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1.
多套土壤温湿度资料在青藏高原的适用性 总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13
利用青藏高原中部和东部土壤温度和湿度观测资料,通过计算两套再分析资料(ERA-Interim和CFSR)和六套陆面模式资料(ERA/land、MERRA/land、GLDAS-NOAH、GLDAS-CLM、GLDAS-M OSAIC和GLDAS-VIC)分别与观测资料之间的平均偏差、偏差标准差、相关系数、标准差比等统计参数,结合Brunke排名法,综合评估了再分析资料和陆面模式资料中土壤温湿度数据在青藏高原的适用性。结果表明:对于土壤温度,CFSR与观测值最接近,其次是MERRA/land和GLDAS-CLM,而ERA-Interim和ERA/land与观测值相差较大;除GLDAS-CLM土壤温度比观测值偏高外,其他资料土壤温度在大部分站点比观测值偏低,其中ERA-Interim和ERA/land土壤温度比观测值偏低较多,部分站点平均偏差超过-20℃。对于非冻结期(5 10月)土壤湿度,GLDAS-CLM与观测值最接近,其次是GLDAS-NOAH或ERA-Interim;与观测值相比,CFSR、ERA-Interim和ERA/land的土壤湿度偏湿,平均偏差大部分在0.05~0.20 m3·m-3之间,而GLDAS-NOAH、GLDAS-CLM和GLDAS-M OSAIC的土壤湿度偏干。 相似文献
2.
土壤湿度是地球系统模拟的重要参数之一,准确获得其时空分布和变化特征是研究陆-气相互作用的基础。再分析资料和陆面数据同化资料均可提供全球或区域高分辨率土壤湿度产品,但在使用前需要对其进行评估分析。利用土壤湿度观测数据,计算ERA5、ERA5-Land、NCEP-DOE R2、CRA40再分析资料和GLDAS-Noah、GLDAS-CLSM、CLDAS陆面数据同化资料土壤湿度产品与观测数据的中位数、模拟偏差、相关系数等统计指标,并分季节和气候区讨论不同土壤湿度产品在中国北方地区的模拟效果。结果表明:整体来看,CRA40与观测值的相关性最好,ERA5和ERA5-Land分别对干中心、湿中心模拟效果更好,GLDAS-Noah对于较干土壤地区模拟略偏湿,CLDAS对较湿土壤地区模拟结果以系统性偏干为主,NCEP-DOE R2和GLDAS-CLSM模拟效果较差;ERA5、ERA5-Land、NCEP-DOE R2、GLDAS-Noah和CLDAS在所有季节均为模拟正偏差,春季模拟效果较好的是CRA40、ERA5-Land,夏季和秋季ERA5-Land、ERA5和CRA40与观测值相关性较好,不同产品模拟的冬季土壤湿度和观测值相关性是全年中最小的;不同土壤湿度产品在干旱区以模拟偏湿为主,GLDAS-Noah模拟效果最佳,但模拟土壤湿度峰值和谷值的出现时间较观测较早,GLDAS-Noah、CRA40、ERA5能较好模拟季风区干、湿土壤的持续时段和土壤湿度变化振幅,大部分产品能模拟出夏季风影响过渡区较干土壤和较湿土壤的出现时间。 相似文献
3.
以江西省376个气象自动观测站的逐小时气温数据为基准,采用偏差、相关性和平均绝对误差等评价指标,对比分析2017—2022年CLDAS陆面同化和ERA5 Land再分析气温资料在江西省的适用性。结果表明： 1） ERA5 Land、CLDAS资料均能很好反映大部分站点的气温变化,CLDAS资料与观测资料的相关系数为0.99,相关系数区间分布较为集中;ERA5 Land资料与观测资料的相关系数为0.97,分布较为分散。2） 相较于观测站点多年平均气温,CLDAS资料较为接近,ERA5 Land资料则偏离较大。3） CLDAS资料的平均绝对误差明显低于ERA5 Land资料,二者均存在平原、盆地部分站点平均绝对误差较小而局部高海拔山区站点异常偏大的空间特征,以及秋季最大而冬季最小的季节特征。4） ERA5 Land资料偏差的日变化范围为-0.65—0.39 ℃,整体呈现单谷形分布;CLDAS资料偏差日变化范围为-0.05—0.05 ℃,波动幅度较小,没有明显的变化特征。5） 两种格点资料均能较好反映大部分站点的低温日数变化,但对于高温日数变化,ERA5 Land资料偏差较大,CLDAS资料偏差较小。 相似文献
4.
