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1.
从大气运动原始方程和欧拉算符出发,用泰勒级数展开,给出二阶时空微商余项预报方程。进而讨论用三次插值函数——双三次曲面拟合求上游点的准拉格朗日时间积分方案与相应的二阶时空余差数值模式——“双三次模式”。则双三次模式是通过实现各个大气物理量场的二阶可导,从而可对预报方程做空间非线性(“三次”)时间离散积分,成为“双三次曲面拟合——时间步积分——双三次曲面拟合——……”一种新算法数值模式。讨论双三次数值模式的数学基础:三次插值函数及其数值分析极性定律用于数值模式。指出:双三次模式和谱模式都具有数学“收敛性”;而Coons双三次曲面具有对变量场拟合二阶可导“最优性”;和Hermite双三次曲面片具有对网格变量场二阶可导运算“等价性”。又指出:有限差分模式的中央差近似斜率和曲率,分别是三次样条斜率和曲率作“三点平滑”。双三次模式适合采用原始大气运动方程,适合采用准拉格朗日时间积分方案,并给出一个理想全球模拟个例。因大气运动本质上是非线性的,理论上可按变量场双三次曲面曲率判断,以采用符合物理诠释的局域或单点平滑,以保持模式时间积分稳定性。且未来容易实现全球多重/时变套网格双三次数值模式。 相似文献
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全球（Z）双三次数值模式的设计与个例模拟（Ⅰ）：模式动力框架设计 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
引入双三次数值模式：双三次数值模式是通过作三次样条与双三次曲面拟合,实现各个大气要素量场的二阶可导,从而可对各个预报方程作时间积分。双三次数值模式适合采用大气运动原始方程组和采用水平方向准拉格朗日／垂直方向欧拉时间积分方案。且本文的全球（Z）双三次数值模式与个例模拟实际采用Navier—Stokes“浅薄大气”原始方程组,建立球面Z坐标系上的非静力、全可压、干／湿绝热大气运动动力框架。其离散化气压、气温预报方程与个例模拟揭示出大气运动中凝结降水,其天气学原因不仅是湿空气作Z坐标垂直上升运动。而且是湿空气被“减压／减温”,即湿空气作P坐标“垂直上升运动”,后者可由大气平流运动（如Rossby波）引起。 相似文献
3.
用格子Boltzmann方法构建大气动力学模式的初步研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
文中建立了一个格子Boltzmann模型 ,经过Chapman Enskog展开得到的方程组能完整描述正压大气的动力过程 ,成功地模拟了正压地转适应过程 ,对Obukhov的经典例子进行了数值检验。结果表明 ,Obukhov的结果只体现了科氏力和气压梯度力的平衡 ,而本模型可以精确地描述科氏力、惯性力和气压梯度力三者的完整平衡 ,与Obukhov线性理论相比 ,气压变化量的数值相差 2 8% ,说明了线性适应理论只在定性方面正确 ,在定量方面还不准确。数值结果还表明粘性力在地转适应过程中基本不起作用。同时 ,还模拟了一个更大尺度的适应问题 ,验证了气压场与风场适应过程取决于尺度大小这一论断数值试验表明 ,格子Boltzmann方法用于模拟大气运动是可行的 ,而且因其编程简洁方便 ,天然具有极好的并行性能 ,对于建立模拟大气和海洋这样涉及复杂动力热力过程的多相大规模数值模式很有发展潜力 相似文献
4.
非线性迭代时间积分方案在IAP AGCM-Ⅱ中的实施及其模拟结果 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
将非线性迭代时间积分方案用于大气环流模式IAP AGCM-Ⅱ中,并用Rossby-Hauwitz波进行了检验,结果表明,该方案能长期稳定的积分。此外,还将采用该方案的模式(其中物理过程不变)和原IAP AGCM-Ⅱ模式作了模拟结果的比较,以考察其效果;发现采用该方案模式对降水尤其是东亚地区降水的模拟能力较原模式有所提高。 相似文献
5.
将非线性迭代时间积分方案用于大气环流模式 IAP AGCM-II中, 并用 Rossby-Hauwitz波进行了检验, 结果表明, 该方案能长期稳定的积分。此外, 还将采用该方案的模式(其中物理过程不变)和原 IAP AGCM-II模式作了模拟结果的比较, 以考察其效果; 发现采用该方案模式对降水尤其是东亚地区降水的模拟能力较原模式有所提高。 相似文献
6.
