滞性系数的下地壳在中国大陆及邻区普遍存在,并且下地壳的流变强度和等效黏滞性系数比上地壳和岩石圈地幔一般要低1~2个数量级;中国大陆范围内青藏高原存在着厚度最大、强度最低的下地壳;青藏高原的岩石圈强度和等效黏滞性系数比华北、华南和印度板块的都要低;岩石圈流变结构的横向分布特征与重力梯度带和地形过渡带比较一致. 相似文献
7.
岩石圈流变学的目标是研究岩石圈物质的变形、流动及其机制。７０年代以来高温高压岩石力学实验和地热研究的丰硕成果,推动了该分支学科的进展。Ｒａｎａｌｉ等（１９８７）建立了７种岩石圈流变学剖面,并论述了岩石圈的流变学分层特性。此后,一些学者对不同地区的岩石圈做了研究,获得了类似的结果,建立了岩石圈流变学分层理论。运用这一理论,能解释地球科学许多分支学科所研究的不同尺度的构造现象。因为岩石圈的结构分层和流变性质,控制了大陆构造的形成演化,尤其是大陆构造变形。最新研究表明,一系列深成构造作用,如下地壳韧性剪切、造山带演化晚期或造山期后重力塌陷和莫霍面松驰等,与下地壳软化和塑性流动密切相关,而中上地壳（或汇聚带上地幔最上部）脆性域控制了地震震源的分布 相似文献
8.
地质和地球物理资料表明在上、中、下地壳内各有力学上的软弱带(σ_1-σ_3<10MPa),这从实验测定的岩石稳态流动性质得到证实。软弱带出现的深度主要取决于岩石类型和大地构造区,估计在10～15km、20～28km、25～40km范围。此外,地壳中广泛分布的延性、半脆性断层带也说明轶弱带可以出现在地壳10km以下的任何地方。目前虽然还没有下地壳代表性岩石的实验资料,但是力学性质相近的岩石实验结果支持这种假设,即莫霍面是力学上的不连续面,其下部是强度更高的橄榄岩。这种不连续性程度与温度和应变速率有很大关系。 相似文献
9.
脆塑性转化带对于研究岩石圈变形、断层强度和变形机制以及强震的孕育和发生具有重要意义。文中采用汶川地震震源区彭灌杂岩中具有代表性的细粒花岗岩样品,在固体压力介质三轴实验系统上开展了高温高压非稳态流变实验研究。实验设计模拟了汶川地震区地壳10~30km深度的实际温度和压力,温度为190~490℃,压力为250~750MPa,应变速率为5×10-4s-1,利用扫描电镜对实验样品进行微观结构观察。实验力学数据、微观结构及变形机制分析表明,在相当于地壳浅部10~15km深处的低温低压条件下,表现为应变强化,样品具有脆性破裂-半脆性流动的变形特征;在相当于地壳15~20km的深度条件下,随着应变量增加,应力趋于稳态,样品具有脆塑性转化特征;在相当于地壳20~30km的深度条件下,样品具有塑性流动特征。当样品处于半脆性域时发生非稳态流变,主要变形机制为碎裂作用,同时激活了动态重结晶作用、位错蠕变等塑性变形机制。样品强度随着深度不断增大,在深度为15~20km时达到极大值,深度为20~30km时强度逐渐减小。因此,花岗岩的强度随深度的变化规律与微观结构及变形机制均表明,在实验温度和压力条件下,花岗岩具有非稳态流变特征,在15~20km深处,龙门山断裂带处于脆塑性转化带,花岗岩强度达到最大值,该深度与汶川地震的成核深度一致,显示出彭灌杂岩的强度和变形对汶川地震的孕育和发生具有控制作用。 相似文献
10.
对目前存在的3种应变率约束条件（常应变率,常构造力,与应变率有关的构造力约束）进行了讨论,它们都不能真实地反映岩石圈内的应变率分布及实际观测.基于近几年GPS测量的研究结果,提出利用GPS实测应变率对岩石圈流变结构进行约束的新方法.对华北地区实际流变剖面的计算结果表明,本文方法克服了上述三种约束条件的不足,利用它所确定的岩石圈流变结构更为合理,在流变性质上较好地反映了与大地构造的对应关系,而且一定程度上反映岩石圈内各种状态参量及物质参量对流变结构的影响.同时还讨论了这种约束存在的问题. 相似文献
11.
