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1.
城市景观湖泊对温室气体的收支发挥着重要作用。本文以南京市莫愁湖为研究对象,采用静态箱-温室气体分析仪法实时监测湖泊水-气界面CH4通量,分析湖泊主要温室气体CH4在日尺度和季节尺度上因冒泡和扩散排放方式不同对其通量的影响,探究影响湖泊CH4通量的因素。结果表明:(1)在日尺度上,四季24 h内CH4均呈排放状态,受白天冒泡影响,四季CH4总通量均存在白天高于夜间的日变化特征。(2)在季节尺度上,莫愁湖CH4排放通量呈现显著的时空异质性,受冒泡通量的影响夏季CH4通量明显高于春、秋、冬三季;B区的CH4总通量(6.04 nmol/(m2·s))显著高于A区(3.82 nmol/(m2·s)),水体的营养化程度和离岸距离是空间变化的主要影响因素。A、B两区CH4排放夏季以冒泡排放为主,春、秋、冬以扩散排放为主。(3)在日尺度上,CH4通量受气温、水温、辐射和风速等气象要素影响,与水质参数间的关系不显著;在季节尺度上,CH4通量与温度(气温、水温)、水体营养盐水平、叶绿素a浓度及富营养化程度的时间变化相一致,也随着水体透明度、pH和氧化还原电位的减小而呈增加的趋势。本研究为准确估算城市湖泊CH4排放量提供重要的数据基础。 相似文献
2.
模型估算法是水-气界面甲烷（CH4）通量监测的主要方法.本研究选择6种不同的参数化模型方法估算了2015年6、8和10月两个亚热带河口养殖塘水-气界面CH4传输速率（kx）及其扩散通量,探讨了河口养殖塘kx及CH4扩散通量的变化特征和影响因子.结果表明：研究期间,不同模型估算下的kx及其扩散通量均值在闽江河口养殖塘变化范围分别为1.60±0.75~6.29±1.30 cm/h和9.19±2.67~30.64±6.28 μmol/（m2·h）,在九龙江河口养殖塘的变化范围分别为0.89±0.19~6.07±0.61 cm/h和3.18±0.48~21.03±2.13 μmol/（m2·h）;kx及其扩散通量在两个河口区均呈现随时间推移而升高的特征;整个养殖期间,养殖塘水-气界面平均CH4传输速率kx呈现闽江河口略高于九龙江河口（P>0.05）,但水-气界面平均CH4扩散通量呈现闽江河口显著高于九龙江河口的特征（P<0.05）;风速、水体溶解CH4浓度和盐度是调控河口区养殖塘水-气界面CH4扩散通量变化的重要因子;不同模型估算出的河口养殖塘水-气界面CH4传输速率kx存在差异,表明模型估算法获得的水-气界面CH4扩散通量存在一定的不确定性. 相似文献
3.
在巢湖西北半湖近岸带设置大型围隔研究秋季连续打捞蓝藻对湖泊温室气体通量的影响,应用YL-1000型大型仿生式水面蓝藻清除设备进行原位打捞蓝藻,通过便携式温室气体分析仪-静态箱法对大型围隔内水-气界面CH4、CO2通量特征及其影响因素进行观测.结果表明：对比未打捞区,蓝藻连续打捞下打捞区水体中叶绿素a（Chl.a）、悬浮物（SS）浓度不断下降,两者削减率分别为72%、85%,Chl.a、SS浓度分别下降到29.6±2.5 μg/L、12.5±1.2 mg/L,打捞对围隔内颗粒态物质去除效果十分明显;打捞过程中水体溶解性有机物（DOM）中微生物代谢类腐殖质（C1）、类蛋白（C3）显著下降趋势,打捞区C1、C3组分（0.18±0.02、0.06±0.01 RU）强度明显低于未打捞区（0.26±0.05、0.12±0.03 RU）,打捞能有效控制藻源性溶解性有机质释放.同时,打捞区水-气界面CH4通量呈显著下降趋势,未打捞区CH4通量平均值（17.473±1.514 nmol/（m2·s））为打捞区（7.004±4.163 nmol/（m2·s））近2倍,CH4通量与Chl.a、C1、C3组分均呈显著正相关,水体中藻源性溶解态有机质对CH4通量具有促进作用;打捞区CO2释放通量呈显著上升趋势,打捞区CO2吸收通量（-0.200±0.069 μmol/（m2·s））明显低于未打捞区（-0.344±0.017 μmol/（m2·s））,CO2通量与Chl.a、温度均呈显著负相关.秋季打捞对CH4、CO2综合日平均通量减排量值为0.275±0.076 mol/（m2·d）（以CO2当量计）.研究结果揭示了巢湖秋季连续打捞蓝藻过程对水-气界面温室气体具有显著减排作用,且能在一定程度上减缓蓝藻水华与湖泊富营养化、气候变暖之间的恶性循环,为湖泊碳循环和蓝藻水华灾害防控提供科学数据支撑和理论参考. 相似文献
4.
