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1.
Yuanyuan MA Yi YANG Chongjian QIU Chenghai WANG 《Journal of Meteorological Research》2019,(2):219-235
This paper evaluates the performance of the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF) model coupled with a lake scheme over the Lake Poyang and Lake Dongting regions. We choose several cases with different weather characteristics, including winter with/without precipitation and summer with/without precipitation, and conduct a series of experiments(without the lake model, with the default lake model, and with a calibrated lake model that adjusts the water absorption, extinction coefficients, and surface roughness length) for each case. The results show that the performance of the lake model is significantly affected by the weather conditions. For the winter with precipitation cases, the performance of the default lake model is even worse than without the lake model, but the calibrated lake model can obviously reduce the biases of 2-m temperature and dew-point temperature. Although the performance of the default and new calibrated models is intricate for other cases, the new calibrated model has prominent advantages for 2-m dew-point temperature. Moreover, a long-term simulation of five months also shows that the new calibrated coupled lake model performs better than the default one. These imply that the new calibrated coupled lake model is more suitable to be used in studies of the effects of Lake Poyang and Lake Dongting on regional weather and climate. 相似文献
2.
湖面降水是影响湖泊水量和水质的重要因素之一,对湖面降水的研究有利于湖泊水环境的研究和治理。本文利用洱海周边11个气象站降水观测数据,对洱海周边站点的降水进行分析,并基于自然邻点插值法对洱海湖面降水进行分辨率为0.01°的网格插值,分析洱海湖面降水的分布特征。结果表明:洱海湖面降水分布时空差异显著,时间上具有季节性特征,夏季最多,秋季次之,冬季最少;空间上存在显著分布不均,降水高值中心位于洱海中部靠西岸湖湾区域,低值中心位于东南部湖区,最大格点降水量是最小格点的1.9倍;湖面降水存在明显的季节性空间振荡特征,降水的高值中心夏季略有北移向外呈发散性递减。洱海湖面降水时空分布特征的研究为大气湿沉降敏感区域和时段的划分提供数据支持,同时为湖泊水环境研究治理提供科学的技术支持。 相似文献
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一个新的湖—气热传输模型及其模拟能力评估 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
基于原有模型,采用温度为预报变量,改进了数值计算方法,并为模型中的浅湖部分加入了底部沉积层模块,建立了一个新的湖泊一维涡扩散水热传输模型。利用德国Kossenblatter 湖的观测资料（2003 年5～10 月）对模型进行了验证,并与其他四个湖泊模式的模拟结果进行了对比。进一步应用本模型和洱海水上观测站的资料（2012 年1～12 月）详细分析了湖泊水热状态的季节变化和日变化。模拟结果表明:模型可以很好地模拟出洱海水温的季节变化以及日变化,湖泊表面温度和剖面温度的模拟值与观测值吻合很好,最大误差均在2℃ 范围内;湖泊表面通量的模拟效果比温度略差,尤其对感热通量有明显低估,差值约为实测值的33%。这部分偏差可能是由观测误差、缺测数据的填补与订正方法以及模型表面参数化过于简单所共同导致。 相似文献
5.
夏季青海湖局地环流及大气边界层特征的数值模拟 总被引：5，自引：8，他引：5
使用美国NCAR新版MM5V3.6非静力模式,采用两重嵌套方法,模拟了青海湖区域的局地环流及大气边界层特征,并且与无湖试验进行了比较。结果表明:白天由于青海湖的存在有很好的降温作用,夜晚则有保温效应,表现出明显的冷(暖)湖效应;青海湖对感热和潜热的影响有很强的日变化,白天湖面感热、潜热都小,夜间情况相反,这使得白天青海湖是冷干岛,夜间是暖湿岛;青海湖使得白天湖面边界层顶低,陆面边界层顶高,夜间相反。这样的边界层顶高度和温度、地面能量通量相配合,形成了一个很好的保护机制,对青海湖的水土保持和生态环境的维持有正效应;青海湖使得湖面上空大气下沉,陆面上空大气上升,从而产生了湖面上空大气冷干,陆面上空大气暖湿的边界层特征;青海湖边缘的陆面形成的较大的湿气柱围绕着湖面,起到了保护湖面的作用;青海湖低空白天有明显的湖面向四周的辐散气流,而夜间则为从北偏东方向来的陆风。 相似文献
6.
