共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 62 毫秒
1.
2015年4月28日,在高空冷涡的天气背景下,一个伴有较长生命史中气旋的超级单体在上海南汇双线偏振多普勒雷达观测范围内经历了发展减弱阶段,并产生了冰雹、雷雨大风、短时强降水等灾害性天气。利用常规天气观测、南汇双线偏振多普勒雷达、双雷达反演风场等资料分析发现,超级单体在发展成熟阶段呈现出回波悬垂、低层入流缺口、中气旋以及三体散射等经典特征,以及表示雷暴处于发展加强阶段的差分反射率因子柱。差分反射率因子柱通常意味着雷暴中上升气流的加强,同时说明大量的水滴可以被强上升气流托举到0℃层以上,形成过冷水滴,从而有利于冰雹的形成。超级单体经过的区域0～6 km垂直风切变达到了22～26 m·s~(-1),强垂直风切变环境有利于水平涡度发展,南汇雷达观测范围内中气旋维持了100 min左右,有利于雷暴的发展维持。此外,基于模糊逻辑法对此次降雹强对流天气过程开展了相态识别,结果表明,模糊逻辑法对此次强对流天气过程中的冰雹、降水等不同性质的降水能够进行有效的识别,有助于对雷暴降水相态本质的认识。 相似文献
2.
两类不同风灾个例超级单体特征对比分析 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
采用分钟级加密自动气象站观测资料,盐城、淮安和岳阳、荆州雷达探测数据,以及欧洲中期天气预报中心（ECMWF）高分辨率的ERA-Interim全球再分析数据,对比分析了2016年6月23日江苏阜宁龙卷灾害和2015年6月1日湖北监利下击暴流大风灾害的环境特征与超级单体的结构特征。结果表明:（1）两次强对流大风灾害发生在相似的低空环流背景下:风灾发生在低空急流出口区左侧的暖区内、850 hPa低涡中心东侧6—7个经距的位置;环境大气的对流有效位能大于2000 J/kg。但是风灾的类型不同,江苏阜宁大风灾害主要由超级单体龙卷造成,监利“东方之星”沉船事故主要是超级单体触发的下击暴流造成。短时强降水中心与风灾中心的相对位置不同:阜宁龙卷移动方向的左侧伴随着最强短时降水;湖北监利沉船事件发生期间,风灾中心与短时强降水中心基本重合。鉴于不同性质的对流大风位置与超级单体母体的中心位置对应关系上存在差异,通过比较地面观测的瞬时大风与瞬时强降水中心的相对位置将有助于区分强对流大风的性质。（2）环境风垂直切变强度对对流风暴结构、发展、维持有重要影响:阜宁龙卷发生时,其上空0—6 km风垂直切变达4×10-3 s-1,超级单体有明显的向前倾斜结构,形成有界弱回波区;而监利强对流沉船位置0—6 km风垂直切变只有2.3×10-3 s-1左右,风暴单体中的上升气流近乎于垂直。阜宁超级单体中气旋,首先出现在0—1.5 km风垂直切变和0—3 km风暴相对螺旋度带状大值区,在向抬升凝结高度更低的环境移动过程中,其底部不断下降,形成龙卷;而在监利沉船区,中低层风切变和风暴相对螺旋度相对要弱得多,对应风暴单体中的中气旋强度、持续性较弱,中气旋底部高度维持在1.6 km左右。（3）环境湿度垂直结构特征不同可能是风暴单体形成不同类型灾害大风的重要环境因子。监利下击暴流造成的风灾发生时,在地面气温迅速下降过程中,气压变化呈现快速跳升又快速下降的“尖锥”形,气压峰值比降水峰值提前4 min出现。它与对流层中高层环境大气中较为深厚的干空气卷入对流风暴中造成水物质强烈蒸发、冷却过程有关。而阜宁风灾过程中,环境大气中层仅存在非常浅薄的干层,加之低层较为深厚的饱和大气环境,对应的地面冷池效应相对较弱。 相似文献
3.
