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1.
The relationship between the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Southern Hemisphere Annular Mode (SAM) is examined, with the goal of understanding how various strong SAM events modulate the ENSO teleconnection to the South Pacific (45°–70°S, 150°–70°W). The focus is on multi-month, multi-event variations during the last 50 years. A significant (p < 0.10) relationship is observed, most marked during the austral summer and in the 1970s and 1990s. In most cases, the significant relationship is brought about by La Niña (El Niño) events occurring with positive (negative) phases of the SAM more often than expected by chance. The South Pacific teleconnection magnitude is found to be strongly dependent on the SAM phase. Only when ENSO events occur with a weak SAM or when a La Niña (El Niño) occurs with a positive (negative) SAM phase are significant South Pacific teleconnections found. This modulation in the South Pacific ENSO teleconnection is directly tied to the interaction of the anomalous ENSO and SAM transient eddy momentum fluxes. During La Niña/SAM+ and El Niño/SAM? combinations, the anomalous transient momentum fluxes in the Pacific act to reinforce the circulation anomalies in the midlatitudes, altering the circulation in such a way to maintain the ENSO teleconnections. In La Niña/SAM? and El Niño/SAM+ cases, the anomalous transient eddies oppose each other in the midlatitudes, overall acting to reduce the magnitude of the high latitude ENSO teleconnection. 相似文献
2.
多普勒天气雷达中气旋算法是为探测直径在1.8～9.2km(1～5nmi)的中气旋而设计的。绝大多数强龙卷都属于发生在中气旋内部的超级单体龙卷,但并不是所有的中气旋都能发展成龙卷。文中引入中气旋核的逾量旋转动能(ERKE)概念,结合中气旋算法和速度产品,分析了龙卷和非龙卷中气旋个例维持期间ERKE值的演变特征,并计算了一些超级单体风暴个例的中气旋初始的ERKE及其权重高度值。结果表明,与非龙卷中气旋相比,龙卷中气旋中ERKE的值普遍较大且其权重高度较低;超级单体风暴的初始中气旋ERKE值及其权重高度可以有效地区分中、低对流层中的龙卷和非龙卷中气旋,并可作为龙卷中气旋识别的定量指标。同时在我国平均中气旋气候特征的基础上,还绘制了ERKE图解,可从中气旋旋转速度和旋转半径快速查得对应ERKE值的大小。 相似文献
3.
The relationships of variations of sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTA) in the South Pacific with ENSO and Southern Hemisphere Annular Mode (SAM) are examined in the present article by employing the NCEP-NCAR reanalysis from 1951 to 2006. Two principal modes of South Pacific SSTA are obtained using the EOF (Empirical Orthogonal Function) analysis for austral winter (June, July and August). Our results suggest that EOF1 is closely related with ENSO and EOF2 links to SAM. The EOF1 varies largely on an interannual and EOF2 on a decadal scale. The time series of coefficients of EOF1 is highly correlated simultaneously with Nino3 index. However, the time series of coefficients of EOF2 is significantly correlated with the March-April-May mean SAM index. Both the EOF1 and EOF2 are found in significant correlation to summer precipitation over China. With higher-than-normal SSTs in the eastern South Pacific and simultaneously lower SSTs in the western South Pacific in June-July-August, the summertime rainfall is found to be less than normal in northern China. As displayed in EOF2 of SSTA, in years with lower-than-normal SSTs in mid-latitude southern and equatorial eastern Pacific and higher-than-normal SSTs in the equatorial middle Pacific in March-April-May, the summer precipitation in August tends to be more than normal in regions south of Yangtze River. 相似文献
4.
Previous studies suggest that the atmospheric precursor of El Ni ?no–Southern Oscillation(ENSO) in the extratropical Southern Hemisphere(SH) might trigger a quadrapole sea surface temperature anomaly(SSTA) in the South Pacific and subsequently influence the following ENSO. Such a quadrapole SSTA is referred to as the South Pacific quadrapole(SPQ).The present study investigated the relationships between the atmospheric precursor signal of ENSO and leading modes of atmospheric variability in the extratropical SH [including the SH annular mode(SAM), the first Pacific–South America(PSA1) mode, and the second Pacific–South America(PSA2) mode]. The results showed that the atmospheric precursor signal in the extratropical SH basically exhibits a barotropic wavenumber-3 structure over the South Pacific and is significantly correlated with the SAM and the PSA2 mode during austral summer. Nevertheless, only the PSA2 mode was found to be a precursor for the following ENSO. It leads the SPQ-like SSTA by around one month, while the SAM and the PSA1 mode do not show any obvious linkage with either ENSO or the SPQ. This suggests that the PSA2 mode may provide a bridge between the preceding circulation anomalies over the extratropical SH and the following ENSO through the SPQ-like SSTA. 相似文献
5.