The simulated response of lakes to changes in annual and seasonal precipitation: implication for Holocene lake-level changes in northern Europe 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
J. Vassiljev 《Climate Dynamics》1998,14(11):791-801
Experiments with a coupled lake-catchment model show that lakes in temperate humid climates are highly sensitive to changes in both mean annual and seasonal precipitation. Simulations of three lakes from northern Europe (Lake Bysjön, Sweden; Lakes Karujärv and Viljandi, Estonia) show that lake level is more sensitive to decreases than to increases in precipitation. Increased precipitation results in increased runoff, but this is largely compensated by increased outflow and the change in lake level is small. Reductions in winter (November-April) precipitation have a bigger impact on simulated lake level than changes in summer (May-October) precipitation. Evapotranspiration is highly sensitive to reduction in precipitation, particularly in summer, but relatively insensitive to increased precipitation. Runoff decreases more rapidly with a decrease in winter precipitation and increased precipitation will linearly increase runoff. To match observed lake-level changes at Lake Bysjön at 9000 and 6000?y. BP (ca 6–7?m and 4–5?m lower than present respectively), without changing other climate parameters, would require a decrease in annual precipitation of about 400–500?mm and 350–400?mm respectively. The same changes in lake level could be produced by decreasing precipitation in winter precipitation by about –200?mm and about ?175?mm respectively. The simulations suggest that a lake, which is large relative to its catchment, is more likely to register lake-level changes caused by changes in climate. 相似文献
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In this paper we examine how exchange flow in Urmia Lake plays a crucial role in dynamics of the lake. Urmia Lake, a very large hyper-saline lake of high ecological significance, is located in northwest of Iran with a 15-km causeway dividing it into north and south lakes. A 1250-m opening in the causeway near the east coast links the two lakes. The differences in mean water levels and densities of the two lakes increase in spring due to large freshwater inflows into the south lake. High evaporation dominates the lake in summer. By incorporating the results of a two-layer hydraulics theory into a mixing model of the lake, we show that the exchange flow through the opening diminishes the water level and salinity differences of the two lakes and hence helps restoration of the pre-construction state of the lake by the end of fall. The model results are confirmed by the field data. The north–south and south–north flows through the opening are equal in most of the year, except in spring when the south–north flow is greater due to the head difference of the two lakes. 相似文献
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M. A. Naumenko 《Russian Meteorology and Hydrology》2007,32(9):604-608
Based on the analysis of the surface water transparency (the depth of the Secchi disk disappearance), a seasonal trend of transparency for the entire lake water area was derived for the largest European lake, Lake Ladoga, on an equidistant grid and for limnetic regions. A spatial distribution of monthly mean water transparency of Lake Ladoga is considered from May to October. Climatic trends of transparency are assessed for the period from 1905 to 2003. The climatic trends are analyzed with a linear model used for each month from May to September. The areas with significant negative trends are singled out. A mean trend value is 0.02 m/year. The character of a spatial trend distribution changes depending on the month. In summer, the area with significant trends increases and covers about half of the lake water area. In the spring and in the fall, this area is much smaller and coincides with the southern regions of the lake. 相似文献