This study explores the potential for directly assimilating polarimetric radar data (including reflectivity Z and differential reflectivity ZDR) using an ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) based on the Weather Research and Forecasting
(WRF) model to improve analysis and forecast of Tropical Storm Ewiniar (2018). Ewiniar weakened but brought about heavy rainfall over Guangdong, China after its final landfall. Two experiments are performed, one assimilating only Z
and the other assimilating both Z and ZDR. Assimilation of ZDR together with Z effectively modifies hydrometeor fields, and improves the intensity, shape and position of rainbands. Forecast of 24-hour extraordinary rainfall ≥250 mm is
significantly improved. Improvement can also be seen in the wind fields because of cross-variable covariance. The current study shows the possibility of applying polarimetric radar data to improve forecasting of tropical cyclones, which
deserves more researches in the future. 相似文献
4.
R. Bechini E. Gorgucci G. Scarchilli S. Dietrich 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2002,79(3-4):275-284
Summary The error structure of radar measurements should be accurately known in order to provide reliable estimates for a number
of quantitative meteorological applications, from rainfall rate estimation to cloud microphysics. The aim of this paper is
to give a detailed characterization of Z
H
and Z
DR
measurements obtained by the weather radar of Fossalon di Grado (Gorizia, Italy). Vertical-looking observations are used
to determine the system bias on differential reflectivity and to estimate the measurement error on both Z
H
and Z
DR
in the rain medium. It is estimated that no bias is affecting Z
DR
and the accuracy of Z
H
and Z
DR
is 0.8 and 0.1 dB, respectively. A similar evaluation is done in the rain medium at larger ranges with the antenna pointing
at low elevation angles. The long time stability of the absolute reflectivity calibration is also established by radar-rain
gage inter-comparison over almost 200 hours of precipitation data collected during nearly two years.
Received June 21, 2001 Revised November 13, 2001 相似文献
5.
利用常规地面和探空资料、珠海S波段双偏振多普勒天气雷达和珠海横琴X波段相控阵雷达资料对2021年6月1日发生在珠江口的水龙卷过程进行分析。研究表明:此次水龙卷过程发生在高层强辐散、中层短波槽影响、低层西南风的背景场下;极低的抬升凝结高度、较大的0~1 km风矢量差、超过超级单体发生阈值的风暴相对螺旋度,为龙卷的发生提供了较好的动力条件。两部雷达均观测到超级单体结构特征,最强反射率因子超过65 dBZ。X波段相控阵雷达资料能够清晰展现水龙卷超级单体风暴精细化演变特征,0.9 °仰角首先出现风切变,随后风切变出现高度逐渐增高,并加强为中气旋,切变最高高度达到17.1 °仰角,随后高度逐渐降低,龙卷减弱。三维反射率因子图清楚地反映了龙卷母体风暴穹窿结构形成过程,以及强反射率因子区向上延伸,变细加强,龙卷触及水面后变粗的过程。S波段雷达探测到在龙卷发生前,出现ZDR低值眼区和ρHV弧,这对于预报员提前预警以及识别龙卷具有一定帮助。 相似文献
6.
为深入研究超级单体的结构演变及其相关机理,对1522“彩虹”台风登陆前后外围雨带中衍生龙卷的超级单体进行了深入分析。研究结果表明,该台风雨带内衍生龙卷的超级单体持续约1.5 h左右,生命史较短。3个超级单体都在回波段的尾部发展,其中汕尾和佛山2个超级单体在发展过程中合并其后部相对较弱的单体。涡旋结构位于超级单体回波穹隆和悬挂回波附近,龙卷发生期间呈“涡管”状,向移动方向倾斜。由Bernoulli原理和空气动力学相关知识可知,超级单体某一高度上阻碍气旋(反气旋)向前运动的空气阻力f和周围压力差δF的共同作用合力F是钩状回波形成的原因。由此提出的钩状回波概念模型可合理解释北半球西风带和东风带内超级单体演变过程中钩状回波的形成结构及其机理,有助于进一步丰富超级单体结构及其理论内涵,加深对此类强天气致灾机理的理解。 相似文献
7.
Single-Doppler Radar Observations of a High Precipitation Supercell Accompanying the 12 April 2003 Severe Squall Line in Fujian Province 
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下载免费PDF全文 In this study,single Doppler radar data were used to examine the structure and evolution of a high precipitation(HP) supercell embedded in a cold front near Jianyang,Fujian Province on 12 April 2003.The synoptic environment was characterized by high humidity at low levels,moderate CAPE(convective available potential energy;1601 J kg~(-1)),moderate wind shear(22 m s~(-1) in 0-5 km),and veering of the horizontal winds with height,similar to those HP supercells previously observed in midlatitudes.In additio... 相似文献
8.