中国气象局陆面数据同化系统（CLDAS V1.0）由陆面驱动数据融合和陆面模式模拟两部分组成。基于驱动数据,选取Canmunity Land Model 3.5（CLM3.5）作为CLDAS V1.0系统的陆面模式进行模拟试验,并对土壤模拟结果进行评估。利用2013年经过质量控制的中国气象局业务化自动土壤水分观测站实况数据、青藏高原试验观测数据及国际同类产品对模拟结果进行评估,结果表明:从各省以及全国平均结果看,相关系数普遍在0.8以上,偏差基本为-0.04~0.04 mm3·mm-3,平均均方根误差为0.04~0.05 mm3·mm-3,在青藏高原地区与国际同类产品相比,精度也有一定提高。总体而言,模拟结果已达到较高精度,数据集产品对中国区域干旱监测等具有重要意义。 相似文献
5.
利用NCAR陆面过程模式(Land Surface Model)和1998年"青藏高原能量与水分观测实验"加强观测期(GAME/Tibet IOP)的观测资料对青藏高原地区陆面过程进行了模拟研究.结果表明,在观测资料的强迫下模式能够较好地模拟出地表特征量的变化趋势,深层的土壤温度的模拟对初始场在0℃左右的变化敏感.模拟的感热通量、潜热通量以及地表反射的太阳辐射较观测值偏大.在高原地区地表类型分布状况的真实描述及植被、土壤参数的选取可能是提高该地区效果的首要问题;草地下垫面的陆面特征有待进一步研究;对土壤水热运动的真实描述,及冻土过程的加入对大气环流模式(GCM)跨季节的数值模拟会有所改进. 相似文献
6.
利用陕西省2016年97站逐日5cm土壤温度观测数据,结合相关系数、平均偏差和均方根误差等统计参数,评估了中国气象局陆面数据同化系统CLDAS2.0和美国全球陆面数据同化系统不同陆面模式(Noah-GLDAS2.1,Noah-GLDAS1,CLM-GLDAS1)土壤温度数据在陕西省的适用性。结果表明:(1)CLDAS2.0在陕西省的相关系数最高,均方根误差最小,Noah-GLDAS2.1次之,Noah-GLDAS1最差。(2)从陕西省3个区域的时间演变序列的分析可以看到,CLDAS2.0和Noah-GLDAS2.1能很好模拟出土壤温度的季节变化以及日变化,Noah-GLDAS1、CLMGLDAS1对于日变化的模拟较差,且前两者偏差也明显小于后两者。(3)Noah-GLDAS2.1在陕北与关中地区土壤温度模拟能力与CLDAS2.0相差无几,但在陕南地区CLDAS2.0要好于Noah-GLDAS2.1。总体来看,CLDAS2.0对陕西省土壤温度模拟能力最好,在陕西省有着更好的适用性。 相似文献
7.
利用CMIP6 模式模拟的多层土壤温度资料,结合鄂陵湖草地站土壤观测资料和欧洲中心ERA5再分析资料,评估了BCC陆面过程模式对青藏高原土壤冻融过程的模拟能力。结果表明:BCC-CSM2-MR对青藏高原冻融总天数,特别是对于消融过程阶段的模拟接近观测值,但其完全冻结阶段和消融过程阶段的日期都有所推迟,可能与陆面模式物理参数化过程不完善导致土壤温度下降更慢有关。BCC-CSM2-MR 对青藏高原土壤冻结时段前期的冻土深度变化曲线模拟效果最佳,但由于网格分辨率低且对地形刻画不准确,BCC-CSM2-MR 不能模拟出青藏高原西南部相间分布的冻土深度特征。BCC-CSM2-MR 可以模拟青藏高原土壤温度在 1985~2014 年的升高趋势。对于气候倾向率空间分布,BCC-CSM2-MR模拟结果相较于集合平均,在青藏高原东北部偏低而西部偏高,且不能模拟出北部存在的少量相对低值区域。 相似文献
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9.