三峡水库澎溪河消落区土-气界面CO2和CH4通量初探 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
水库近岸湿地(消落区)温室气体(CO2、CH4)产汇是水库温室气体效应问题的重要组成部分.本文以三峡水库支流澎溪河的白家溪、养鹿两处大面积消落区为研究对象,于2010年6 9月水库低水位运行期间,对近岸消落区土-气界面CO2、CH4通量进行监测.白家溪消落区土-气界面CO2通量均值为12.38±2.42 mmol/(m2·h);CH4通量均值为0.0112±0.0064 mmol/(m2·h).养鹿消落区CO2、CH4通量均值分别为10.54±5.17、0.14±0.16 mmol/(m2·h).总体上,6 9月土-气界面CO2通量呈增加趋势,而CH4通量水平呈现显著的递减趋势.消落区土地出露后植被恢复,在一定程度上促进了土壤有机质含量的增加,使得6 9月CO2释放通量的总体趋势有所增加.消落区退耕后,其甲烷氧化菌的活性得到恢复,加之在土地出露曝晒过程中土壤透气性增强,使得消落区土壤对大气中CH4吸收氧化潜势增强.尽管如此,仍需进一步的研究以明晰消落区土-气界面CO2、CH4产汇的主要影响因素. 相似文献
5.
三峡水库澎溪河水-气界面CO2、CH4扩散通量昼夜动态初探 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4
三峡水库温室气体效应近年来备受关注.为揭示三峡水库典型支流澎溪河水-气界面CO2和CH4通量的昼夜动态规律,明晰短时间尺度下该水域温室气体释放的影响因素,在2010年6月至2011年5月的一个完整水文周年内,选择4个具有代表性的时段(2010年8、11月和2011年2、5月)对澎溪河高阳平湖水域开展昼夜跟踪观测.结果表明:2010年8、11月和2011年2、5月4次采样的CO2日总通量值分别为-8.34、73.94、28.13和-20.12 mmol/(m2·d),相应的CH4日总通量值分别为2.22、0.11、0.32和7.16 mmol/(m2·d),不同时期昼夜变化明显.研究水域CO2和CH4通量过程不具同步性:CO2昼夜通量变化可能更显著地受到水柱光合/呼吸过程的影响,但瞬时气象过程(水汽温差、瞬时风速等)在高水位时期亦可对CO2通量产生显著影响;CH4昼夜通量变化与水温条件改变更为密切. 相似文献
6.
湖库淡水水域对温室气体排放的贡献不容小觑,然而观测时间的代表性不足以及缺乏对降雨因素的考虑制约了碳排放的准确估计.本研究以湖北宜昌境内官庄水库为例,选取强降雨多发的夏季时段,针对水气界面温室气体通量、水体表层和垂向剖面气体溶存浓度及环境因子开展了为期1周的原位高频观测,以探讨夏季降雨事件对水库温室气体通量变化的影响.结果表明,观测期内官庄水库水气界面CH4通量变化范围为0.007~0.077 mg/（m2·h）,CO2通量范围为5.48~57.57 mg/（m2·h）,白天和夜晚均表现为大气的碳源.小雨、中雨乃至暴雨天气条件下,CH4和CO2日均通量均较低,日通量倾向于受风速和温度调控.CH4和CO2通量变化趋势较为一致,观测期内日间排放量高于夜间排放量出现的次数更多,昼夜差异对降雨天气状况无明显响应,风速是CH4和CO2通量昼夜变化的主导因素.暴雨过程中,CH4-k600和CO2-k600与水气温差存在显著正相关,但水体垂向混合过程十分短暂.在平均雨强为3.8 mm/h的暴雨第I阶段,CH4-k600对风速和降雨的响应明显,而在雨强更大（8.5 mm/h）的第II阶段,CH4-k600与风速、降雨均未表现出相关性,通量箱在强降雨条件下的适用性可能存在雨强阈值. 相似文献
7.
