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1.
不同水生植物对富营养化水体无机氮吸收动力学特征   总被引:3,自引:2,他引:1  
采用浓度梯度法,研究了鸢尾(Iris louisiana)、狐尾藻(Myriophyllum verticillatum)、茭白(Zizania latifolia)和水芹(Oenanthe clecumbens)对硝态氮(NO3--N)和铵态氮(NH4+-N)吸收动力学特征.结果表明:4种水生植物对水体NO3--N和NH4+-N吸收可用Michaelis-Menten酶动力学方程描述,随溶液NO3--N和NH4+-N浓度增加,植物吸收NO3--N和NH4+-N速率增加,当溶液NO3--N和NH4+-N浓度接近于2.0 mmol/L时,吸收速率增加趋缓;4种水生植物对NO3--N和NH4+-N的Vmax值大小为水芹 >茭白 >鸢尾 >狐尾藻,对NO3--N的Km值大小为水芹 >鸢尾=茭白=狐尾藻,对NH4+-N的Km值大小为水芹 >狐尾藻 >茭白=鸢尾.根据吸收动力学参数(Vmax,Km)判断水芹适宜于净化NO3--N和NH4+-N浓度较高的水体,茭白、鸢尾和狐尾藻适合净化NO3--N和NH4+-N浓度较低水体;4种水生植物对NO3--N、NH4+-N表现出不同的吸收偏好性,鸢尾吸收NO3--N的潜力大于吸收NH4+-N的,但对NH4+-N的亲和力大于NO3--N,表明能在NO3--N浓度较高环境中优先吸收NH4+-N.狐尾藻和水芹对NO3--N和NH4+-N能均衡吸收.茭白对NH4+-N具有较高的吸收潜力与亲和力.  相似文献   

2.
我国快速的城镇化过程造成了河流氮、磷等营养盐的污染和潜在的水体富营养化问题.对城镇流域水体氮、磷污染特征及其演变趋势的识别具有重要意义.本研究选取长三角典型城镇地区宁波市北仑区小浃江流域为研究对象,在流域内根据空间分布、土地利用类型、人类活动强度等情况布设样点,于2017年夏季和冬季采集水样,研究流域水体氮、磷污染的时空分布特征并分析其污染来源和评估其富营养化水平.结果表明:流域内铵态氮(NH4+-N)、;硝态氮(NO3--N)、亚硝态氮(NO2--N)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)和叶绿素a(Chl.a)浓度范围分别为0.63~3.25 mg/L、0.52~3.75 mg/L、0.02~0.22 mg/L、1.61~12.86 mg/L、0.02~0.74 mg/L和0.6~60.57 μg/L.各个采样点氮、磷分布具有较大的空间异质性和季节变化规律.富营养化综合指数EI评估结果显示,整个流域富营养化程度属于贫至中营养级.氮、磷浓度与土地类型面积占比的Spearman相关性统计表明,100 m缓冲区建设用地面积占比与NH4+-N、NO2--N、TN、溶解氧(DO)浓度具有显著相关性,湿地面积占比与DO浓度呈显著正相关.汇水区域内林地面积占比与NH4+-N、NO2--N、TP、PO43--P、COD、Chl.a浓度呈显著负相关,与DO浓度呈显著正相关.相关性分析和冗余分析表明城镇化的面源污染及可能存在的点源污染是小浃江流域氮、磷污染的主要来源.因此,在小浃江流域100 m范围内,控制建设用地的规模和污染排放是减轻流域氮、磷污染的主要途径.在汇水区域内,增加林地植被的面积对减少氮、磷污染具有重要影响.  相似文献   