一次超级单体分裂过程的雷达回波特征分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
2007年7月9日16—20时（北京时）在河北南部非常罕见地观测到了多个超级单体风暴在相近地点连续生成及分裂的过程。利用石家庄新乐SA型多普勒天气雷达资料、地面自动站及常规天气资料,对超级单体分裂过程及环境条件做了分析。表明这次的多个超级单体风暴是在强的对流有效位能和垂直风切变的环境条件下发生的。由于垂直风切变矢量方向随高度逆时针旋转,因此,分裂后左移的反气旋风暴得到加强,发展成为具有深厚中反气旋的左移超级单体风暴,而右移的气旋性风暴受到抑制,与理论研究结果一致。但也有不同之处,沿着地面高湿区内热力边界偏暖一侧移动的气旋性风暴没有受到明显抑制,有利的地面环境条件抵消了气旋性风暴受抑制的程度,使气旋性风暴能够持续更长的时间。该强烈发展的带有明显中反气旋的超级单体风暴具有低层钩状回波和入流缺口、中高层有界弱回波区及位于有界弱回波区之上的高层具有反射率因子核心和强烈风暴顶辐散,与经典的气旋式右移超级单体风暴的回波特征非常类似,除了是反气旋涡旋外,其回波特征与气旋式超级单体近似成镜像。风暴分裂是在单体形成不久的发展初期开始的。分裂先从中高层开始,然后迅速向下延伸。分裂后相对于0—6 km风切变矢量,左侧的单体为反气旋左移风暴,右侧的为气旋性右移风暴。 相似文献
9.
讨论了新一代（多普勒）天气雷达对2002年5月14日19:00至21:00影响湖南常德地区的3个对流风暴的探测情况，其中两个为超级单体，一个为飑线。观测到了与超级单体相联系的中气旋和龙卷式涡旋特征（TVS）。上述强对流系统产生了地面大风、大冰雹和龙卷等强烈天气，与雷达的探测相吻合。特别值得一提的是在中国首次探测到了三体散射（TBSS）和龙卷式涡旋特征（TVS）这两个分别指示大冰雹和龙卷的雷达回波特征，并得到了地面报告的印证。 相似文献
10.
Increased hurricane intensities with CO2-induced warming as simulated using the GFDL hurricane prediction system 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
The impact of CO2-induced global warming on the intensities of strong hurricanes is investigated using the GFDL regional high-resolution hurricane
prediction system. The large-scale initial conditions and boundary conditions for the regional model experiments, including
SSTs, are derived from control and transient CO2 increase experiments with the GFDL R30-resolution global coupled climate model. In a case study approach, 51 northwest Pacific
storm cases derived from the global model under present-day climate conditions are simulated with the regional model, along
with 51 storm cases for high CO2 conditions. For each case, the regional model is integrated forward for five days without ocean coupling. The high CO2 storms, with SSTs warmer by about 2.2 °C on average and higher environmental convective available potential energy (CAPE),
are more intense than the control storms by about 3–7 m/s (5%–11%) for surface wind speed and 7 to 24 hPa for central surface
pressure. The simulated intensity increases are statistically significant according to most of the statistical tests conducted
and are robust to changes in storm initialization methods. Near-storm precipitation is 28% greater in the high CO2 sample. In terms of storm tracks, the high CO2 sample is quite similar to the control. The mean radius of hurricane force winds is 2 to 3% greater for the composite high
CO2 storm than for the control, and the high CO2 storms penetrate slightly higher into the upper troposphere. More idealized experiments were also performed in which an initial
storm disturbance was embedded in highly simplified flow fields using time mean temperature and moisture conditions from the
global climate model. These idealized experiments support the case study results and suggest that, in terms of thermodynamic
influences, the results for the NW Pacific basin are qualitatively applicable to other tropical storm basins.
Received: 20 July 1998/Accepted: 24 December 1998 相似文献
11.
A two-moment cloud microphysics parameterization for mixed-phase clouds. Part 2: Maritime vs. continental deep convective storms 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Summary A systematic modeling study investigates the effects of cloud condensation nuclei (CCNs) on the evolution of mixed-phase deep
convective storms. Following previous studies the environmental conditions like buoyancy and vertical wind shear are varied
to simulate different storm types like ordinary single cells, multicells and supercells. In addition, the CCN characteristics
are changed from maritime to continental conditions. The results reveal very different effects of continentality on the cloud
microphysics and dynamics of the different storms. While a negative feedback on total precipitation and maximum updraft velocity
is found for ordinary single cells and supercell storms, a positive feedback exists for multicell cloud systems. The most
important link between CCN properties, microphysics and dynamics is the release of latent heat of freezing. 相似文献
12.
