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1.
本文利用三度空间的711测雨雷达回波资料和其他气象资料,对1978年4月26日发生在贵州省修文县的一次强雹云作了较细致的分析。由于修文雹云在其整个生命史中距雷达站较近(30—50km),并偏向测站方向移动,因此3cm波长的雷达仍能较好地揭示雹云回波的结构。分析表明,修文雹云具有弧状回波的状态特征(即在平显回波前沿有一弧形缺口),这种回波状态与国外超级单体雹云模式十分相似,但修文雹云却是多单体雹云。文中对不同观测角度的弧状回波作了比较分析,对雹云的内部气流结构及弧状回波的形成机制进行了探讨,提出了雹云弧状回波模式,并指出在雹云的右后方还存在另一个悬挂回波区,这可能是更重要的冰雹生长区。 相似文献
2.
超级单体风暴云是形成强烈雹灾的主要云体,它的雷达特征是在云的中下部存在稳定的勾状回波以及被它包围的弱回波区。现在已经证明,前者是水平旋转气流的反映,后者代表强烈上升气流区,大的雹块正是从弱回波区后面的回波墙中下落的。它的另一 相似文献
3.
利用双偏振天气雷达对2016年4月26日清远地区一次超级单体降雹进行分析,得出降雹单体具有BWER、三体散射特征。超级单体强回波中心深厚且回波顶高,速度图上低层深厚持久的中气旋和高层强烈辐散是此次过程主要特征。单体降雹前低层ZDR值在3 d B以上,降雹时ZDR值趋近于0并且0值区范围扩大;差分相移率KDP和相关系数CC特征表明同一层面上单体存在着雹水共存、干冰雹粒子、大冰雹三种状态,冰雹下落过程中表面层融化形成水膜使差分相移率值增大。HCL特征显示HA区与指状回波对应,对流云前端有BD区。降雹单体内雹区深厚,4 km以下雹区周边以过冷却水滴为主,4 km以上为冰粒。超级单体的VIL值有2次明显的跃增过程,第1个跃增过程对应单体开始降雹,第2次过程对应大范围降雹。 相似文献
4.
2010年福建一次早春强降雹超级单体风暴对比分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
利用探空、地面资料以及建阳、龙岩、长乐三部新一代天气雷达资料,对2010年3月5日福建中北部地区5cm强降雹的两个超级单体风暴进行了对比分析。结果表明,干暖盖、强垂直风切变、中高层正涡度区及地面中尺度低压为超级单体的形成提供了良好的环境场。两个超级单体都是由多单体合并后发展起来的,在成熟阶段以右移为主,属长寿命右移风暴:第一个超级单体在发展过程中由于地形作用和新单体的并入经历了3次加强过程,低层出现明显的钩状回波、中高层三体散射特征;第二个超级单体经历了多单体风暴—超级单体风暴—多单体风暴3个阶段,成熟阶段低层呈现出明显的倒"V"形回波特征,中高层有明显向右伸展的云帖。两个超级单体风暴的中气旋都是由中层发展起来,随着中气旋强度不断加强和厚度加大,最强切变中心突降时出现冰雹、大风强对流天气。通过对第一个超级单体中气旋流场分析,发现风暴前、后侧的下沉气流与低层入流形成了明显的辐合旋转作用,下沉的干冷气流进一步推动低层的暖湿入流,形成强烈的上升气流,并在风暴顶形成强辐散,使得风暴长时间维持。第二个超级单体在风暴减弱阶段,风暴右侧出现中气旋分裂,之后减弱、消失。产生强对流天气时,中高层维持高反射率因子,出现三体散射现象、风暴顶强烈辐散以及较大的VIL密度等特征。 相似文献
5.
利用MICAPS常规资料、TWR01雷达资料及十堰多普勒雷达观测资料,结合地面降雹的实况报告,对2009年6月6日和8月26日发生在保康县的两次冰雹天气过程的天气背景、雷达资料进行了分析。结果表明,高空冷槽、中低层切变线是主要的影响系统。6月6日冰雹由强单体雹云产生,雹云回波具有超级单体回波特点。雷达初始回波高,雹云发展速度快;强中心呈纺锤状,中低层有弱回波区,降雹前垂直液态水含量有明显的变化。8月26日过程发生在副高内部型环流形势下,由合并加强后的雹云产生降雹。 相似文献
6.