为研究不同陆面模式对中国区域土壤温度的模拟效果,基于中国气象局陆面数据同化系统（CMA Land Data Assimilation System,CLDAS）大气驱动数据分别驱动Noah和Noah-MP陆面模式进行中国区域土壤温度的模拟（简称:CLDAS_Noah和CLDAS_Noah-MP试验）,使用2010—2018年中国气象局2380个土壤温度观测站点10和40 cm观测数据以及美国全球陆面数据同化系统（The Global Land Data Assimilation System,GLDAS）驱动的Noah模式（GLDAS_Noah试验）模拟的土壤温度结果,从空间分布、季节、分区等角度进行了评估,实现了不同驱动数据相同陆面模式和相同驱动数据不同陆面模式的对比分析。结果表明: GLDAS_Noah、CLDAS_Noah和CLDAS_Noah-MP试验均能合理模拟出中国区域土壤温度空间分布,但在量级上有一定差异,主要表现在中国东北、新疆、青藏高原等积雪区。对于相同陆面模式不同驱动数据,均方根误差显示CLDAS_Noah试验在季节与分区上均优于GLDAS_Noah试验,间接表明CLDAS大气驱动数据优于GLDAS大气驱动数据,且大气驱动数据是提高土壤温度模拟精度的重要因素之一;对于相同驱动数据不同陆面模式,总体上CLDAS_Noah-MP试验棋拟效果优于CLDAS_Noah试验,其中CLDAS_Noah试验模拟的10和40 cm深度土壤温度在冬季积雪区误差明显大于CLDAS_Noah-MP试验,可能与Noah-MP模式改进了积雪方案有关,但10和40 cm深度下CLDAS_Noah-MP试验在东北、华北、青藏高原地区对春季土壤温度模拟误差明显大于CLDAS_Noah试验,可能与Noah-MP模式融雪方案有关。总之,本研究对于后续开展土壤温度多模式集成、土壤温度站点资料同化,最终研制中国区域高质量土壤温度数据集具有一定的参考意义。 相似文献
10.
CoLM模式对青藏高原中部BJ站陆面过程的数值模拟 总被引：8，自引：2，他引：6
利用公共陆面模式Common Land Model(CoLM)及"全球协调加强观测计划之亚澳季风青藏高原试验"(CAMP/Tibet)中那曲地区Bujiao(BJ)站2002—2004年的观测资料对该地区进行了单点数值模拟试验。通过比较模拟与观测的地表能量通量,表明CoLM较成功地模拟了该地区的能量分配。模式对向上的短波辐射、向上的长波辐射、净辐射及土壤热通量模拟得较好,但冬季存在偏差。进一步比较了模拟和观测的土壤温度及土壤湿度,发现浅层60 cm土壤温度模拟较好,深层存在偏差,表现为土壤温度变化滞后于实际变化。土壤湿度总体偏小,尤其是冬季冻结期,土壤冻融过程中忽略了土壤液态水在温度0℃以下仍能存在,含冰量模拟偏高。 相似文献
11.
The few systematic international comparisons of climate policy strength made so far have serious weaknesses, particularly those that assign arbitrary weightings to different policy instrument types in order to calculate an aggregate score for policy strength. This article avoids these problems by ranking the six biggest emitters by far – China, the US, the EU, India, Russia, and Japan – on a set of six key policy instruments that are individually potent and together representative of climate policy as a whole: carbon taxes, emissions trading, feed-in tariffs, renewable energy quotas, fossil fuel power plant bans, and vehicle emissions standards. The results cast strong doubt on any idea that there is a clear hierarchy on climate policy with Europe at the top: the EU does lead on a number of policies but so does Japan. China, the US, and India each lead on one area. Russia is inactive on all fronts. At the same time climate policy everywhere remains weak compared to what it could be.
Policy relevance
This study enables climate policy strength, defined as the extent to which the statutory provisions of climate policies are likely to restrict GHG emissions if implemented as intended, to be assessed and compared more realistically across space and time. As such its availability for the six biggest emitters, which together account for over 70% of global CO2 emissions, should facilitate international negotiations (1) by giving participants a better idea of where major emitters stand relative to each other as far as climate policy stringency is concerned, and (2) by identifying areas of weakness that need action. 相似文献
12.
Anthony H. McDaniel Chris A. Cantrell James A. Davidson Richard E. Shetter Jack G. Calvert 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1991,12(3):211-227
The infrared absorption cross-sections for eight commonly used halogenated methanes and ethanes have been measured as a function of temperature from 203 to 293 K. High resolution spectra (0.03 cm-1) have been used to derive integrated band strengths and peak cross-sections associated with the spectral features in the infrared region from 600 to 1500 cm-2. The values obtained in this study are compared to those from previous reports, and recommendations are made for uses in atmospheric sensing and radiative energy transfer models. The observed temperature dependence in the spectral features is also discussed. 相似文献
13.