3.
湖光岩玛珥湖水体中营养盐的时空分布特征及其影响因素   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
湖光岩玛珥湖是世界上最大的玛珥湖,它几乎是封闭的,受外界的干扰小.目前有关玛珥湖的研究主要集中在古气候及生态环境研究方面,而有关玛珥湖营养盐在一年中的生物地球化学循环的研究较少,因此研究湖光岩玛珥湖营养盐的生物地球化学过程具有重要意义.于2015年10月-2016年9月对湖光岩玛珥湖全水柱的营养盐及其他相关参数进行逐月调查,分析营养盐的结构特征、垂直分布特征和时间变化情况,并讨论营养盐时空变化的影响因素.结果表明,湖光岩玛珥湖水中的无机氮(DIN)以铵态氮(NH4+-N)为主(>60%),其次是硝态氧(NO3--N),亚硝态氮(NO2--N)所占比利最低.湖光岩玛珥湖水中的硅酸盐(SiO32--Si)浓度较高,水体浮游植物生长受磷限制.冬季风期间,水体垂直混合较均匀,导致营养盐的垂直分布比较均匀;夏季风期间,水体层化,营养盐浓度在浅层水体较低,在深层水体较高.湖光岩玛珥湖表层水中的NO3--N、NH4+-N和SiO32--Si具有明显的时间变化规律:NO3--N浓度从10月-次年3月升高,从3-9月降低;NH4+-N浓度从10月-次年5月降低;SiO32--Si浓度从11月-次年5月降低,从5-9月持续升高.营养盐浓度的时间变化受有机质的矿化分解、水体的季节性混合、浮游植物的吸收、降雨的输入等多种因素的综合影响.  相似文献   

4.
淀山湖底泥生态疏浚适宜深度判定分析   总被引:3,自引:3,他引:0  
通过室内模拟实验,对淀山湖东部湖区的沉积物进行研究,测定沉积物在不同疏浚深度和疏浚温度下的铵态氮(NH4+-N)、正磷酸盐(NH43--P)和溶解性有机碳(DOC)的释放速率,并对该区域沉积物的理化指标进行检测.结果表明:淀山湖表层沉积物近年来总磷和有机质含量有较大增加.淀山湖东部湖区NH4+-N和DOC存在着释放趋势,NH43--P在夏季会从沉积物中向上覆水中释放,在年内会形成"源"和"汇"的转化.整个淀山湖东部湖区按不同研究区域划分,疏浚深度以10~20 cm最佳,疏浚季节以秋季为佳.通过对淀山湖东部湖区的沉积物在不同疏浚深度和疏浚时间下的污染物释放速率的研究,可以为淀山湖和其它类似湖泊的疏浚工作提供相应的科学依据.  相似文献   

5.
杨柳  刘正文 《湖泊科学》2019,31(2):449-457
浮游植物对氮的吸收与其生长繁殖密切相关,太湖梅梁湾湖区蓝藻水华频频暴发,对该水域浮游植物氮吸收进行研究具有重要意义.本文分别在冬、春、夏、秋4个季节于梅梁湾采样,对水体常规理化指标和浮游植物群落结构进行分析,并利用15N稳定同位素示踪技术研究了浮游植物对铵态氮(NH4+-N)、硝态氮(NO3--N)和尿素态氮(Urea-N)吸收的动力学特征.结果表明,太湖梅梁湾浮游植物群落除了秋季对NH4+-N的吸收不符合米氏方程外,其余均符合.冬季和春季3种形态氮最大吸收速率(Vmax)的大小依次为:NH4+-N > NO3--N > Urea-N,而夏季为:NH4+-N > Urea-N > NO3--N.3种形态氮Vmax的季节变化规律为夏季 > 秋季 > 春季 > 冬季.Vmax在不同季节以及不同形态氮之间的差异性可能与浮游植物群落组成以及水体中NH4+-N浓度不同有关.浮游植物对NH4+-N吸收的KS值在冬、春季高于夏季,对Urea-N吸收的Ks值则在夏、秋季高于冬、春季,而对NO3--N吸收的Ks值则在夏季显著高于其他3个季节.冬季和春季梅梁湾浮游植物群落最容易受到NO3--N限制,而最不容易受到Urea-N的限制;而夏季,则最容易受到NO3--N限制,而最不容易受到NH4+-N的限制,且浮游植物群落对NH4+-N的亲和力最高.与NO3--N相比,秋季浮游植物更容易受到Urea-N的限制.不同季节,容易对浮游植物产生限制作用的氮的形态不同.  相似文献   