6.
Anticipating and mitigating wave-related hazards rely heavily on understanding wave variability drivers. Here, we describe wave conditions related to concurrent Southern Annular Mode (SAM) and El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phases during the austral summer. To identify such conditions, significant wave height (Hs) and peak wave period (Tp) daily anomalies were composited during different SAM–ENSO phase combinations over the last four decades (1979–2018). Surface wind anomalies were also composited to assist in the interpretation of wave conditions. The composites show significant wave variability across all ocean basins and in several semi-enclosed seas throughout the different SAM–ENSO phase combinations. The Southern, Indian, and Pacific Oceans generally experience the strongest Tp anomalies during combinations of SAM phases with El Niño, and the weakest Tp anomalies during combinations of SAM phases with La Niña. The anomalously large waves observed in the south-western Pacific, Tasman Sea, and the Southern Ocean, previously ascribed to ENSO conditions, seem to be instead associated with the SAM variability. SAM-related atmospheric conditions are found to be able to modulate the intensity of ENSO-related winds over the South China Sea, which, in turn, alter the magnitude of waves in that region. These and other wave anomaly structures described here, especially those contrasting the behaviour expected for a given ENSO phase, such as the one found along the California coast, stress the importance of understanding relationships between wave parameters and climate patterns interactions. 相似文献
7.
Precipitation interannual variability in South America from the WCRP-CMIP3 multi-model dataset 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
The ability of coupled climate models from the WCRP-CMIP3 multi-model dataset to reproduce the interannual seasonal variability of precipitation in South America and the influence of the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) and El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on such variability is examined. Models are able to reproduce the northward migration of the precipitation variability maximum during autumn and winter and its later return towards the south during spring and summer as well as the high variability throughout the year in southern Chile. Nevertheless, most of them have problems in representing accurately the variability associated with the South Atlantic convergence zone during summer and the typical maximum of variability in the subtropical continent during autumn and winter. The annular-like structure characteristic of the SAM influence on the Southern Hemisphere circulation is basically simulated by all models, but they have serious deficiencies in representing the observed relationship between SAM and both precipitation and circulation anomalies in South America. In addition, most of the models are not able to reproduce the typical wavetrains observed in the circulation anomalies in the Southern Hemisphere associated to ENSO. Only few models, previously identified as those with reasonable ENSO representation at the equatorial Pacific, have evidences of such wavetrains. Coherently, they exhibit the best representation of the ENSO signal in the South American precipitation. Results show that considerable improvement in the model representation of the climate variability in South America and in the associated large-scale teleconnections is still needed. 相似文献
8.
为揭示多普勒雷达速度谱宽资料对1522号台风“彩虹”螺旋雨带中衍生龙卷的超级单体演变规律的指示作用,基于常规观测资料、多普勒雷达资料和ECWMF再分析资料,分析3个衍生龙卷的超级单体速度谱宽和中气旋速度演变特征。研究表明,速度谱宽可提前10~30 min预示强对流风暴的变化。根据速度谱宽σ与湍能耗散率ε的关系分析,提出了谱宽变化与超级单体内中气旋和龙卷发生发展关系的概念模型。当对流单体进入新的发展阶段时,谱宽值加大呈增强状态;当对流单体处于维持稳定阶段时,谱宽值减小则呈减弱状态。衍生汕尾海丰水龙卷的中气旋最大切向速度19.5 m/s,属中等强度中气旋。衍生顺德龙卷和番禺龙卷的中气旋最大切向速度＞27 m/s,均属强中气旋。用多普勒雷达中气旋算法识别的中气旋在距离较远（＞80 km）和较近(＜17 km)距离上有漏报现象,人工纠正有利于更正预报结果,更准确地指导防灾减灾。 相似文献
9.