—The Tien-Shan orogene is a region in which the earth’s crust undergoes considerable thickening and tangential compression. Under these conditions the lithosphere heterogeneities (composi tion, rheological) create the prerequisites for the development of various phenomena of tectonic layering (lateral shearing, different deformation of layers). To study the distribution of velocity, density and other elastic parameters, the results from a seismic tomography study on P-wave as well as S-wave velocities were used. Using empirical as well as theoretical formulas on the relationship between velocity, density and silica content in rocks, their distribution in the Tien-Shan’s lithosphere has been calculated. In addition, other elastic parameters, such as Young’s modulus, shear modulus, Poisson’s ratio and coefficient of general compressions have been determined. Zoning of different types of crust was carried out for the region investigated. The characteristics of the "crust-mantle" transition have been investi gated. Large blocks with different types of the earth’s crust were distinguished. Layers with inverse values of velocity, density and shear and Young modulus are revealed in the Tien-Shan lithosphere. All of the above described features open new ways to solve geodynamics problems. 相似文献
12.
According to the experimental studies on the rheology of two important mantle rocks (eclogite and harzburgite), the rheological properties of the deep subducted oceanic lithosphere are investigated by assuming a simplified harzburgite type slab model with moderate thickness of basaltic layer. When the mantle convergence rate is small or the subducting slab has been trapped in the mantle for an enough long time, the strength profile of the slab is characterized by a strong subducting crustal component lying on a weak subducting upper mantle. However, if the convergence rate is large enough, the subducting slab will be featured only by a rigid cold center. Our study suggests that the detachment of the subducting crust component from the underlying upper mantle is only likely to happen in hot slow subducting slabs, but not the cold fast subducting lithosphere. Rheological properties of the harzburgitic and the eclogitic upper mantle vary with depths. The eclogitic upper mantle is stronger than the peridotitic upper mantle across the upper mantle. Transition zone is the high strength and high viscosity layer in the upper mantle except the lithosphere. 相似文献
13.
在华北地台1.4×106km2的范围内系统采集了12193个岩石样,组合成1207件分析样,对放射性产热元素K,Th,U进行了测试,同时由国家一级岩石地球化学标准物质监控分析质量．根据岩石中K,Th,U的含量和地壳各结构层的岩石组成,计算了地壳各壳层放射性产热元素的含量,系统研究了华北地台岩石与各时代地层的平均热产生率及其变化,并建立了华北地台现代大陆岩石圈的热结构和温度分布．应用一维稳志热传导模型,求得了华北地台岩石圈的深度-平均地温分布曲线．地表热流密度分布和岩石圈深度-地温分布曲线研究表明,现今华北地台壳内熔融作用不明显。与世界上其他大的稳定克拉通区相比,华北地台地壳活动性较大,具有准地台的特点． 相似文献
14.
Tong-En Mao Zhan-Po Liu Chang-Fang Xu Hong-Kui Zhang Su-Rong Yu Meng-Jing Lei 《地震学报(英文版)》1998,11(2):189-196
The 1° × 1° distribution map of crust-mantle structural ratio R for the lithosphere along the Longitudinal Seismic Belt of China has been compiled using computer based on the results of
geophysical prospecting by previous researchers, and the latest results by the present authors. Based on this map, an insight
into the structural features of the crust-mantle assemblage along the Longitudinal Seismic Belt has been gained, while their
relation to seismic activity and the distributions of geothermal flux and intracrustal high conductivity-low velocity layers,
as well as their tectonic effect to seismicity have been discussed.
Contribution No. 97A0079, Institute of Geophysics, State Seismological Bureau, China. 相似文献
15.
Deep-seated materials from lithosphere are the ba- sic parameters and the foundation for geodynamic and continental dynamic studies. Division of lithosphere types and their deep-seated materials and structure can provide important evidence in interpreting the com- plex phenomena derived from the processes of forma- tion and evolution of continents, in evaluating the mineral resource potential, in predicting geological disasters and in the research of the continental dy- namic process. Huge lit… 相似文献
16.