6.
盐分是参与湖泊物质循环的重要成分之一,湖泊盐度增加对湖泊生态系统健康造成了严重的威胁.乌梁素海总溶解性固体(TDS)和盐度均处于较高的水平,为揭示盐分在冰-水-沉积物中的分布及迁移规律,冰封期在乌梁素海7个采样点采集冰、冰下水和不同深度沉积物样品,分析样品的TDS、Na+和Cl-浓度,得到各自在冰-水间浓度的比值,即分配系数K,并对水-沉积物界面Na+和Cl-的扩散通量进行估算.结果显示,TDS、Na+和Cl-在冰-水中分配系数K的均值分别为0.02、0.03和0.01,表明在湖水结冰形成冰盖的过程中,随着冰晶的析出,TDS、Na+和Cl-逐渐在水体中浓缩,水体中Na+和Cl-在浓度梯度驱动力作用下,向沉积物间隙水中扩散,估算其扩散通量均值分别为-229和-676 mg/(m2·d).总之,湖水在冻结过程中,由于冰晶的析出,盐分向冰下水体中迁移,使得盐分浓度在冰下水体中浓缩增加,继而向沉积物中迁移,对湖泊水生态环境构成胁迫.  相似文献   

7.
杜先  荀凡  王亚蕊  陈新芳  沈悦  李勇  冯慕华 《湖泊科学》2020,32(6):1671-1682
蓝藻水华暴发形成的大量有机碎屑,沉降到沉积物表面,影响沉积物有机质矿化,进而影响碳氮磷循环.本实验选择于桥水库湖心区作为沉积物采样点,通过设置不同密度藻屑添加组(×1倍组和×20倍组)及空白对照组,研究藻屑堆积对沉积物矿化特征的影响及其环境效应,为蓝藻水华影响下的饮用水环境修复和科学管理提供一定的理论依据.结果表明:(1)藻屑添加降低了上覆水pH值,改变了沉积物生物酶活性.藻屑添加密度越大,上覆水pH值越低、波动越大,反映了培养过程异养微生物活性的变化.×1倍组的转化酶活性较高;×20倍组蛋白酶活性和碱性磷酸酶活性较高.(2)藻屑添加对沉积物的矿化途径和沉积物产物的释放速率产生了显著影响.藻屑添加密度越大,有机质矿化速率越大.其中,×1倍组主要增强好氧矿化,释放CO2;×20倍组主要增强厌氧产甲烷矿化,释放CH4.(3)不同密度的藻屑添加组,其氮磷扩散、释放通量存在明显差别.×1倍组以沉积物吸附为主,其上覆水NH4+和PO43-平均释放速率与对照组差异较小;×20倍组的NH4+在第0~10天以沉积物吸附为主,之后和PO43-均以向上覆水中释放为主,其NH4+和PO43-平均释放速率(分别为0.223)和0.075 mg/(L·d))明显大于其他实验组.因此,大量蓝藻堆积明显促进沉积物的碳氮磷矿化,释放大量CO2、CH4和氮磷营养盐至上覆水中,对湖泊水环境造成污染,为蓝藻的生长繁殖作贡献.  相似文献   