FEATURES AND COMPARISONS OF THE QUASI-BIENNIAL VARIATIONS IN THE ASIA-PACIFIC MONSOON SUBSYSTEMS 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis data, Climate
Diagnostics Center Merged Analysis of Precipitation (CMAP) results, and NOAA Extended Reconstructed
Sea Surface Temperature (SST), have been utilized in this paper to study the quasi-biennial variations in
Asia-Pacific monsoon subsystems and associated SST anomalies (SSTA) and wind anomalies. Four
monsoon indices are computed from NCEP/ National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) reanalysis
to represent the South Asian monsoon (SAM), South China Sea summer monsoon (SCSSM), Western
North Pacific monsoon (WNPM) and East Asian monsoon (EAM), respectively. The quasi-biennial periods
are very significant in Asia-Pacific monsoons (as discovered by power spectrum analysis), and for SAM
and EAM---with moderate effects by El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)---the quasi-biennial periods are
the most important factor. For SCSSM and WNPM (once again due to the effects of ENSO), the
quasi-biennial periods are of secondary durations. There are obvious interdecadal variations in the
quasi-biennial modes of the Asia-Pacific monsoon, so in the negative phase the biennial modes will not be
significant or outstanding. The wind anomalies and SSTA associated with the biennial modes are very
different in the SAM, WNPM and EAM regions. Since the WNPM and SCSSM are very similar in the
biennial modes, they can be combined into one subsystem, called SCS/WNPM. 相似文献
10.
There is increasing evidence of the possible role of extratropical forcing in the evolution of ENSO.The Southern Hemisphere Annular Mode(SAM) is the dominant mode of atmospheric circulation in the Southern Hemisphere extratropics.This study shows that the austral summer(December–January–February; DJF) SAM may also influence the amplitude of ENSO decay during austral autumn(March–April–May;MAM).The mechanisms associated with this SAM–ENSO relationship can be briefly summarized as follows:The SAM is positively(negatively) correlated with SST in the Southern Hemisphere middle(high) latitudes.This dipole-like SST anomaly pattern is referred to as the Southern Ocean Dipole(SOD).The DJF SOD,caused by the DJF SAM,could persist until MAM and then influence atmospheric circulation,including trade winds,over the Nio3.4 area.Anomalous trade winds and SST anomalies over the Nio3.4 area related to the DJF SAM are further developed through the Bjerkness feedback,which eventually results in a cooling(warming) over the Nio3.4 area followed by the positive(negative) DJF SAM. 相似文献
11.
12.
Mid-latitude winter atmospheric variability in the South Indian Ocean and southwest Pacific Ocean regions of the circum-Antarctic are reconstructed using sea-salt aerosol concentrations measured in the high resolution Law Dome (DSS) ice core from East Antarctica. The sea-salt aerosol concentration data, as sodium (Na), were measured at approximately monthly resolution spanning the past 700 years. Analyses of covariations between Na concentrations in Law Dome ice, and mean sea-level pressure (MSLP) and wind field data were conducted to define the mid-latitude and sub-Antarctic atmospheric circulation patterns associated with variations in Na delivery. High Na concentrations in Law Dome snow are associated with increased meridional aerosol transport from mid-latitude sources. The seasonal average Na concentration for early winter (May, June, July (MJJ)) is strongly correlated to the mid-latitude MSLP field in the South Indian and southwest Pacific Oceans, and southern Australian regions. In addition, the average MJJ Na concentrations display a strong association with the stationary Rossby wave number 3 circulation, and are anti-correlated to the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) index of climate variability: high (low) Na concentrations occurring during negative (positive) SAM phases. This observed relationship is used to derive a proxy record for early-winter MSLP anomalies and the SAM in the South Indian and southwest Pacific Ocean regions over the period 1300–1995 AD. The proxy SAM index from 1300 to 1995 AD shows pronounced decadal-scale variability throughout. The period after 1500 AD is marked by a tendency toward slower variations and a weakly-positive mean SAM (enhanced westerlies in the 50° to 65°S zone) compared to the early part of the record. 相似文献
13.