基于雷达资料四维变分同化技术对北京地区一次下山突发性增强风暴热动力机制的模拟分析 总被引：8，自引：1，他引：7
利用三维数值云模式和雷达资料四维变分(4DVar)同化技术,通过对4部新一代多普勒天气雷达探测资料进行快速更新同化和云尺度模拟,初步分析了2009年8月1日发生在北京地区的一次短生命史、突发性增强风暴的低层动力和热力影响机制。此次风暴过程处于弱天气尺度背景和弱层结背景下,冷池和低层环境风场相互作用是造成山上对流风暴增强传播下山的关键机制,而风暴的短生命史和平原地区上空弱风垂直切变环境有关:在对流风暴产生的初期,由于平原地区局地热力、动力场分布的差异,在平原地区西部近地面形成冷池结构,而冷池的“障碍物”作用进而阻碍环境风场的传播。在此机制下,导致在冷池东南边缘附近形成辐合中心、较强的低层水平风垂直切变和全螺旋度大值中心,有助于风暴传播下山。在风暴临近山边阶段,平原地区原有冷池的“绕流”等机制仍然有助于形成有利于主体风暴传播下山增强的近地面辐合中心、强低层水平风垂直切变和全螺旋度大值中心等环境。此外,随着山上风暴降水产生若干冷池,由于风暴形成的阵风锋抬升作用以及新生冷池与老冷池的逐渐发展并相互靠近,使冷池之间暖空气不断抬升,在冷池之间低层形成较强的辐合中心、全螺旋度大值中心。并且,由于冷池边缘的热力场分布不均匀,同样在冷池边缘形成较大扰动气压和扰动温度,增大了垂直加速度,在冷池之间中高层形成上升气流区,这些机制使北部风暴重新增强和新生风暴产生的同时,最终也导致这些风暴互相靠近,合并组织成带状回波。风暴在平原传播阶段,带状回波产生的冷池进一步增强,并明显扩展。低层风场指示冷池出流(阵风锋)更加强烈且存在明显的“前冲”特征,显现出部分飑线系统特征。但是,由于此时平原地区处于弱风垂直切变环境,此时冷池强于低层风垂直切变,即冷池产生的负涡度大于低层风垂直切变产生的正涡度,因此,冷池前沿的上升气流向后倾斜并导致阵风锋逐渐离开主体风暴,不利于沿着出流边界形成新的对流单体,从而不利于维持对流风暴系统的发展传播。随后,阵风锋和前方东南气流交汇,形成新的孤立单体。并且,基于模拟结果计算了与对流系统发展密切相关的全螺旋度、风垂直切变。结果显示,风垂直切变(尤其是0—3 km)和全螺旋度与风暴发生和传播位置及强度相关性较高,反映出模拟量对带状回波风暴过程具有较好的指示意义。 相似文献
13.
K. Prasad 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2006,91(1-4):183-199
Summary Results of an earlier study of cyclone track prediction using a quasi-Lagrangian model (QLM) to generate track forecasts of
up to 36 hours were reported by Prasad and Rama Rao (2003). Further experiments to produce track forecasts of up to 72 hours
with an updated version of the same model have been carried out in the present study. In this case, the ability of the model
to predict recent historical cyclones in the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea has been assessed. Analysis of some of the structural
features of analyzed and predicted fields has been carried out. Such fields include wind distribution and vertical motion
around the cyclone centre. In addition, the merging of an idealized vortex with the large scale initial fields provided by
a global model, has been carried out for a particular case study of a May 1997 storm, which hit the Bangladesh coast. This
current study has demonstrated that the model generates a realistic structure of a tropical cyclone with an idealized vortex.
Performance evaluation has been carried out by computing the direct position errors (DPE). The results of which show that
the mean error for a 24 h forecast is about 122 km, which increases to about 256 km for a 48 h forecast and 286 km for a 72 h
forecast. These figures are comparable to similar errors in respect of tropical cyclone forecasts produced by an advanced
NWP centre, viz., the UKMO global model during the corresponding period, 1997–2000 (obtained from UKMO web site). The average
forecast errors of the UKMO model are 160 km for 24 h, 265 km for 48 h, 415 km for 72 h forecast ranges. 相似文献
14.