8.
为更好地研究贵州红枫湖的水质变化情况,本文利用贵阳市两湖一库环境保护监测站2009-2018年对红枫湖7个代表性监测点的营养盐、叶绿素a(Chl.a)浓度和水温、气温、透明度、降雨量等水文气象条件逐月监测数据,分析红枫湖10年间水体营养盐和Chl.a浓度以及部分水文气象条件的变化趋势.运用综合营养状态指数(TLI)对红枫湖营养状态进行评价,采用Pearson相关系数法统计分析10年内Chl.a浓度与总磷(TP)、总氮(TN)等水化学组成及水位、气温等水文气象条件的相关性.结果表明,2009-2018年红枫湖水体逐月TN浓度有较大波动(0.56~2.80 mg/L),春、夏季高于秋、冬季;水体逐月TP浓度为0.016~0.103 mg/L,夏季略高于冬季;逐月氨氮(NH3-N)浓度为0.007~0.71 mg/L,春季 > 冬季 > 秋季 > 夏季;水体逐月Chl.a浓度呈季节性波动(0.8~38.9 mg/m3),夏季 > 春季 > 秋季 > 冬季,年内先上升后下降.TP、NH3-N、Chl.a浓度整体呈下降趋势,10年间水质有很大改善.经计算红枫湖在这10年间处于中营养状态至轻度富营养状态,且营养状态指数呈逐年下降趋势,夏季TLI明显高于其他季节.统计分析表明,红枫湖水体Chl.a浓度与高锰酸盐指数、NH3-N、TP浓度均呈显著正相关,与氮磷比呈显著负相关,与水温、pH、降雨量、气温、日照时数呈显著正相关,与透明度、气压呈显著负相关,与水位、湿度、风速无显著相关关系.表明这10年来红枫湖水体Chl.a浓度不仅受营养盐浓度控制,很大程度上还受控于气象和水文条件.  相似文献   

9.
随着外源性硫酸盐(SO42-)的持续性输入,富营养化湖泊水体的SO42-浓度持续升高.野外长期监测结果表明,近几十年太湖水体的SO42-浓度逐渐升高,达到了96 mg/L的水平.此外,富营养化湖泊中蓝藻水华衰亡会产生并释放大量的甲烷(CH4),湖泊水体的SO42-浓度升高是否会对沉积物产CH4过程造成影响仍缺乏相关研究.本实验构建了蓝藻水体沉积物微宇宙系统,通过添加30、60、90、120和150 mg/L五组浓度的硫酸盐,探究不同SO42-浓度下蓝藻衰亡过程中水体的SO42-、还原性硫化物(∑S2-)和CH4的变化规律.结果表明,蓝藻聚积衰亡的第6~9天硫酸盐还原作用最为强烈,此时水体中的SO42-浓度快速下降到最低值,依次为7.65、8.87、21.21、41.14和56.54 mg/L.伴随着硫酸盐还原过程的进行,水柱中∑S2-的浓度不断上升,并达到最高值,依次为4.77、6.98、7.49、7.49和7.43 mg/L.蓝藻聚积衰亡的第10~21天水体中的SO42-浓度维持在较低水平,∑S2-浓度逐渐下降,并趋近于0.培养开始时,CH4增长缓慢,SO42-浓度下降之后,CH4浓度逐渐上升,并在第6~9天迅速上升,培养结束时,CH4的最终浓度随着水体初始SO42-浓度的增加而降低,依次为546.39、207.24、79.61、37.25和5.56 μmol/L,CH4的浓度与初始水体SO42-浓度呈指数型负相关关系.因此,对于精准评估富营养化湖泊的产甲烷过程,需要考虑不断上升的SO42-浓度所带来的影响.  相似文献   

10.
自2007年太湖无锡水危机事件后,太湖流域内各项水污染防治工作进入快车道,近年来浙江省持续开展水环境治理,针对不同污染源进行分类施策、精准治理,整体水环境质量得到了显著改善.本文根据2007-2019年浙江省环太湖水文巡测资料及主要出入太湖河道水质监测成果,全面分析了出入湖河道的水量、水质及污染物通量的时空变化趋势.结果表明,2007-2019年浙江省年均入湖水量为27.39亿m3,年均出湖水量为26.42亿m3,环湖河道进出水量在2007-2014年以出湖为主,2015-2019年以入湖为主,2015-2019年入湖水量增加受该时段地区降水量较丰的影响.2007-2019年浙江省环湖河道CODMn、NH3-N和TP浓度呈明显下降趋势,TN浓度有所下降,除TN仍处于Ⅴ~劣Ⅴ类水外,其余指标已处于Ⅱ~Ⅲ类水标准,当前环湖河道的CODMn和NH3-N指标已达到《太湖流域水环境综合治理总体方案(2013年修编)》提出的目标值,但TN和TP浓度仍存在较大差距.浙江省环湖河道年平均CODMn、NH3-N、TP和TN入湖通量分别为1.12万、0.18万、0.03万和0.90万t,出湖通量分别为1.13万、0.10万、0.03万和0.62万t,环湖河道除CODMn以净出湖通量为主外,其余指标均以净入湖通量为主,存在一定入湖滞留,其中水量是影响入湖通量的关键因子.  相似文献   