Electromagnetic Studies Of The Lithosphere And Asthenosphere 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Graham Heinson 《Surveys in Geophysics》1999,20(3-4):229-255
In geodynamic models of the Earth's interior, the lithosphere and asthenosphere are defined in terms of their rheology. Lithosphere has high viscosity, and can be divided into an elastic region at temperatures below 350 °C and an anelastic region above 650 °C. Beneath the lithosphere lies the ductile asthenosphere, with one- to two-orders of magnitude lower viscosity. Asthenosphere represents the location in the mantle where the melting point (solidus) is most closely approached, and sometimes intersected. Seismic, gravity and isostatic observations provide constraints on lithosphere-asthenosphere structure in terms of shear-rigidity, density and viscosity, which are all rheological properties. In particular, seismic shear- and surface-wave analyses produce estimates of a low-velocity zone (LVZ) asthenosphere at depths comparable to the predicted rheological transitions. Heat flow measurements on the ocean floor also provide a measure of the thermal structure of the lithosphere.Electromagnetic (EM) observations provide complementary information on lithosphere-asthenosphere structure in terms of electrical conductivity. Laboratory studies of mantle minerals show that EM observations are very sensitive to the presence of melt or volatiles. A high conductivity zone (HCZ) in the upper mantle therefore represents an electrical asthenosphere (containing melt and/or volatile) that may be distinct from a rheological asthenosphere and the LVZ. Additionally, the vector propagation of EM fields in the Earth provides information on anisotropic conduction in the lithosphere and asthenosphere. In the last decade, numerous EM studies have focussed on the delineation of an HCZ in the upper mantle, and the determination of melt/volatile fractions and the dynamics of the lithosphere-asthenosphere. Such HCZs have been imaged under a variety of tectonic zones, including mid-ocean ridges and continental rifts, but Archaean shields show little evidence of an HCZ, implying that the geotherm is always below the mantle solidus. Anisotropy in the conductivity of oceanic and continental lithosphere has also been detected, but it is not clear if the HCZ is also anisotropic. Although much progress has been made, these results have raised new and interesting questions of asthenosphere melt/volatiles porosity and permeability, and lithosphere-upper mantle heterogeneity. It is likely that in the next decade EM will continue to make a significant contribution to our understanding of plate tectonic processes. 相似文献
17.
We considered the seismic regime in the upper 70–100 km of the lithosphere and identified the layers (at depths of about 10,
20–30, and 60–80 km) characterized by relatively reduced effective strength and increased seismicity. The existence of such
layers is related to changes in the regime of fluid-rock interaction, namely, to the characteristic depths of a jump-like
decrease in the effective permeability of rocks and an increase in the spatial homogeneity of a fluid-rock system. 相似文献
18.
On the Causes of Electrical Conductivity Anomalies in Tectonically Stable Lithosphere 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Kate Selway 《Surveys in Geophysics》2014,35(1):219-257
Magnetotelluric (MT) data can image the electrical resistivity of the entire lithospheric column and are therefore one of the most important data sources for understanding the structure, composition and evolution of the lithosphere. However, interpretations of MT data from stable lithosphere are often ambiguous. Recent results from mineral physics studies show that, from the mid-crust to the base of the lithosphere, temperature and the hydrogen content of nominally anhydrous minerals are the two most important controls on electrical conductivity. Graphite films on mineral grain boundaries also enhance conductivity but are stable only to the uppermost mantle. The thermal profile of most stable lithosphere can be well constrained, so the two important unknowns that can affect the conductivity of a lithospheric section are hydrogen content and graphite films. The presence of both of these factors is controlled by the geological history of the lithosphere. Hydrogen in nominally anhydrous minerals behaves as an incompatible element and is preferentially removed during melting or high-temperature tectonothermal events. Grain-boundary graphite films are only stable to ~900 °C so they are also destroyed by high-temperature events. Conversely, tectonic events that enrich the lithosphere in incompatible elements, such as interaction with fluids from a subducting slab or a plume, can introduce both hydrogen and carbon into the lithosphere and therefore increase its electrical conductivity. Case studies of MT results from central Australia and the Slave Craton in Canada suggest that electrical conductivity can act as a proxy for the level of enrichment in incompatible elements of the lithosphere. 相似文献
19.
Toivo Korja 《Surveys in Geophysics》2007,28(2-3):239-272
I review recent investigations on the electrical conductivity of the lithosphere and asthenosphere in Europe. The principal
method in the reviewed studies is the magnetotelluric method, but in many cases other electromagnetic methods (e.g., magnetovariational
profilings and geomagnetic depth soundings) have provided additional information on subsurface conductivity or have been the
primary method. The review shows that the magnetotelluric method has been used, and is being used, in all kinds of environments
and for many different processes shaping the crust and lithosphere. The crust is very heterogeneous, both with respect to
the scale of conductive/resistive features and interpretations: research targets vary from Archaean palaeostructures to ongoing
processes. The European database of the depth to the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary (LAB) in Europe is updated, and a
new map showing lateral variations of the depth of LAB is provided. The compilation shows that (1) the Phanerozoic European
lithosphere, with considerable variations (45–150 km), is much thinner than the Precambrian European lithosphere, (2) the
Trans-European Suture Zone is a major electrical border in Europe separating electrically (as well as geophysically and geologically
in general) two quite different settings, (3) the thinnest lithosphere is found under the extensional Pannonian Basin (45–90 km),
(4) in most of the East European Craton there are no indications of a high conductivity zone in upper mantle. In many regions
there is no information at all on upper mantle conductivity, which calls for pan-European projects to operate arrays of simultaneously
recording instruments with long recording periods (2–8 months) and dense spatial sampling (20–50 km). 相似文献