一个用于研究湖泊对气候环境影响的非静力平衡数值模式 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
本文研制了一个包含云的微物理学参数化方案,地面温度和水温预报方案、边界层湍流参数化方案、长波辐射和短波辐射参数化方案的非静力平衡中小尺度数值模式。在模式中允许地面和大气有反馈过程。模式大气分为18层,土壤、水体以及水底土壤各分为4层,采用了能突出水体影响的网格系统。采用分解算法,平流项采用三次样条插值技术,并用正逆两次平滑来代替方程组中的水平扩散项。模式具有很好的积分稳定性,能精确地再现湖泊对气候环境影响的空间结构和时间变化。 相似文献
7.
根据广州区域气象中心热带有限区数值天气预报的条件和特点,设计了一个简单可行的四维同化方案,并通过模式平行试验,详细地分析了该方案对分析和预报的改进情况,表明该方案可以得到一个较为平衡而又与模式大气状态近于协调一致的分析场,大大缩短了模式的Spin—up时间和减小了积分初期模式调整的幅度,从而改进了预报结果。这种改进在资料稀疏区比资料密集区要大得多。通过四维同化,模式的高度场预报、风场预报、质量场及总动能在积分过程中的演变等都得到了令人满意的改进。通过在同化过程中区别对待20°N以南的资料稀疏区及其以北的资料密集区,进一步使模式降水预报得到显著的改进。 相似文献
8.
近年长期数值天气预报滤波模式的进展 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
近年由于短期数值天气预报、大气环流研究以及数值模拟等方面的成功,激发了人们用动力学方法做长期天气预报的兴趣。美国Spar等和Caverly等用大气环流模式分别进行了一个月的积分试验,其中一些例子获得了成功。苏联Marchuk等也提出了一个长期数值天气预报的方法,并认为在简化条件下可用来做月到季的平均温度距平预报,但现在还未看到预报结果发表。因此,总的来看长期数值天气预报还处于试验阶段。 相似文献
9.
CSU－RAMS模式在区域气侯模拟中的应用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
将ＣＳＵ－ＲＡＭＳ（中尺度）数值模式改造成“区域气候数值模式”以及进行区域气候数值模拟的试验研究。说明将有限区域中尺度数值模式与ＧＣＭ模式嵌套应用到区域气候数值模拟研究上能够取得有意义的结果。它能在一定程度上改善ＧＣＭ模式的不足。可以更为细致地描述大气环流的变化特征,是了解区域气候变化的有效方法之一。 相似文献
10.
全球(Z)双三次数值模式的设计与个例模拟(Ⅱ): 个例模拟结果分析 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1
引入双三次数值模式:通过"双三次曲面拟合—时间步长积分—双三次曲面拟合—……",实现成为一种新算法的数值模式。在球面Z坐标系上,给出全球经纬网格双三次数值模式的一个设计。全球(Z)双三次数值模式采用非静力、全可压、干/湿绝热大气运动动力框架,并采用显式水平方向准拉格朗日/垂直方向欧拉时间积分方案,用NCEP再分析资料做初值场,初步模拟出从极地到热带的基本大气环流。模拟试验表明:因大气运动本质上是非线性的,当限定模式大气作线性"一次运动"时,个例模拟无须任何平滑;但限定模式大气作"三次运动"时,必须有适当平滑。本文认为,未来双三次数值模式可按场变量双三次曲面曲率,以判断采用符合物理诠释的局域(或单点)平滑;又若大气非线性运动不稳定区恰是天气系统发源地,则全球多重/时变套网格双三次数值模式是今后研究的方向。 相似文献
11.
12.
不同云降水方案对一次登陆台风的降水模拟 总被引：5，自引：8，他引：5
利用美国最新发展的新一代中尺度数值预报模式(WRF),研究了不同云降水方案对一次登陆台风的降水模拟问题,结果表明,在网格距适当小的情况下,同时采用积云对流参数化方案和云微物理方案(Kessler方案)时,其降水预报优于只使用积云对流参数化方案时的预报;在台风降水模拟的初期,Kain-Fritsch方案比Betts-Miller方案产生降水更快,更接近实况降水;在台风登陆后随时间的延长,对流降水重要性逐步下降,网格尺度降水逐渐增强。 相似文献
13.
梅雨锋暴雨过程潜热及反馈机理个例分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在对2003年6月24~25日的一次江南北部梅雨锋暴雨过程进行合理模拟的基础上,应用模式输出资料,系统分析了暴雨过程中大尺度稳定凝结加热(Hs)及对流凝结加热(Hc)的时空分布特点以及其潜热在暴雨过程中的反馈作用。研究表明在这次暴雨过程中,主要以Hc为主,平均的Hs、Hc均主要分布在900~250 hPa,最大值位于400 hPa附近;在暴雨发展过程中,Hs、Hc随暴雨的增大而增大,且加热层次不断加深;去除潜热的“干”敏感性试验表明,潜热释放加热了深厚的大气层,使得高层加压辐散,暴雨北侧高空西北急流加强,低层减压辐合,暴雨南侧的低空西南急流加强,同时使得低层的切变线得以维持加强。 相似文献
14.