Rainfall in New South Wales (NSW), located in the southeast of the Australian continent, is known to be influenced by four major climate drivers: the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO), the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). Many studies have shown the influences of ENSO, IPO modulation, SAM and IOD on rainfall in Australia and on southeast Australia in particular. However, only limited work has been undertaken using a multiple regression framework to examine the extent of the combined effect of these climate drivers on rainfall. This paper analysed the role of these combined climate drivers and their interaction on the rainfall in NSW using Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA) to account for model uncertainty by considering each of the linear models across the whole model space which is equal to the set of all possible combinations of predictors to find the model posterior probabilities and their expected predictor coefficients. Using BMA for linear regression models, we are able to corroborate and confirm the results from many previous studies. In addition, the method gives the ranking order of importance and the probability of the association of each of the climate drivers and their interaction on the rainfall at a site. The ability to quantify the relative contribution of the climate drivers offers the key to understand the complex interaction of drivers on rainfall, or lack of rainfall in a region, such as the three big droughts in southeastern Australia which have been the subject of discussion and debate recently on their causes. 相似文献
14.
Summary This paper is to promote a further understanding of the interdecadal variations of the summer monsoon rainfall over South
China (SCMR). With this focus, we will specifically aim at better understanding possible mechanism responsible for such an
interdecadal variation relationship between the SCMR and El Ni?o/Southern Oscillation (ENSO). In many of the previous studies
on precipitation, the datasets used are satellite observations or gridded reanalyzed data due to the lack of long-term reliable
observations over the marginal seas of the Asian continent. Such an approach could lead to possible errors in the results.
In this work, several representative stations with long-term rain-gauge observations are chosen to reduce such uncertainty.
The study of the interdecadal variabilities of SCMR indicates that there is a strong linkage between SCMR and ENSO on the
interdecadal variations. These results agree well with those from previous studies that the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO)
and ENSO are not independent of each other, the interannual and interdecadal variations of tropical Pacific Sea Surface temperatures
(SSTs) could affect the interdecadal variations of the SCMR, and the incorporating information on the PDO/ENSO could improve
the long-term prediction of the SCMR. 相似文献
15.
利用常规气象观测、广州多普勒天气雷达及NCEP/NCAR再分析等资料对比广东省佛山市2015年10月4日EF3级和2006年8月4日EF2级台风外围强龙卷过程。结果表明:两次强龙卷都发生在登陆台风的东北象限,低层辐合、高层辐散及中低空强劲东南急流在珠江三角洲叠加是其产生的相似环境背景。环境参数均表现为较小的对流有效位能、低的对流抑制与抬升凝结高度、强的垂直风切变和大的风暴相对螺旋度。两个龙卷母体均为微型超级单体,前者雷达回波强度更强,钩状回波特征更明显;都存在强中气旋和龙卷涡旋特征（TVS）,中气旋都在中低层形成后,向更低层发展最终导致龙卷。TVS比龙卷触地提前1个体扫出现,或与龙卷触地同时发生,中气旋和TVS的底高和顶高均很低。但两次龙卷触地前后,前者中气旋和TVS的底高和顶高出现突降现象,而后者中气旋和TVS的底高和顶高一直维持较低高度。龙卷触地前后,两者风暴单体的最强切变均出现剧增现象,但前者TVS的最强切变更强,比后者大1倍以上。 相似文献
16.
M. J. Salinger 《Climatic change》2013,119(1):23-35
Climatic variability has profound effects on the distribution, abundance and catch of oceanic fish species around the world. The major modes of this climate variability include the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events, the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) also referred to as the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO), the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). Other modes of climate variability include the North Pacific Gyre Oscillation (NPGO), the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) and the Arctic Oscillation (AO). ENSO events are the principle source of interannual global climate variability, centred in the ocean–atmosphere circulations of the tropical Pacific Ocean and operating on seasonal to interannual time scales. ENSO and the strength of its climate teleconnections are modulated on decadal timescales by the IPO. The time scale of the IOD is seasonal to interannual. The SAM in the mid to high latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere operates in the range of 50–60 days. A prominent teleconnection pattern throughout the year in the Northern Hemisphere is the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) which modulates the strength of the westerlies across the North Atlantic in winter, has an impact on the catches of marine fisheries. ENSO events affect the distribution of tuna species in the equatorial Pacific, especially skipjack tuna as well as the abundance and distribution of fish along the western coasts of the Americas. The IOD modulates the distribution of tuna populations and catches in the Indian Ocean, whilst the NAO affects cod stocks heavily exploited in the Atlantic Ocean. The SAM, and its effects on sea surface temperatures influence krill biomass and fisheries catches in the Southern Ocean. The response of oceanic fish stocks to these sources of climatic variability can be used as a guide to the likely effects of climate change on these valuable resources. 相似文献
17.