利用多普勒雷达资料,结合探空和常规资料,对2011 年4 月17 日一次超级单体雹暴的流场和回波结构演变特征进行了详细研究,主要结果:该雹暴是在条件性不稳定和垂直风切变较大的环境条件下产生的右移风暴。雹云初生发展阶段,垂直剖面显示逐渐形成有组织化的斜上升气流促进雹云发展。成熟降雹阶段,雹云内形成一支强的斜上升气流和深厚的中气旋,主上升气流对应雹云的弱回波区。雹云维持典型的弱回波区—悬挂回波—回波墙特征结构。根据雷达径向速度和雹云移速订正得出的“零线”演变发现,随着雹云的发展,“零线”逐渐向悬挂回波靠近,并穿过悬挂回波,“零线”的走向为上翘式,附近“穴道”的汇集力较强,有利于降雹。通过对“零线”位置的判断可分析有利成雹的区域。根据高低空两层强回波的水平错位,利用两高度强中心连线所作剖面能快速准确得出特征剖面,并将0℃ 层以上6 km 高度处降雹潜势达到100%的45 dBZ 的区域识别为成雹区,与降雹实况对比发现识别效果良好。 相似文献
7.
贵州一次强冰雹过程降雹单体的特征分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用遵义CINRAD-CD天气雷达回波资料及其生成产品,结合灾情实况对2005年贵州中西部一次强冰雹过程进行了诊断分析。分析表明这次过程具有超级单体风暴的降雹特征,其中持续15min以上的弱回波区、长丁状回波、＞50dBz的回波主体形成钩状回波、主体回波具有前侧或后侧V形槽口中1个以上特征就可以发布降大雹的预警。2个体扫以上连续出现深厚的中气旋特征,即可判定对流风暴是超级单体风暴,因此利用风暴相对速度图能快速分析风暴单体是否是超级单体;HI产品对冰雹的预警具有指示作用,但算法参数值的本地化还需要做相关工作。 相似文献
8.
《湖北气象》2021,40(4)
利用地面观测资料、探空资料以及石家庄多普勒天气雷达和饶阳双偏振雷达资料等,对2018年6月13日影响河北中南地区的一个长生命史超级单体风暴的环流背景、雷达观测特征等进行了分析。结果表明:(1)此超级单体发生在涡后横槽转竖的环流背景下。(2)风暴生命史长204 min,其中超级单体维持时间长达138 min,其间雷达最大反射率因子基本上维持在65 dBz以上。(3)中气旋深厚并强烈发展是超级单体发展和维持的重要动力机制。中气旋底高最低可达风暴底部,顶高变化幅度较小,低质心中气旋和高质心中气旋的形成和发展都可能引起地面降雹,降雹期间对应超级单体短暂减弱。(4)超级单体维持期间一直伴有气旋、反气旋涡旋对特征。超级单体的钩状回波特征明显,表现为典型的回波墙-弱回波区-悬挂回波的垂直结构;低层辐合、高层辐散,高空辐散大于低层辐合,有利于超级单体内部强烈的旋转上升运动;有明显的三体散射和旁瓣回波,三体散射最长超过60 km,持续时间长达150 min。(5)双偏振雷达探测的超级单体反射率因子≥55 dBz,对应位置差分反射率-0.5~0.5 dB,差分传播相移率仅1.5~2.0°/km,相关系数在0.75~0.92之间,表明超级单体内同时存在液滴和较大冰雹。 相似文献
9.