Wind-Driven, Double-Gyre, Ocean Circulation in a Reduced-Gravity, 2.5-Layer, Lattice Boltzmann Model
A coupled lattice Boltzmann （LB） model with second-order accuracy is applied to the reduced-gravity, shallow water, 2.5-layer model for wind-driven double-gyre ocean circulation. By introducing the secondorder integral approximation for the collision operator, the model becomes fully explicit. The Coriolis force and other external forces are included in the model with second-order accuracy, which is consistent with the discretization accuracy of the LB equation. The feature of the multiple equilibria solutions is found in the numerical experiments under different Reynolds numbers based on this LB scheme. With the Reynolds number increasing from 3000 to 4000, the solution of this model is destabilized from the anti-symmetric double-gyre solution to the subtropic gyre solution and then to the subpolar gyre solution. The transitions between these equilibria states are also found in some parameter ranges. The time-dependent variability of the circulation based on this LB simulation is also discussed for varying viscosity regimes. The flow of this model exhibits oscillations with different timescales varying from subannual to interannual. The corresponding statistical oscillation modes are obtained by spectral analysis. By analyzing the spatiotemporal structures of these modes, it is found that the subannual oscillation with a 9-month period originates from the barotropic Rossby basin mode, and the interarmual oscillations with periods ranging from 1.5 years to 4.6 years originate from the recirculation gyre modes, which include the barotropic and the baroclinic recirculation gyre modes. 相似文献
14.
利用气象业务中使用的L波段探空数据和毫米波云雷达观测资料,分析探空相对湿度在入云和出云时的变化规律,提出一种基于探空相对湿度阈值与梯度相结合的云区边界识别改进算法,并利用云雷达观测数据对算法识别结果进行验证.利用北京市南郊观象台2019年1—6月层状云样本验证分析,结果表明:改进算法相比相对湿度阈值法,对云区边界识别更... 相似文献
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利用常规观测资料和NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料,通过对发生在江苏的三次不同量级的区域性暴雪、大雪和中雪过程典型个例进行对比分析,发现降雪时,700hPa低空急流的位置和强度是影响降雪量级的主要因素之一;降雪区上空涡度的垂直分布遵循低层负涡度、中层正涡度和高层负涡度的配置,暴雪时正涡度强且正涡度区最为深厚,动力抬升作用强,中雪发生时正涡度区相对最为浅薄,不利于形成强辐合抬升,动力抬升作用弱。且暴雪和大雪发生时基本上整层都为垂直螺旋度正值区,中雪时没有出现明显的正值区;暴雪和大雪过程时中低层都具有明显的逆温层,中高层西南急流造成的对流层中层的爆发性增温是逆温层形成的关键,中雪发生时不一定有逆温层结;降雪强度与湿位涡分量绝对值存在一定的正相关关系。 相似文献
16.
利用常规观测资料和NCEP/NCAR(1°×1°)逐6 h再分析资料,对承德市2017年5月5—6日大风天气的环流形势和物理量进行分析,结果表明气旋的快速发展(气旋加深率0.84 B)导致锋生加强,引发气压和变压梯度加大是导致大风的直接原因。500 hPa高压脊东移迫使冷空气向南堆积,高空槽不断发展成为冷涡,温度平流为地面气旋的发展提供热力条件,高低层涡度平流的差异,也是地面气旋快速发展的重要原因;当1.5 PVU位涡面伸展至对流层低层时,局地位涡异常在气旋的发展过程中不可忽视;高空急流出口区发生质量调整,出口区左侧的辐散强度达10×10~(-5) s~(-1),使低层大气减压,有利于气旋发展。 相似文献
17.
Linking vulnerability, adaptation, and resilience science to practice: Pathways, players, and partnerships 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：7
Coleen Vogel Susanne C. Moser Roger E. Kasperson Geoffrey D. Dabelko 《Global Environmental Change》2007,17(3-4):349-364
Vulnerability, adaptation and resilience are concepts that are finding increasing currency in several fields of research as well as in various policy and practitioner communities engaged in global environmental change science, climate change, sustainability science, disaster risk-reduction and famine interventions. As scientists and practitioners increasingly work together in this arena a number of questions are emerging: What is credible, salient and legitimate knowledge, how is this knowledge generated and how is it used in decision making? Drawing on important science in this field, and including a case study from southern Africa, we suggest an alternative mode of interaction to the usual one-way interaction between science and practice often used. In this alternative approach, different experts, risk-bearers, and local communities are involved and knowledge and practice is contested, co-produced and reflected upon. Despite some successes in the use and negotiation of such knowledge for ‘real’ world issues, a number of problems persist that require further investigation including the difficulties of developing consensus on the methodologies used by a range of stakeholders usually across a wide region (as the case study of southern Africa shows, particularly in determining and identifying vulnerable groups, sectors, and systems); slow delivery of products that could enhance resilience to change that reflects not only a lack of data, and need for scientific credibility, but also the time-consuming process of coming to a negotiated understanding in science–practice interactions and, finally, the need to clarify the role of ‘external’ agencies, stakeholders, and scientists at the outset of the dialogue process and subsequent interactions. Such factors, we argue, all hinder the use of vulnerability and resilience ‘knowledge’ that is being generated and will require much more detailed investigation by both producers and users of such knowledge. 相似文献
18.