内陆水域二氧化碳(CO2)排放是全球碳平衡的重要组成部分,全球CO2排放通量估算通常有很大不确定性,一方面源于CO2排放数据观测的时空离散性,另一方面也是缺少水文情景与CO2排放通量关联性的研究.本文观测了2018年洪泽湖不同水文情景表层水体CO2排放通量特征,并探讨其影响因素.结果表明,洪泽湖CO2排放通量为丰水期((106.9±73.4) mmol/(m2·d))>枯水期((18.7±13.6) mmol/(m2·d))>平水期((5.2±15.5) mmol/(m2·d)),且碳通量由丰(310.2~32.0 mmol/(m2·d))、枯(50.8~2.2 mmol/(m2·d))、平(-17.3~39.8 mmol/(m2·d))3种水文情景的交替表现出湖泊碳源到弱碳汇的转变,空间上CO2排放通量总体呈现北部成子湖区低、南部过水湖区高的分布趋势.洪泽湖CO2排放对水文情景响应敏感,特别是上游淮河流域来水量的改变,是主导该湖CO2排放时空分异的重要因子.丰水期湖泊接纳了淮河更多有机和无机碳的输入,外源碳基质的降解和矿化显著促进了水体CO2的生产与排放,同时氮、磷等营养物质的大量输入,加剧了水体营养化程度,进一步提高CO2排放量,间接反映出人类活动对洪泽湖CO2变化的深刻影响.平、枯水期随着上游淮河来水量的减少,驱动水体CO2排放的因素逐渐由外源输入转变为水体有机质的呼吸降解.此外,上游河口区DOM中陆源类腐殖质的累积与矿化能够促进CO2的排放,而内源有机质组分似乎并没有直接参与CO2的排放过程.研究结果揭示了水文情景交替对湖库CO2排放的重要影响,同时有必要进行高频观测以进一步明晰湖泊的碳通量变化及其控制因素. 相似文献
8.
为探究筑坝后不同水库物理、化学、生物过程对水化学和碳循环的影响,本研究对贵州三岔河流域的平寨水库、普定水库以及猫跳河流域的红枫湖水库进行研究,于2018年3月2019年1月分别在入库河流和库区采集了分层水样和沉降颗粒物,并探究水中主要离子及颗粒物通量的时空变化特征及其控制因素.结果表明,水体主要离子的主要来源受碳酸盐溶解影响,并且离子浓度受光合作用控制.红枫湖水库水体水化学类型为Ca-Mg-HCO3-SO4型,普定水库、平寨水库水化学类型均为Ca-HCO3-SO4.夏季藻类光合作用诱导碳酸盐沉淀导致水体表层Ca2+、HCO3-及溶解态Si浓度降低,其降低幅度分别为20.87%~44.25%、33.12%~51.18%、48.55%~96.34%.此外,藻类光合作用也影响C、N、Si等生源要素间的化学计量关系.Mg2+/Ca2+比值在水体垂向剖面上主要受碳酸钙沉淀的控制,而在不同水库之间则主要受流域岩性的控制.根据沉积物捕获器通量计算的平寨水库、普定水库、红枫湖水库夏季颗粒无机碳沉积通量分别为0.74、1.36、0.27 t/（km2·d）,而根据水体Ca2+浓度降低计算的通量分别为0.31~0.64、0.35~0.99、0.09~0.29 t/（km2·d）,根据水体HCO3-浓度降低计算的通量分别为0.30~0.65、0.29~1.26、0.12~0.33 t/（km2·d）.其红枫湖水库无机碳沉降通量的实测值与计算值接近,而平寨、普定水库实际沉降通量高于计算值,这可能是有外源输入导致.因此,利用水化学分层数据能对喀斯特水库中的无机碳沉降通量进行合理估算,并且能够得到较好的估算结果,从而指示碳循环的过程. 相似文献
9.