A model for studying the heat and mass exchange between the atmosphere and a water body is developed, in which the phase change process of water freezing in winter and melting in summer and the function of the convective mixing process are taken into consideration. The model uses enthalpy rather than temperature as the predictive variable. It helps to set up governing equations more concisely, to deal with the phase change process more easily, and make the numerical scheme simpler. The model is verified by observed data from Lake Kinneret for a non-frozen lake in summer time, and Lake Lower Two Medicine for a frozen lake in winter time. Reasonably good agreements between the model simulations and observed data indicate that the model can serve as a component for a water body in a land surface model. In order to more efficiently apply the scheme in a climate system model, a sensitivity study of various division schemes with less layers in the vertical direction in the water body is conducted. The results of the study show that the division with around 10 vertical layers could produce a prediction accuracy that is comparable to the fine division with around 40 layers. 相似文献
15.
Development of an Integrated Vertical-Slantwise Convective Parameterization Scheme and Its Associated Numerical Experiments 
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下载免费PDF全文 FEI Jianfang WU Rongsheng HUANG Xiaogang WANG Yuan CHENG Xiaoping 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》2011,25(4):405-418
An integrated vertical-slantwise convective parameterization scheme,based on the vertical Kuo-Anthes and the slantwise Nordeng convective parameterization schemes,is introduced into the MM5 model.By employing the MM5 model with the proposed scheme,numerical simulations of a snowstorm event that occurred over southern China on 28 29 January 2008 and of Typhoon Haitang (2005) are conducted.The results indicate that during the snowstorm event,the atmosphere was convectively stable in the vertical direction but with conditional symmetric instability (CSI) in the lower troposphere,and when the area of CSI developed and extended to upper levels,strong rising motion occurred and triggered the release of large amount of energy,producing enhanced convective precipitation with the total precipitation much closer to the observation.The development and strengthening of CSI corresponded to changes in the intensity of snowfall,convergence,and ascending motions of air,revealing that CSI was responsible for the initiation and growth of the snowstorm.The results from a 72-h explicit simulation of Typhoon Haitang indicate that CSI occurred mainly at lower levels with a well-defined spiral structure,and it tended to have a larger impact on the intensity of typhoon than on its track.The minimum pressure at the typhoon center for the 72-h runs with the integrated vertical-slantwise convective parameterization scheme was on average 3 hPa (maximum 8 hPa) lower than that from the runs with only the vertical cumulus parameterization scheme.Introducing the influence of CSI into the model has improved the warm core structure at the middle and upper levels of the typhoon,with stronger and persistent upward motions causing increased precipitation,and the latent heat released through convection in turn made the typhoon develop further. 相似文献
16.
A NUMERICAL STUDY OF TROPICAL DEEP CONVECTION USING WRF MODEL 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The Weather Research Forecast model (WRF) configured with high resolution and NCEP 1°×1° reanalysis data were used to simulate the development of a tropical deep convection over the Tiwi Islands,northern Australia,and to investigate the sensitivity of model results to model configuration and parameterization schemes of microphysical processes.The simulation results were compared with available measurements.The results show that the model can reproduce most of the important characteristics of the observed diurnal evolution of the convection,including the initiation of convection along the sea-breeze front,which is then reinforced by downdraft outflows,merging of cells and the formation of a deep convective system.However,further improvement is needed to simulate more accurately the location and the time for initiation of the deep convective system.Sensitivity tests show that double-nesting schemes are more accurate than the non-nesting schemes in predicting the distribution and intensity of precipitation as far as this particular case is concerned.Additionally,microphysical schemes also have an effect on the simulated amount of precipitation.It is shown that the best agreement is reached between the simulation results and observations when the Purdue Lin scheme is used. 相似文献
17.
Development of an integrated vertical-slantwise convective parameterization scheme and its associated numerical experiments 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 An integrated vertical-slantwise convective parameterization scheme, based on the vertical Kuo-Anthes and the slantwise Nordeng convective parameterization schemes, is introduced into the MM5 model. By employing the MM5 model with the proposed scheme, numerical simulations of a snowstorm event that occurred over southern China on 28-29 January 2008 and of Typhoon Haitang (2005) are conducted. The results indicate that during the snowstorm event, the atmosphere was convectively stable in the vertical directi... 相似文献
18.