Stephen F. Wathen 《Climatic change》2011,108(1-2):333-356
This paper provides both a detailed history of environmental change in the Sierra Nevada over the past 1,800 years and evidence for climate teleconnections between the Sierra Nevada and Greenland during the late Holocene. A review of Greenland ice core data suggests that the magnitudes of abrupt changes in temperature and precipitation increased beginning c. 3,700 and 3,000 years ago, respectively. Precipitation increased abruptly 1,300 years ago. Comparing paleotemperature data from Cirque Peak, CA with paleoprecipitation data from Pyramid Lake, NV suggests that hot temperatures occurred at the beginnings of most severe droughts in the Sierra Nevada over the past 1,800 years. Severe fires and erosion also occurred at Coburn Lake, CA at the beginning of all severe droughts in the Sierra Nevada over the past 1,800 years. This suggests that abrupt climate change during the late Holocene caused vegetation and mountain slopes in some areas to be out of equilibrium with abruptly changed climates. Finally, the ending of drought conditions in Greenland coincided with the beginning of drought conditions in the Sierra Nevada over the past 1,800 years, perhaps as a result of the rapidly changed locations of the Earth??s major precipitation belts during abrupt climate change events. 相似文献
19.
D.T. Patterson J.K. Westbrook R.J.V. Joyce† P.D. Lingren J. Rogasik 《Climatic change》1999,43(4):711-727
The geographic distribution, vigor, virulence, and agricultural impact of weeds, insects, and plant pathogens will be affected by climatic changes accompanying the global "greenhouse effect." Weed/crop competitive interactions, particularly among species differing in photosynthetic pathway (C3 v C4), may be altered, with the C3 species favored by increasing CO2. Physiological and biochemical changes induced in host crop plants by rising CO2 may affect feeding patterns of pest insects. Compilation of climatic thresholds for phenological development of pest insects reveals the potential for shifts in pest behavior induced by global warming and other climatic change. Generation times may be reduced, enabling more rapid population increases to occur. Poleward migration may be accelerated during the crop season. The epidemiology of plant diseases also will be altered. Prediction of disease outbreaks will be more difficult in periods of rapidly changing climate and unstable weather. Environmental instability and increased incidence of extreme weather may reduce the effectiveness of pesticides on targeted pests or result in more injury to non-target organisms. Biological control may be affected either negatively or positively. Overall, the challenge to agriculture from pests probably will increase. 相似文献
20.
B. Kochtubajda 《Atmospheric Research》1995,35(2-4)
Physical experiments designed to explore the potential of rain augmentation through airborne glaciogenic seeding on small, isolated non-precipitating cumuliform clouds near Red Deer, Alberta were carried out during the period 1982–1985. The microstructure of 90 cumulus congestus clouds have been documented through repeated in-situ sampling using a cloud physics instrumented aircraft platform. Observations from the inspection passes of 57 clouds seeded with either dry ice pellets or silver iodide pyrotechnics, and all the passes of 33 natural clouds are presented.Measurements of the cloud droplet concentration indicate that Alberta cumulus clouds are typically continental in nature, with an average droplet concentration of 535 cm−3 and an average droplet diameter of 10.6 μm. Alberta clouds have average liquid water contents of 0.57 g m−3, with a peak 1-sec value of 3.17 g m−3. The 1-km average liquid water contents are 0.83 g m−3, with a peak value of 2.81 g m−3. Cloud lifetimes vary between 11 and 20 minutes. Concentrations of naturally occurring ice crystals are found to be low. The average maximum 1-km ice concentration was 31−1, and the peak 1-km concentration was 73.11−1 in the natural cloud dataset. Evidence of precipitation-sized particles was detected in 21% (7 of 33) of the clouds, and precipitation below cloud base was detected in 6% (2 of 33) of the clouds.A comparison of the Alberta cloud characteristics to the cumulus clouds from different locations showed that there are some distinct differences between Alberta clouds and the clouds from the other regions. 相似文献