蓝藻水华暴发形成的大量有机碎屑,沉降到沉积物表面,影响沉积物有机质矿化,进而影响碳氮磷循环.本实验选择于桥水库湖心区作为沉积物采样点,通过设置不同密度藻屑添加组（×1倍组和×20倍组）及空白对照组,研究藻屑堆积对沉积物矿化特征的影响及其环境效应,为蓝藻水华影响下的饮用水环境修复和科学管理提供一定的理论依据.结果表明：（1）藻屑添加降低了上覆水pH值,改变了沉积物生物酶活性.藻屑添加密度越大,上覆水pH值越低、波动越大,反映了培养过程异养微生物活性的变化.×1倍组的转化酶活性较高;×20倍组蛋白酶活性和碱性磷酸酶活性较高.（2）藻屑添加对沉积物的矿化途径和沉积物产物的释放速率产生了显著影响.藻屑添加密度越大,有机质矿化速率越大.其中,×1倍组主要增强好氧矿化,释放CO2;×20倍组主要增强厌氧产甲烷矿化,释放CH4.（3）不同密度的藻屑添加组,其氮磷扩散、释放通量存在明显差别.×1倍组以沉积物吸附为主,其上覆水NH4+和PO43-平均释放速率与对照组差异较小;×20倍组的NH4+在第0~10天以沉积物吸附为主,之后和PO43-均以向上覆水中释放为主,其NH4+和PO43-平均释放速率（分别为0.223）和0.075 mg/（L·d））明显大于其他实验组.因此,大量蓝藻堆积明显促进沉积物的碳氮磷矿化,释放大量CO2、CH4和氮磷营养盐至上覆水中,对湖泊水环境造成污染,为蓝藻的生长繁殖作贡献. 相似文献
10.
为揭示冰封期氨氮（NH4+-N）在沉积物-水界面的迁移机制及内源性营养盐对全湖污染的贡献,于2018年2月初在乌梁素海湖区7个采样点采集了上覆水体与沉积物样品,得到了冰封期上覆水体与沉积物间隙水中的NH4+-N浓度,估算了沉积物-水界面NH4+-N的扩散通量.结果显示,上覆水体中NH4+-N浓度变化范围为0.55~1.60 mg/L,平均值为1.05 mg/L,0~5 cm表层沉积物间隙水中NH4+-N浓度是上覆水体中的10倍以上,其变化范围为6.64~18.63 mg/L,平均值为11.92 mg/L.估算沉积物间隙水NH4+-N向上覆水体的扩散通量为1.282~4.269 mg/（m2·d）,表明在湖水冻结过程中,底泥沉积物接纳了大量的可溶性污染物成为内源污染源,会在冰封稳定期、融冰期和融冰后的一段时间内成为湖水的主要污染源. 相似文献
11.
Edoardo Daly A. Christopher Oishi Amilcare Porporato Gabriel G. Katul 《Advances in water resources》2008
Near-surface soil CO2 gas-phase concentration (C) and concomitant incident rainfall (Pi) and through-fall (Pt) depths were collected at different locations in a temperate pine forest every 30 min during the 2005 and 2006 growing seasons (and then averaged to the daily timescale). At the daily scale, C temporal variations were well described by a sequence of monotonically decreasing functions interrupted by large positive jumps induced by rainfall events. A stochastic model was developed to link rainfall statistics responsible for these jumps to near-surface C dynamics. The model accounted for the effect of daily rainfall variability, both in terms of timing and amount of water, and permitted an analytical derivation of the C probability density function (pdf) using the parameters of the rainfall pdf. Given the observed positive correlation between daily C and soil CO2 fluxes to the atmosphere (Fs), the effects of various rainfall regimes on the statistics of Fs can be deduced from the behavior of C under different climatic conditions. The predictions from this analytical model are consistent with flux measurements reported in manipulative experiments that varied rainfall amount and frequency. 相似文献
12.
Turhan Dogan Toshiya Mori Fumiaki Tsunomori Kenji Notsu 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2007,164(12):2449-2463
Soil H2 and CO2 surveys were carried out along seven active faults and around the aftershock region of the 2000 Tottori-ken Seibu earthquake
in Japan. Diffuse CO2 effluxes were also measured along one fault and around the 2000 aftershock region. The results show highly variable H2 concentration in space and time and it seems that the maximum H2 concentration at each active fault correlates with fault activity as exemplified by the time of the latest big earthquakes.