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一维热扩散湖模式在太湖的应用研究 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
利用在太湖获得的2010年8月11-28日的观测资料研究了一维热扩散湖模式在太湖的适用性,通过对比模拟进一步研究了影响太湖湖表温度模拟的主要因子。该湖模式对太湖最初的模拟结果并不理想,模拟的湖表面温度与观测有较大的系统性偏差,温度的日变化幅度与观测相比也偏小。通过分析该模式对太湖的模拟效果不理想的可能原因,针对太湖的生态环境和污染情况,设计了18个测试参数的敏感性试验,从敏感性试验的结果分析得到,适用于太湖的、依赖于湖泊类型的3个参数应做如下修改:消光系数（η0）应放大3倍,湖泊表层吸收的太阳辐射系数（β）应取0.8,粗糙长度（z0）采用公式计算得到。用新得到的适用于太湖的3个参数,模拟得到的结果与最初的模拟结果和观测资料对比,发现采用新的参数后,模拟结果比最初的模拟结果有了很大的改进,模拟的湖表温度基本接近观测,模拟的湖水垂直剖面时间序列图也跟观测吻合得较好,随之的感热、潜热通量的模拟也都与观测接近。最后,对输入湖模式的主要大气参量（太阳辐射、2 m气温及风场）±10%的误差引起的模式模拟的湖表面温度误差进行分析,结果表明该湖模式对大气强迫场的误差敏感度不高;相比之下,模拟结果对风场敏感性最小,对辐射和气温的敏感度相当。 相似文献
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为研究水体对气温观测环境的影响,应用WRF中尺度模式,通过对四季晴天小风、阴天大风背景天气下有无水体算例模拟结果的比较,分析了浙江青山湖水体(6.5 km2)对周边2 m高度处气温的影响。模拟结果表明:(1)冬季天气条件通常较稳定,水体对下风方的影响最为明显;春、秋季节水体对下风方的影响次之,夏季局地热力环流复杂,水体对下风方气温影响不若其他季节明显。(2)青山湖水体对下风方约5 km内的气温可能产生明显影响,非下风方缩短为0.4 km。(3)水体面积越大,对周边气温影响距离越大。(4)当风速大于6.2 m·s-1时,水陆热力性质差异迅速被平流项输送携带走,水体对下风方气温影响不明显。而湍流扩散项则将水体与陆面热力性质的差异向上传递,湍流强度大于0.5 m2·s-2时,水体对下风方气温的影响不明显。 相似文献
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研究巢湖流域流场特征对于认识该地区热量、水汽交换和水流运动规律具有重要意义。利用2006年合肥、肥东、巢湖、庐江站以及姥山岛自动气象站的风场资料,分析了巢湖流域典型站点的风速和风向变化特征。结果表明,陆面站点年平均风速为2.17m/s,湖面站点风速为2.41m/s。所有站点春夏季风速大于秋冬季,陆上风速具有明显的日变化,白天风速大于夜间,而湖面风速日变化较不显著。陆面站点风向季节变化明显,春夏季以偏南风为主,秋冬季以偏北风为主,春夏季的风向日变化特征较秋冬季明显,湖面站风向没有明显的季节变化。陆面站点不同程度地受到湖陆风的影响,距离湖面较近的站点受到的影响较大。湖面和陆面站点风向差距平与气温差距平的日变化保持一致,表明湖陆温差是影响巢湖流域湖陆风的关键因子。 相似文献
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Wu Yang Huang Anning Lazhu Yang Xianyu Qiu Bo Wen Lijuan Zhang Zhiqi Fu Zhipeng Zhu Xueyan Zhang Xindan Cai Shuxin Tang Yong 《Climate Dynamics》2020,55(9-10):2703-2724
A series of model sensitivity simulations are carried out to calibrate and improve the Weather Research and Forecasting Model coupled with a one-dimensional lake model (WRF-Lake) based on observations over Lake Nam Co. Using the default lake model parameters, the solution of WRF-Lake exhibits significant biases in both the lake thermodynamics and regional climatology, i.e., higher lake surface temperature (LST), earlier onset of summer thermal stratification, and overestimated near-surface air temperature and precipitation induced by the lake’s excessive warming and moistening impacts. The performance of WRF-Lake is improved through adjusting the initial lake temperature profile, the temperature of maximum water density (Tdmax), the surface roughness length, and the light extinction coefficient. Results show that initializing the water temperature with spring observation mitigates the LST overestimation and reduces the timing error of the onset of thermal stratification. By further adjusting Tdmax from 4 °C to the observed value of 3.5 °C, the LST increase from June to mid-July is enhanced and the buildup of thermal stratification is more accurately predicted. Through incorporating the parameterized surface roughness length and decreasing the light extinction coefficient, the model better reproduces the observed daily evolution of LST and vertical lake temperature profile. The calibrated WRF-Lake effectively mitigates the overestimation of over-lake air temperature at 2 m height and precipitation over regions downwind the lake. This suggests that an improved lake scheme within the coupled WRF-Lake is essential for realistically simulating the lake–air interactions and the regional climate over the lake-rich Tibetan Plateau.