11.
The data on geomagnetic reversals are compared with the changes in the organic world and with the lower-mantle plumes. The times of the formation of plumes and the times of their appearance on the Earth’s surface relate to the intervals characterized by the different frequencies of geomagnetic reversals, i.e., there is no interrelation between the formation of plumes and the frequency of the changes in the geomagnetic field polarity. At the same time, a certain synchronism is observed between the frequency of the geomagnetic reversals and the boundaries of the biostratigraphic ages, i.e., the changes in the organic world in the long-period range. A hypothesis is proposed, which explains the change in the sign of the geomagnetic field by the combined effect of the irregular rotation of the internal core relative to the mantle and the changes in the slope angle of the axis of the Earth’s rotation, which, in turn, results in synchronous events on the Earth’s surface: the rates of changes in the organic world.  相似文献   

12.
The nutations of the planets Mars andEarth are investigated and compared. Alarge number of interior structureparameters are involved in the nutationcomputations. The comparison between the observations and the computationsprovides several constraints on these parmeters andtherefore allows a better understanding of the physics of the interior of theplanet. For the Earth, the high precision of the observations of the nutationshas led to a very good determination of interior properties of the planet. ForMars, observations of nutations are not yet available, and we review how theamplitude of the Martian nutations depends on the hypotheses consideredfor its interior. Although Mars is very similar to the Earth, its interior is not well known;for example, we don't knowif its core is liquid or solid. Only if the core is liquid,the Free Core Nutation (FCN) normal mode exists and can alter the nutationswhich are close to the resonance. From the observed geoids, it is known thatboth planets are not in hydrostatic equilibrium. The departure is larger forMars than for the Earth, and consequently, the implication of considering a convective mantle instead of a mantle in hydrostatic equilibrium described byClairaut's equation for the initial equilibrium state of the planet is largeron the Martian nutations than on the Earth nutations. The consequences of theuncertainty in the core dimensions are also examined and shown to be of a veryhigh influence for Mars if the core is liquid, due to the potential changes inthe FCN resonance. The influence of the presence of an inner core, which isknown to exist for the Earth, could be more important for Mars than for theEarth if the inner core is large. Due to the presence of Tharsis on Mars, thetriaxiality of this planet has, additionally, larger effects than on Earth.  相似文献   

13.
陈伯舫 《华南地震》2004,24(4):8-10
综合APIA、HONOLULU、PAMATAI 3个地磁台三分量的11年周期变化的形态后,可定性地提出该变化源于内场。如内源为核幔边界的电涡流,则其中心点应位于3台之间。  相似文献   

14.
The depth to the top of magnetic dykes can be estimated from total field aeromagnetic data using the relation between the depth to magnetic sources and the autocorrelation function of magnetic data. By using synthetic anomalies we show that in the ideal case, depth can be determined to an accuracy of 10% or better, when the anomaly sources are two-dimensional dykes. However, the estimated depths depend on the width of the dykes. The estimated depth is about 0.6 times the actual depth to the top of thin dykes, and around the true depth for thick dykes having width-to-depth ratio around 3. The depth is considerably overestimated for very thick dykes (e.g., contacts, which is a special case of the thick dyke). Thus, the autocorrelation method requires that the width-to-depth ratio of the dyke is estimated independently to correctly estimate the depths. Alternatively, it must be assumed that the width-to-depth ratio for the two-dimensional source body is between 1.5 and 4.  相似文献   