Even though observed H2 concentrations in four faults were markedly lower than those collected previously in the latter half of the 1970s, it is
evident that the higher H2 concentrations in this study are due to the addition of the fault gases. Comparing the chemical composition of trapped gases
(H2: 5–20% and CO2/H2: 0.5–12) in fractured rocks of drill cores bored at the Nojima fault, a soil gas sample with the highest H2 concentration showed large amounts of the trapped fault gas, diluted with atmospheric component. The profile experiment across
a fracture zone at the Yamasaki fault showed higher H2 concentrations and lower CO2/H2 ratios as was observed in soil gas from the fracture zone. A few days after the 2000 Tottori-kei Seibu earthquake, no CO2 effluxes related to the occurrence of earthquakes were observed at the aftershock region. However, only above the epicenter
zone, relatively high H2 concentrations in soil gases were observed. 相似文献
13.
M. Kusakabe G. Z. Tanyileke S. A. McCord S. G. Schladow 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》2000,97(1-4)
In situ pH profiles are reported for the first time for Lakes Nyos and Monoun. The pH profiles were converted to CO2 profiles using HCO3− profiles calculated from conductivity data. Recent observations (1993–1996) at Lake Nyos indicates that CO2 still accumulates below 180 m depth at a rate of 125 Mmol year−1. At Lake Monoun, the majority of CO2 is present below a depth of 60 m, only 25 m below the saturation depth. Consequently, a potential danger of gas explosion is high at both lakes, and artificial degassing of the lakes should be performed as soon as possible. A system for industrial degassing of the lakes is proposed. The system, based on the self-sustained gas lift principle, consists of multiple pipes (14 cm in diameter) with different intake depths; 12 pipes for Lake Nyos (four each at 185, 195 and 205 m) and three pipes for Lake Monoun (at 70, 80 and 90 m). The stepped degassing at different depths is intended to keep the maximum stability of the lakes. The proposed degassing operation was simulated using the
code for both lakes. In 5 years, approximately 50% of currently dissolved CO2 in Lake Nyos and 90% in Lake Monoun will be removed. The expected changes in the thermal and chemical structures of the lakes as degassing proceeds will be most easily monitored with a carefully calibrated CTD equipped with a pH sensor. The simulation indicates that the discharged degassed water will sink to a level of neutral buoyancy, i.e. to a maximum of 70 m at Lake Nyos and 35 m at Lake Monoun. There would be no possibility of triggering a gas explosion by this plunge of discharged water because the water present there would have already been replaced by water at lower CO2 concentration, during the degassing from shallower pipes. 相似文献
14.
In this paper, we give a brief introduction to the proposal and development history of the earthquake magnitude concept. Moment magnitude MW is the best physical quantity for measuring earthquakes. Compared with other magnitude scales used traditionally, moment magnitude is not saturated for all earthquakes, regardless of big and small earthquakes, deep and shallow earthquakes, far field and near field seismic data, geodetic and geological data, moment magnitude can be measured, and can be connected with well-known magnitude scales such as surface wave magnitude MS. Moment magnitude is a uniform magnitude scale, which is suitable for statistics with wide magnitude range. Moment magnitude is the preferred magnitude selected by the International Seismological community, and it is preferred by the departments responsible for publishing seismic information to the public.Moment magnitude is a uniform magnitude scale, which is suitable for statistics with wide magnitude range. Moment magnitude is a preferred magnitude for international seismology, it is preferred by the agency responsible for providing information about earthquakes to the public. We provide all formulas used in the calculation of moment magnitude, and the calculation steps in detail. We also analyzed some problems and rules to solve these problems by using different formulas and numerical value calculation steps. 相似文献
15.
以三峡水库香溪河库湾为研究对象,采用原位加密采样(2021年5月)和室内培养方法,结合沉积物特性与水环境因子分析,探讨了香溪河库湾沉积物甲烷(CH4)释放潜力、沉积物-水界面CH4产生和氧化通量空间分布规律及其影响因素。结果表明:三峡水库泄水期间,香溪河库湾沉积物CH4释放潜力的变化范围是6.35-2029.37 mg/(kg·d),沉积物-水界面CH4产生通量和氧化通量的变化范围分别为0.04～0.73、0.03～0.62 mmol/(m2·d);空间上,沉积物CH4释放潜力、沉积物-水界面CH4产生及氧化通量在香溪河库湾和各典型横切面(XX02、XX05和XX06)间表现出空间差异性,主要受水深、TOC和温度的影响。垂向上,CH4产生速率随沉积物深度的增加而减小,表层20 cm沉积物CH4释放潜力占整柱沉积物的70%,可以用于估算库湾沉积物CH4释放潜力。此外,沉积... 相似文献
16.