2017年8月11日下午,三个EF4级龙卷袭击了内蒙古自治区赤峰市的地形复杂地区,造成5人死亡,58人受伤。这是1961年以来中国有记录的最强山地龙卷事件。首先给出了此次龙卷过程的灾情调查结果,接下来分析了此次龙卷母体风暴-龙卷超级单体产生的天气背景、关键环境参数以及多普勒天气雷达观测特征。本次龙卷事件发生在东北冷涡东南象限的地面锋前和干线向湿侧发展处,CAPE(对流有效位能)值为1 800 J/kg,0～6 km风垂直切变为12.9 m/s,0～1 km风垂直切变达到10.8 m/s;同时,0～1 km相对风暴螺旋度达到67.3 m2/s2,接近美国龙卷发生环境的中位数,有利于超级单体龙卷的发生。现场灾害调查发现,灾害路径具有多涡旋和不连续的特点,可能与当地的复杂地形有关。基于多普勒天气雷达相对径向速度图识别出三个龙卷涡旋特征(TVS),TVS径向速度差最大达到38 m/s。三个龙卷及对应TVS出自同一个超级单体的同一个中气旋,其中两个TVS出现时间重叠。 相似文献
15.
运用三维弹性套网格中尺度（b-g）大气模式，对3个强雹暴过程作不同模拟试验，初步探讨了强对流风暴数值模拟及其未来预报的几个基本问题。结果表明:采用单点探空的二维暖云计算能定性预报出某些风暴过程，为强天气警报提供一定的参考信息；对风速风向垂直切变较小的风暴，二维模拟结果与三维模拟较接近；而对具有典型三维结构的超级单体，则用二维模拟或只用单向风分量的三维模拟不能模拟出其基本特征；为对不同风暴的生命、演变和降水发展等进行模式预报，不仅要求采用细致的雹云微物理参数化的三维模式，还要求用能较准确代表风暴发生处的背景 相似文献
16.
Three supercell storms on 24 June 2004 (0624), 28 June 2003 (0628), and 27 September 2002 (0927) induced different damages
in Shandong Province. Storm 0927 was inferior in size and intensity to storms 0628 and 0624. The structure and evolvement
of the three storms were analyzed in detail based on the WSR-98D radar data in combination with weather charts. The results
show that mesoscale surface convergence triggered release of instable energy, which resulted in severe convection. During
the development stage, storms 0927, 0628, and 0624 displayed multi-cell propagation, single-cell evolution, and multi-cell
mergence, respectively. The storm tracks were similar: they were all right-moving supercell storms, i.e., moving at an angle
of 30°–70° to the right of the mean wind and at a speed of about 45%-70% of the mean wind speed. In the mature stage, the
maximum reflectivity appeared at the low level in storm 0927, mid level in storm 0628, and mid-upper level in storm 0624.
These storms possessed almost all typical features of supercell storms: weak echo region (WER), bounded weak echo region (BWER),
and mesocyclone. An organized mesocyclone formed at the middle height of an updraft, deepened gradually downward and upward,
and became a typical mid-level mesocyclone with strong updrafts. The vertical structures of airflows in the three storms were
similar, i.e., significant convergence at low level, nearly pure rotation at mid level, and divergent rotation at upper level.
However, signatures of mid-level horizontal airflows in the three storms were different: at mid level, there was a single
vortex in storm 0628, but a double-vortex flow pattern was seen in storms 0927 and 0624. The horizontal structure of the double-vortex
flow was hard to be blown away by the environmental airflow, and thus the storms could persist for a longer period of time
than the single vortex storm. 相似文献
17.
P. P. Alberoni S. Nanni M. Crespi M. Monai 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》1996,58(1-4):123-138
Summary A case study of supercell thunderstorm development over Po Valley in northern Italy is discussed. The data were collected during MATREP, a field project operated in the month of June 1990. During the late morning hours of 8 June, before the passage of a cold front, a supercell and a single cell developed at the same time in eastern part of Po Valley, about 60 km apart from each other.Surface mesoscale analysis helps to explain these different storm evolutions due to interaction among local circulations, Adriatic Sea and orography. While dry wind (foehn) dumps the thermodynamic instability in single-cell environment, a moisture circulation affects the origin area of supercell. Computation of corresponding instability indices again supports the peculiar evolution of the two storms which is also analyzed by means of radar data.With 20 Figures 相似文献
18.