15.
本文分析了现行固体潮地震研究中的历史影响,对比研究了固体潮地震预测研究和固体潮地球动力学研究二者在振动频率、振动源体积、传输距离与介质等方面的地球物理特点与本质区别,强调了固体潮地震预测研究中最根本的工作是建立地震预测的目标和基本概念.  相似文献   

16.
On data of bottom sampling, carried out by means of grab, trawl and underwater photography in August–September of 1993 in the area of the Pechora Sea, quantitative regularities of macrobenthos distribution are described for the ecological monitoring purposes. Maps of -biodiversity and biomass indices, bottom communities and trophic zones, singled out by dominant method, are presented. Assessment of structure changes of the investigated area bottom communities during the last 60–70 years is fulfilled. It is shown that the described communities on the whole are of natural undisturbed character and that the revealed changes are within the natural fluctuations in the abundance of benthic populations or may be interpreted in terms of methodical differences in the data analysis and generalization by different authors.  相似文献   

17.
As is known, the secular deceleration of the Earth's diurnal rotation is explained mainly by the tidal friction in the ocean. Below we consider this mechanism in some detail, taking into account also elastic deformations of the mantle under the action of ocean loading and the interaction between the tide-generating body, ocean tidal wave, liquid outer core, and solid inner core. It is shown that elastic displacements of the core-mantle boundary under the action of ocean loading are of about the same amplitude and phase as the elastic loading displacements of the Earth's outer surface. As a result, side by side with the mechanism of secular deceleration of diurnal rotation of the mantle, there are also (1) the opposite mechanism of secular acceleration of diurnal rotation of the outer liquid core and of the solid inner core and (2) the mechanism of excitation of differential rotation in the liquid core. Taking these effects into account, we compare theoretical and modern observed data on the eastward drift of the solid inner core. It is shown that the best agreement may be obtained if the turbulent viscosity of the liquid core is about 2 × 10 3 Poise  相似文献   

18.
地震激励下处于深水中的桥墩和周围水体的相互作用将对桥梁结构的动力响应产生较大影响。首先对地震作用下水-桥墩的相互作用理论做了概括,给出了动水压力对桥墩的作用效应及各自的适用范围;对主要的三种考虑流固耦合效应的分析方法做了对比,探讨了地震作用下影响水-结构相互作用的主要因素,并对今后的研究提出了建议。  相似文献   

19.
在数据完整率达到95%的基础上,为进一步确保中国大陆构造环境监测网络GNSS基准站观测数据质量,选取2010—2020年全国基准站观测数据,采用TEQC软件进行质量检验,分类整理其中多路径效应计算结果呈典型特征的台站,结合观测环境状态,对多路径效应存在的区域性特征进行分析,发现除接收机天线周围发生遮挡外,硬件更换、台站周围地势差等因素,均对多路径效应产生不同程度的影响,可为建站选址和观测环境监测工作提供参考。  相似文献   

20.
Summary The maintenance of the axisymmetric component of the flow in the atmosphere is investigated by means of a steady-state, quasi-geostrophic formulation of the meteorological equations. It is shown that the meridional variations in the time-averaged axisymmetric variables can be expressed as the sum of three contributions, one being due to the eddy heat transport, another to the eddy momentum transport, and a third to the convective-radiative equilibrium temperature which enters the problem through the specification of a Newtonian form of diabatic heating. The contributions by the large scale eddies are evaluated through the use of observed values for the eddy heat and momentum transports.The contributions from each of the three forcing mechanisms to the temperature and zonal wind fields are invstigated individually and found to be of about equal importance. The sum of the three contributions are also presented for the temperature, the zonal wind, the stream function associated with the mean meridional circulation and the corresponding vertical motion. Although the results fail to reproduce the main observed features of the lower stratosphere, they are found to be in good agreement with observations in the middle latitude troposphere. At any pressure level, for example, the computed mean zonal wind has a jet-like profile and the axis of the jet is found to slope to the south with height, as observed in the atmosphere.Based in part on a thesis submitted by the first author as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree at the University of Michigan. — Publication No. 194 from the Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, The University of Michigan.  相似文献   

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