相似文献13.
纳木错湖夏季典型大气边界层特征的数值模拟 总被引：9，自引：5，他引：4
为了进一步检验分析纳木错湖对当地地方性环流、湖气能量交换及大气边界层的影响,在本文中使用美国NCAR新版MM5V3.7非静力中尺度模式,设计了有湖面、3/4湖面、1/2湖面及无湖四组试验,以NCEP再分析资料做初、边值条件,做了48 h三重嵌套模拟试验,对比中国科学院"纳木错圈层相互作用"综合观测站实测资料,说明该模式模拟性能良好。白天在纳木错湖风与念青唐古拉山北坡谷风共同作用下,在念青唐古拉山脊处汇合,形成一强水平切变及辐合上升运动,造成了该地夏季白天复杂多变的天气;夜间由于南岸湖风与山风叠加,使得整个区域为强大南风气流控制,这也补给了水汽和热量,也为白天不稳定运动提供了能量。对大气边界层特征的模拟结果表明:由于白天(夜晚)纳木错湖的存在有很好的降温(保温)作用,该湖表现出了明显的冷(暖)湖效应;纳木错湖对感热和潜热的影响有很强的日变化,白天湖面感热、潜热均小于周围陆地,夜间湖面有强潜热通量;纳木错湖使得白天湖区边界层顶低,陆区边界层顶高,夜间相反。这样的地方性环流和大气边界层特征的配合,是该地中小尺度天气剧烈变化的重要原因。 相似文献
14.
Summary Lake Van is one of the largest terminal lakes in the world. In recent years, significant lake level fluctuations have occurred
and can be related to global climatic change. This fluctuation sometimes exhibits abrupt shifts. Floods originating from the
lake can cause considerable damage and loss in agriculture and urban areas. Therefore, water level forecasting plays a significant
role in planning and design. This study is aimed at predicting future lake levels from past rainfall amounts and water level
records. A dynamical change of the lake level is evaluated by the fuzzy approach. The fuzzy inference system has the ability
to use fuzzy membership functions that include the uncertainties of the concerned event. This method is applied for Lake Van,
in east Turkey. Furthermore, model capabilities are compared with ARMAX model. It is shown that lower absolute errors are
obtained with the Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy approach than with the ARMAX model. 相似文献
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采用NOAA/AVHRR资料, 利用水体与地物光谱特性的差异, 结合通道2方案和通道2/通道1方案, 对4月博斯腾湖水体进行判识, 而利用通道2、通道2/通道1并结合通道4的方案判识了10月博斯腾湖水体, 在此基础上利用线性混合模式对混合像元做了处理, 定量估算了1990—1998年4月和10月博斯腾湖的面积, 调研了9年来博斯腾湖面积变化情况, 表明9年间博斯腾湖面积呈增加趋势。进一步采用主成分分析方法对博斯腾湖面积增大原因做了初步的气候分析, 表明1988年以来博斯腾湖地区气温升高、蒸发量减少、降水有所增加, 而人类活动用水和出流稳定并有减少是博斯腾湖面积增加的主要原因。而博斯腾湖及上游地区季节性积雪的特征, 使冬季积雪水资源注入博斯腾湖, 导致春季博斯腾湖面积较秋季大。 相似文献