2019年4月23日浙江南部发生一次明显的超级单体分裂过程,为研究超级单体风暴分裂特征,利用多部雷达构成的双雷达三维风场反演组网技术,结合雷达基本产品、风廓线雷达及探空资料对此次分裂过程做了分析。该超级单体风暴在较强的风垂直切变环境下（地面—500 hPa大于15 m/s）发生,形成于飑线主体弓形回波前端,具有明显的三体散射特征且持续时间较长。分裂从初始风暴的北侧中层开始,然后迅速向上、下伸展,左移超级单体具有明显的中反气旋涡旋结构,呈现由悬垂、强回波柱、强上升气流配合构成的典型超级单体结构,与右移超级单体无论在形态或是流场结构上都形成近似镜像对称的特征。在两者即将分离时,两风暴均发生了降雹,对应强下沉气流。在新风暴分裂形成的发展阶段其垂直廓线中最大垂直速度和最大负散度均在增大,而对应时段原风暴这两个物理量数值减小;整个分裂过程两个风暴正、负涡度数值均一同逐渐增大,气旋—反气旋涡旋的旋转程度变大趋势一致。低层风垂直切变矢量随高度上升逆时针旋转,分裂的左移反气旋超级单体加强发展,右移的气旋式超级单体受到一定抑制,与理论研究结论一致。该个例雷达反演的风场特征与径向速度分布吻合,反演风场基本... 相似文献
10.
2004年4月29日常德超级单体研究 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
利用常德和长沙多普勒天气雷达资料和常规资料,对2004年4月29日发生在湖南安乡且产生了10 cm直径降雹和广泛8级大风的超级单体风暴进行了详细分析.该超级单体风暴发生在西南高空急流和西南南低空急流的交汇区域,加强的热力不稳定趋势和较大的垂直风切变条件非常有利于超级单体的产生.超级单体风暴呈现出典型的钩状回波,钩状回波位于该超级单体风暴移动方向的右后侧,从低层一直扩展到将近6 km高度;同时出现了指示存在大冰雹的三体散射回波.此次超级单体风暴成熟阶段中气旋的最大旋转速度为24 m·s-1,属于强中气旋,相应的垂直涡度为1.6×10-2 s-1.反射率因子的垂直剖面显示该超级单体风暴具有一个宽大的有界弱回波区(穹窿),其水平尺度超过10 km,垂直扩展超过4 km.在有界弱回波区之上,是一个强度超过70 dBZ的反射率因子核区,其中心高度为9 km,展现出典型的强烈超级单体雹暴结构.超级单体风暴在演变过程中经历了3次分裂过程. 相似文献
11.
The few systematic international comparisons of climate policy strength made so far have serious weaknesses, particularly those that assign arbitrary weightings to different policy instrument types in order to calculate an aggregate score for policy strength. This article avoids these problems by ranking the six biggest emitters by far – China, the US, the EU, India, Russia, and Japan – on a set of six key policy instruments that are individually potent and together representative of climate policy as a whole: carbon taxes, emissions trading, feed-in tariffs, renewable energy quotas, fossil fuel power plant bans, and vehicle emissions standards. The results cast strong doubt on any idea that there is a clear hierarchy on climate policy with Europe at the top: the EU does lead on a number of policies but so does Japan. China, the US, and India each lead on one area. Russia is inactive on all fronts. At the same time climate policy everywhere remains weak compared to what it could be.
Policy relevance
This study enables climate policy strength, defined as the extent to which the statutory provisions of climate policies are likely to restrict GHG emissions if implemented as intended, to be assessed and compared more realistically across space and time. As such its availability for the six biggest emitters, which together account for over 70% of global CO2 emissions, should facilitate international negotiations (1) by giving participants a better idea of where major emitters stand relative to each other as far as climate policy stringency is concerned, and (2) by identifying areas of weakness that need action. 相似文献
12.
Stephen F. Wathen 《Climatic change》2011,108(1-2):333-356
This paper provides both a detailed history of environmental change in the Sierra Nevada over the past 1,800 years and evidence for climate teleconnections between the Sierra Nevada and Greenland during the late Holocene. A review of Greenland ice core data suggests that the magnitudes of abrupt changes in temperature and precipitation increased beginning c. 3,700 and 3,000 years ago, respectively. Precipitation increased abruptly 1,300 years ago. Comparing paleotemperature data from Cirque Peak, CA with paleoprecipitation data from Pyramid Lake, NV suggests that hot temperatures occurred at the beginnings of most severe droughts in the Sierra Nevada over the past 1,800 years. Severe fires and erosion also occurred at Coburn Lake, CA at the beginning of all severe droughts in the Sierra Nevada over the past 1,800 years. This suggests that abrupt climate change during the late Holocene caused vegetation and mountain slopes in some areas to be out of equilibrium with abruptly changed climates. Finally, the ending of drought conditions in Greenland coincided with the beginning of drought conditions in the Sierra Nevada over the past 1,800 years, perhaps as a result of the rapidly changed locations of the Earth??s major precipitation belts during abrupt climate change events. 相似文献
13.