Expeditions during the summers of 2002 and 2003 implemented continuous monitoring of near-surface (2 m height) atmospheric
CO2 and H2O concentrations at the 4500 m elevation on Muztagata. The resultant data sets reveal a slight decrease of CO2 concentrations (of about 5 μmol·mol-1) and changes in the diurnal variations from the end of June to the middle August. The daily maximum CO2 concentrations occur between 02:30-05:30 AM (local time) and the minimum levels occur between 12:00-15:30 PM. The atmospheric
CO2 concentrations in the summer of 2002 were around 5 μmol·mol-1 lower than those during the same period of 2003, whereas the diurnal amplitude was higher. In contrast, we found that the
daily mean atmospheric H2O content in 2003 was much lower than that in 2002 and there exists a striking negative correlation between CO2 and H2O concentrations. We therefore suggest that the near-surface atmospheric CO2 concentration is affected not only by photosynthesis and respiration, but also by the air H2O content in the glaciated region around Muztagata. 相似文献
17.
Taking Huanglong Ravine and Kangding, Sichuan, and Xiage, Zhongdian, Yunnan, as examples, the authors summarize the hydrogeochemical
and carbon stable isotopic features of the geothermal CO2-water-carbonate rock system and analyze the CO2 sources of the system. It was found that the hydrogeochemical and carbon stable isotopic features of such a system are different
from those of shallow CO2-water-carbonate rock system, which is strongly influenced by biosphere. The former has higher CO2 partial pressure, and is rich in heavy carbon stable isotope. In addition, such a geothermal system is also different from
that developed in igneous rock. The water in the latter system lacks Ca2+, and thus, there are few tufa deposits on ground surface, but it is rich in light carbon stable isotope. Further analysis
shows that CO2 of the geothermal CO2-water-carbonate rock system is a mixture of metamorphic CO2 and magmatic CO2. 相似文献
18.
Anozie Ebigbo Rainer Helmig Alfred B. Cunningham Holger Class Robin Gerlach 《Advances in water resources》2010
The concentration of greenhouse gases – particularly carbon dioxide (CO2) – in the atmosphere has been on the rise in the past decades. One of the methods which have been proposed to help reduce anthropogenic CO2 emissions is the capture of CO2from large, stationary point sources and storage in deep geological formations. The caprock is an impermeable geological layer which prevents the leakage of stored CO2, and its integrity is of utmost importance for storage security. Due to the high pressure build-up during injection, the caprock in the vicinity of the well is particularly at risk of fracturing. Biofilms could be used as biobarriers which help prevent the leakage of CO2 through the caprock in injection well vicinity by blocking leakage pathways. The biofilm could also protect well cement from corrosion by CO2-rich brine. 相似文献
19.
Nirmal Rajkumar A Barnes J Ramesh R Purvaja R Upstill-Goddard RC 《Marine pollution bulletin》2008,56(12):2043-2051
We measured dissolved N(2)O, CH(4), O(2), NH(4)(+), NO(3)(-) and NO(2)(-) on 7 transects along the polluted Adyar River-estuary, SE India and estimated N(2)O and CH(4) emissions using a gas exchange relation and a floating chamber. High NO(2)(-) implied some nitrification of a large anthropogenic NH(4)(+) pool. In the lower catchment CH(4) was maximal (6.3+/-4.3 x 10(4)nM), exceeding the ebullition threshold, whereas strong undersaturation of N(2)O and O(2) implied intense denitrification. Emissions fluxes for the whole Adyar system approximately 2.5 x 10(8) g CH(4)yr(-1) and approximately 2.4 x 10(6)gN(2)O yr(-1) estimated with a gas exchange relation and approximately 2 x 10(9) g CH(4)yr(-1) derived with a floating chamber illustrate the importance of CH(4) ebullition. An equivalent CO(2) flux approximately 1-10 x 10(10)gy r(-1) derived using global warming potentials is equivalent to total Chennai motor vehicle CO(2) emissions in one month. Studies such as this may inform more effective waste management and future compliance with international emissions agreements. 相似文献