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利用2013年3月至2017年2月天津西青地基35通道微波辐射计观测资料,分析天津地区大气水汽和液态水特征。结果表明：天津地区各季节积分水汽和积分液态水的日变化趋势基本一致,均呈单峰型日变化特征,其中夏季最大,秋季次之,冬季最小。各季节积分水汽最大值出现在23：00时（北京时,下同）的概率均明显大于其他时次,夏季和冬季的积分液态水的最大值出现在14时的概率最大,春季和秋季分别出现在10时和13时的概率最大。天津地区水汽密度由地面至3.5 km处逐渐减小,递减梯度由夏季、秋季、春季和冬季的顺序依次增大,各季节从1.5 km往上日变化均不明显。1 km以下,春季、夏季和秋季平均水汽密度的日变化曲线呈双峰型,主峰值分别出现在08时、11时和12时左右。冬季呈单峰型变化,峰值区出现在12-16时。液态水密度随高度分层变化,夏季的液态水密度大值区（0.08-0.14 g·m-3）为5-6 km,在18-20时出现最大值。秋季、春季和冬季液态水密度的大值区出现的高度为1.5-3.5 km,但数值依次减小,春季和冬季的最大值出现在05时前后,秋季则出现在02时左右。另外天津地区水汽、液态水与温度和降水量的变化趋势基本一致,除夏季06-18时及冬季部分时次外,水汽与温度呈正相关。液态水与温度相关性较差,但与降水量呈正相关,全年液态水与降水量夜间的相关性大于白天。 相似文献
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根据1971—2010年环太湖地区苏州、常州、长兴等9个气象台站日平均气温和日降水量资料,采用EOF正交经验分析法、线性倾向率法、小波分析法和Mann-Kendall检验法研究了环太湖地区近40 a来的气候变化特征。结果表明:1) 1971—2010年间,环太湖地区整体上呈增暖趋势,环太湖地区的季节性增暖存在空间差异,西北部的气温在春、夏季明显升高,而东南部则在秋、冬季明显增暖,1990年前后该地区的增暖率存在完全相反的空间分布。2)该40 a中,降水表现为北部增加,南部减少。整个环太湖地区的降水在冬季普遍呈现增加趋势,春、夏季降水的空间分布差异性大于秋、冬季。3) M orlet小波分析结果表明,环太湖地区年平均温度存在16～17 a和6 a、26 a左右的变化周期;年降水量存在15～16 a和24 a的强显著性变化周期,各地区在年均温、年降水量周期振荡的强度上存在一定的差异。4) Mann-Kendall突变检验显示,1971—2010年环太湖地区各站点均表现为气温由低向高的突变,突变发生在1992—1993年。 相似文献
20.
环青海湖地区气候变化及其对荒漠化的影响 总被引：30，自引：5，他引：30
对环青海湖地区1976年以来的气温、降水、蒸发等气候要素的气候变化趋势及突变现象进行了分析和检验。结果表明：年平均气温及春、夏、秋、冬四季气温均呈上升趋势，其中以秋、冬两季最为明显；年平均降水量及春、夏、冬季降水自90年代后出现减少趋势，秋季降水始终呈减少趋势，且线性变率达－7.28mm/10a；各季及年蒸发量呈增大趋势，其中年、夏季蒸发量的线性变率分别为11.7、9.39mm/a。各季及年气温出现过一次明显的增暖现象；降水虽然出现过一次明显的增加和减少，但增加出现在80年代，而减少则出现在90年代；同样，蒸发也出现过一次明显的增大和减小现象，只是减少出现在80年代，而增大而出现在90年代。这种气候趋势和突变现象的发生，加剧了环青海湖地区荒漠化的蔓延，致使草地退化、河流流量减少、湖泊水位下降，生态环境受到严重影响。 相似文献