Anthony H. McDaniel Chris A. Cantrell James A. Davidson Richard E. Shetter Jack G. Calvert 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1991,12(3):211-227
The infrared absorption cross-sections for eight commonly used halogenated methanes and ethanes have been measured as a function of temperature from 203 to 293 K. High resolution spectra (0.03 cm-1) have been used to derive integrated band strengths and peak cross-sections associated with the spectral features in the infrared region from 600 to 1500 cm-2. The values obtained in this study are compared to those from previous reports, and recommendations are made for uses in atmospheric sensing and radiative energy transfer models. The observed temperature dependence in the spectral features is also discussed. 相似文献
14.
Wind-Driven, Double-Gyre, Ocean Circulation in a Reduced-Gravity, 2.5-Layer, Lattice Boltzmann Model
A coupled lattice Boltzmann （LB） model with second-order accuracy is applied to the reduced-gravity, shallow water, 2.5-layer model for wind-driven double-gyre ocean circulation. By introducing the secondorder integral approximation for the collision operator, the model becomes fully explicit. The Coriolis force and other external forces are included in the model with second-order accuracy, which is consistent with the discretization accuracy of the LB equation. The feature of the multiple equilibria solutions is found in the numerical experiments under different Reynolds numbers based on this LB scheme. With the Reynolds number increasing from 3000 to 4000, the solution of this model is destabilized from the anti-symmetric double-gyre solution to the subtropic gyre solution and then to the subpolar gyre solution. The transitions between these equilibria states are also found in some parameter ranges. The time-dependent variability of the circulation based on this LB simulation is also discussed for varying viscosity regimes. The flow of this model exhibits oscillations with different timescales varying from subannual to interannual. The corresponding statistical oscillation modes are obtained by spectral analysis. By analyzing the spatiotemporal structures of these modes, it is found that the subannual oscillation with a 9-month period originates from the barotropic Rossby basin mode, and the interarmual oscillations with periods ranging from 1.5 years to 4.6 years originate from the recirculation gyre modes, which include the barotropic and the baroclinic recirculation gyre modes. 相似文献
15.
利用气象业务中使用的L波段探空数据和毫米波云雷达观测资料,分析探空相对湿度在入云和出云时的变化规律,提出一种基于探空相对湿度阈值与梯度相结合的云区边界识别改进算法,并利用云雷达观测数据对算法识别结果进行验证.利用北京市南郊观象台2019年1—6月层状云样本验证分析,结果表明:改进算法相比相对湿度阈值法,对云区边界识别更... 相似文献
16.
利用常规观测资料和NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料,通过对发生在江苏的三次不同量级的区域性暴雪、大雪和中雪过程典型个例进行对比分析,发现降雪时,700hPa低空急流的位置和强度是影响降雪量级的主要因素之一;降雪区上空涡度的垂直分布遵循低层负涡度、中层正涡度和高层负涡度的配置,暴雪时正涡度强且正涡度区最为深厚,动力抬升作用强,中雪发生时正涡度区相对最为浅薄,不利于形成强辐合抬升,动力抬升作用弱。且暴雪和大雪发生时基本上整层都为垂直螺旋度正值区,中雪时没有出现明显的正值区;暴雪和大雪过程时中低层都具有明显的逆温层,中高层西南急流造成的对流层中层的爆发性增温是逆温层形成的关键,中雪发生时不一定有逆温层结;降雪强度与湿位涡分量绝对值存在一定的正相关关系。 相似文献
17.