A Study of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer Structure During a Clear Day in the Arid Region of Northwest China 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 The local climate and atmospheric circulation pattern exert a clear influence on the atmospheric boundary layer （ABL） formation and development in Northwest China. In this paper, we use field observational data to analyze the distribution and characteristics of the ABL in the extremely arid desert in Dunhuang, Northwest China. These data show that the daytime convective boundary layer and night time stable boundary layer in this area extend to higher altitudes than in other areas. In the night time, the stable boundary layer exceeds 900 m in altitude and can sometimes peak at 1750 m, above which the residual layer may reach up to about 4000 m. The daytime convective boundary layer develops rapidly after entering the residual layer, and exceeds 4000 m in thickness. The results show that the deep convective boundary layer in the daytime is a pre-requisite for maintaining the deep residual mixed layer in the night time. Meanwhile, the deep residual mixed layer in the night time provides favorable thermal conditions for the development of the convective boundary layer in the daytime. The prolonged periods of clear weather that often occurs in this area allow the cumulative effect of the atmospheric residual layer to develop fully, which creates thermal conditions beneficial for the growth of the daytime convective boundary layer. At the same time, the land surface process and atmospheric motion within the surface layer in this area also provide helpful support for forming the particular structure of the thermal ABL. High surface temperature is clearly the powerful external thermal forcing for the deep convective boundary layer. Strong sensible heat flux in the surface layer provides the required energy. Highly convective atmosphere and strong turbulence provide the necessary dynamic conditions, and the accumulative effect of the residual layer provides a favorable thermal environment. 相似文献
19.
Abstract A simplified cumulus parameterization scheme, suitable for use in GCMs, is presented. This parameterization is based on a plume ensemble concept similar to that originally proposed by Arakawa and Schubert (1974). However, it employs three assumptions which significantly simplify the formulation and implementation of the scheme. It is assumed that an ensemble of convective‐scale updrafts with associated saturated downdrafts may exist when the atmosphere is locally conditionally unstable in the lower troposphere. However, the updraft ensemble is comprised only of those plumes which are sufficiently buoyant to penetrate through this unstable layer. It is assumed that all such plumes have the same upward mass flux at the base of the convective layer. The third assumption is that moist convection, which occurs only when there is convective available potential energy (CAPE) for reversible ascent of an undiluted parcel from the sub‐cloud layer, acts to remove CAPE at an exponential rate with a specified adjustment time scale. The performance of the scheme and its sensitivity to choices of disposable parameters is illustrated by presenting results from a series of idealized single‐column model tests. These tests demonstrate that the scheme permits establishment of a quasi‐equilibrium between large‐scale forcing and convective response. However, it is also shown that the strength of convective downdrafts is an important factor in determining the nature of the equilibrium state. Relatively strong down‐drafts give rise to an unsteady irregularly fluctuating state characterized by alternate periods of deep and shallow convection. The effect of using the scheme for GCM climate simulations is illustrated by presenting selected results of a multi‐year simulation carried out with the Canadian Climate Centre GCM using the new parameterization (the CONV simulation). Comparison of these results with those for a climate simulation made with the standard model (the CONTROL simulation, as documented by McFarlane et al., 1992) reveals the importance of other parameterized processes in determining the ultimate effect of introducing the new convective scheme. The radiative response to changes in the cloudiness regime is particularly important in this regard. 相似文献
20.
垂直-倾斜对流一体化参数化方案的实现及数值试验 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在Kuo-Anthes垂直对流参数化方案和Nordeng倾斜对流参数化方案基础上,提出了垂直-倾斜对流一体化参数化方案,并引入MM5模式中.利用该方案对2008年1月28-29日发生在中国南方的一次暴雪过程和2005年"海棠"台风过程进行了数值模拟,模拟结果表明,此次暴雪过程在垂直方向主要表现对流稳定状态,但在对流层低层始终存在条件件对称不稳定层,并且当条件性对称不稳定区向高层发展时,伴随着强上升运动作为触发机制,引发条件性对称不稳定能量的释放,产生更多的对流降水,使模拟的总降水量与实况更加一致.条件性对称不稳定的发展加强与降雪强度、辐合辐散和上升运动变化一致,条件性对称不稳定是造成暴雪发展加强的主要机制之一.通过对"海棠"台风72 h的模拟表明,条件性对称不稳定主要发生在台风的低层,且其水平分布呈螺旋状结构.条件性对称不稳定效应对台风路径影响较小,但对台风强度影响较大,在模式中考虑垂直-倾斜对流一体化参数化方案后,与仅考虑垂直积云对流参数化方案相比,72 h模拟的平均台风中心最低气压降低了3 hPa,最大达8 hPa.在模式中考虑条件性对称不稳定的影响,可使模式台风中上层的暖心结构更加明显,上升运动和对流性降水增强,对流释放的更多凝结潜热使台风得到进一步加强. 相似文献