On the recent strengthening of the relationship between ENSO and northeast monsoon rainfall over South Asia 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
The southeastern parts of India and Sri Lanka receive substantial rainfall from the northeast monsoon (NEM) during October through December. The interannual variability in NEM rainfall is known to be significantly influenced by the El-Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Unlike the southwest monsoon (SWM), the NEM rainfall is enhanced during the warm ENSO events, and vice versa. In the context of the recent weakening of the inverse relationship between Southwest Monsoon (SWM) and ENSO, we examine the secular variations in the positive relationship between ENSO and NEM rainfall over South Asia, showing that their relationship has strengthened over the recent years. Based on the analysis of GISST, IMD/CRU precipitation and NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data, we suggest that this secular variation of the relationship is due to epochal changes in the tropospheric circulation associated with ENSO over the region. 相似文献
18.
The interannual variability of East Asian Monsoon and its relationship with SST in a coupled Atmosphere-Ocean-Land climate model 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
Wang Huijun 《大气科学进展》2000,17(1):31-47
1.IntroductionThelargestinterannualvariabilityassociatedwiththeENSOcycleexistsinmonsoonregionsliketheAfricanmonsoon,Australianmonsoon,Pan--AmericanmonsoonandAsianmonsoon(RopelewskiandHalpert,1987;WebsterandYang,1992;JuandSlingo,1995).OnebasicquestionishowtorepresenttheAsianmonsoonanditsvariability.WebsterandYang(1992)foundareasonableindexbyaveragingthezonalwindshearbetween850hpaand200hpaovertheSouthAsianregion(40--110E,0--20N)todescribetheSouthAsianmonsooncirculationanditsvariability.… 相似文献
19.
Yuanhong Guan Bohua Huang Jieshun Zhu Zeng-Zhen Hu James L. Kinter III 《Climate Dynamics》2014,43(3-4):1141-1157
The mechanism of the South Pacific Ocean Dipole (SPOD) mode is examined, using a 50-year simulation of the Climate Forecast System, version 2 (CFSv2) and 50-year observation-based ocean–atmosphere analyses (1961–2010). It is shown that the SPOD, a sea surface temperatures (SST) seesaw between the subtropics and extratropics, is the dominant mode of the interannual variability in the South Pacific in both observations and CFSv2 simulation. CFSv2 also reproduces the seasonal phase-locking of the observed SPOD, with the anomaly pattern developing in austral spring, peaking in summer, and decaying in autumn. Composite analyses based on both observational and model data suggest that in the warm phase of SPOD, positive SST anomaly (SSTA) is initiated by weakened westerly winds over the central South Pacific in austral spring, which suppress the surface evaporative heat loss and reduce the oceanic mixed layer depth, both contributing to the SST warming. The wind-SST-mixed layer anomalies then evolve coherently over the next two seasons while the cold SSTA develops to the north. The wind perturbations are in turn a response to El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), which forces an atmospheric planetary wave train, the Pacific-South American pattern, emanating from an anomalous heat source in the tropical western Pacific. Moreover, SPOD is significantly correlated with the southern annular mode (SAM) while the latter is also significantly correlated with the ENSO index. This suggests that ENSO’s influence on the SPOD may be partially conveyed through SAM. 相似文献
20.
Climate links and recent extremes in antarctic sea ice, high-latitude cyclones, Southern Annular Mode and ENSO 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
In this article, we study the climate link between the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) and the southern sea-ice extent (SIE), and discuss the possible role of stationary waves and synoptic eddies in establishing this link. In doing so, we have used a combination of techniques involving spatial correlations of SIE, eddy streamfunction and wind anomalies, and statistics of high-latitude cyclone strength. It is suggested that stationary waves may be amplified by eddy anomalies associated with high latitude cyclones, resulting in more sea ice when the SAM is in its positive phase for most, but not all, longitudes. A similar association is observed during ENSO (La Ni?a years). Although this synergy in the SAM/ENSO response may partially reflect preferential areas for wave amplification around Antarctica, the short extent of the climate records does not allow for a definite causality connection to be established with SIE. Stronger polar cyclones are observed over the areas where the stationary waves are amplified. These deeper cyclones will break up and export ice equatorward more efficiently, but the near-coastal regions are cold enough to allow for a rapid re-freeze of the resulting ice break-up. We speculate that if global warming continues this same effect could help reverse the current (positive) Antarctic SIE trends once the ice gets thinner, similarly to what has been observed in the Northern Hemisphere. 相似文献