B. Kochtubajda 《Atmospheric Research》1995,35(2-4)
Physical experiments designed to explore the potential of rain augmentation through airborne glaciogenic seeding on small, isolated non-precipitating cumuliform clouds near Red Deer, Alberta were carried out during the period 1982–1985. The microstructure of 90 cumulus congestus clouds have been documented through repeated in-situ sampling using a cloud physics instrumented aircraft platform. Observations from the inspection passes of 57 clouds seeded with either dry ice pellets or silver iodide pyrotechnics, and all the passes of 33 natural clouds are presented.Measurements of the cloud droplet concentration indicate that Alberta cumulus clouds are typically continental in nature, with an average droplet concentration of 535 cm−3 and an average droplet diameter of 10.6 μm. Alberta clouds have average liquid water contents of 0.57 g m−3, with a peak 1-sec value of 3.17 g m−3. The 1-km average liquid water contents are 0.83 g m−3, with a peak value of 2.81 g m−3. Cloud lifetimes vary between 11 and 20 minutes. Concentrations of naturally occurring ice crystals are found to be low. The average maximum 1-km ice concentration was 31−1, and the peak 1-km concentration was 73.11−1 in the natural cloud dataset. Evidence of precipitation-sized particles was detected in 21% (7 of 33) of the clouds, and precipitation below cloud base was detected in 6% (2 of 33) of the clouds.A comparison of the Alberta cloud characteristics to the cumulus clouds from different locations showed that there are some distinct differences between Alberta clouds and the clouds from the other regions. 相似文献
18.
D.T. Patterson J.K. Westbrook R.J.V. Joyce† P.D. Lingren J. Rogasik 《Climatic change》1999,43(4):711-727
The geographic distribution, vigor, virulence, and agricultural impact of weeds, insects, and plant pathogens will be affected by climatic changes accompanying the global "greenhouse effect." Weed/crop competitive interactions, particularly among species differing in photosynthetic pathway (C3 v C4), may be altered, with the C3 species favored by increasing CO2. Physiological and biochemical changes induced in host crop plants by rising CO2 may affect feeding patterns of pest insects. Compilation of climatic thresholds for phenological development of pest insects reveals the potential for shifts in pest behavior induced by global warming and other climatic change. Generation times may be reduced, enabling more rapid population increases to occur. Poleward migration may be accelerated during the crop season. The epidemiology of plant diseases also will be altered. Prediction of disease outbreaks will be more difficult in periods of rapidly changing climate and unstable weather. Environmental instability and increased incidence of extreme weather may reduce the effectiveness of pesticides on targeted pests or result in more injury to non-target organisms. Biological control may be affected either negatively or positively. Overall, the challenge to agriculture from pests probably will increase. 相似文献
19.
利用常规观测资料和NCEP/NCAR(1°×1°)逐6 h再分析资料,对承德市2017年5月5—6日大风天气的环流形势和物理量进行分析,结果表明气旋的快速发展(气旋加深率0.84 B)导致锋生加强,引发气压和变压梯度加大是导致大风的直接原因。500 hPa高压脊东移迫使冷空气向南堆积,高空槽不断发展成为冷涡,温度平流为地面气旋的发展提供热力条件,高低层涡度平流的差异,也是地面气旋快速发展的重要原因;当1.5 PVU位涡面伸展至对流层低层时,局地位涡异常在气旋的发展过程中不可忽视;高空急流出口区发生质量调整,出口区左侧的辐散强度达10×10~(-5) s~(-1),使低层大气减压,有利于气旋发展。 相似文献
20.
Governance,complexity, and resilience 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Andreas Duit Victor Galaz Katarina Eckerberg Jonas Ebbesson 《Global Environmental Change》2010,20(3):363-368
This special issue brings together prominent scholars to explore novel multilevel governance challenges posed by the behavior of dynamic and complex social-ecological systems. Here we expand and investigate the emerging notion of “resilience” as a perspective for understanding how societies can cope with, and develop from, disturbances and change. As the contributions to the special issue illustrate, resilience thinking in its current form contains substantial normative and conceptual difficulties for the analysis of social systems. However, a resilience approach to governance issues also shows a great deal of promise as it enables a more refined understanding of the dynamics of rapid, interlinked and multiscale change. This potential should not be underestimated as institutions and decision-makers try to deal with converging trends of global interconnectedness and increasing pressure on social-ecological systems. 相似文献