Summary A series of numerical experiments on an f plane are conducted using the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University-National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale
Model, version 3 (MM5) to investigate how environmental vertical wind shear affects the motion, structure, and intensity of
a tropical cyclone. The results show that a tropical cyclone has a motion component perpendicular to the vertical shear vector,
first to the right of the shear and then to the left. An initially axisymmetric, upright tropical cyclone vortex develops
a downshear tilt and wavenumber-one asymmetry when embedded in environmental vertical wind shear.
In both small-moderate shears, a storm weakens slightly compared to that in a quiescent environment. The circulation centers
between 300 hPa and the surface varies from 20 km to over 80 km. The secondary circulation becomes quite asymmetric about
the surface cyclone center. As a result, convection on the upshear-right quadrant diminishes, limiting the upward heat transport
in the eyewall and thus lowering the warm core and leading to a weakening of the storm. In strong vertical shear (above 12 m s−1), the vertical tilt exceeds 160 km in 48 h of simulation and the secondary circulation on the upshear side is completely
destroyed with low-level outflow. The axisymmetric component of eyewall convection weakens remarkably and becomes much less
penetrative. As a result, the warm core becomes weak and appears at lower levels and the storm weakens rapidly accordingly.
This up-down weakening mechanism discussed in this study is different from those previously discussed. It emphasizes the penetrative
role of eyewall convection in transporting heat from the ocean to the mid-upper troposphere, maintaining the warm core structure
of the tropical cyclone. The vertical shear is found negative to eyewall penetrative convection. 相似文献
19.
利用多普勒天气雷达资料及反演风场和常规观测资料,对2014年11月2日发生在北黄海（山东半岛北部海上）一次罕见海龙卷风暴的中尺度特征进行了分析。结果表明：冷空气、暖湿海面热力边界、山东半岛北部近海岸西北风与偏西风的辐合线是海龙卷风暴发生的天气背景。海龙卷风暴发生时雷达回波PPI最大分贝反射率因子为60 dBZ,高度为2.0 km,最高风暴顶为4.5 km,最大垂直累积液态水含量VIL为21 kg·m-2。利用雷达反演风场进行中尺度特征分析,结果表明：在海龙卷风暴发生发展过程中,低层风辐合对应4.0 km高度上是风辐散,海上有较强的偏南暖湿气流输送到雷暴区。中尺度动力特征：最大正涡度和散度辐合在1.0 km以下,低层正涡度和散度辐合、高层散度辐散是雷暴发生初期动力特征;低层没有正涡度和散度辐合、高层为正涡度和散度辐合是雷暴开始发展的动力特征;低层和高层为大的正涡度和散度辐合是雷暴成熟阶段的动力特征。高空冷空气叠加上低空强的偏南气流,造成局地涡度加大和低层辐合加强,使低层暖湿气流倾斜上升。海龙卷与辐合区的冷空气和暖湿气流有关。 相似文献
20.
Convective Scale Structure and Evolution of a Squall Line Observed by C-Band Dual Doppler Radar in an Arid Region of Northwestern China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A long-lived and loosely organized squall line moved
rapidly across Urumqi, the capital city of Xinjiang Uygur
Autonomous Region of China on 26 June 2005, generating hail and
strong winds. The squall line was observed by a dual Doppler radar
system in a field experiment conducted in 2004 and 2005 by the
Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences and the local
meteorological bureau in northwestern China. The 3D wind fields
within the squall line were retrieved through dual Doppler analyses
and a variational Doppler radar analysis system (VDRAS). The
formation and structure of the squall line as well as the genesis
and evolution of embedded convective cells were investigated. During
its life period, the squall line consisted of six storm cells
extending about 100 km in length, and produced hail of about 25 mm
in diameter and strong surface winds up to 11 m s-1. Radar
observations revealed a broad region of stratiform rain in a
meso-β cyclone, with the squall line located to the
west of this. Two meso-γ scale vortices were found within
the squall line. Compared to typical squall lines in moist regions,
such as Guangdong Province and Shanghai, which tend to be around
300--400 km in length, have echo tops of 17--19 km, and produce
maximum surface winds of about 25 m s-1 and temperature
variations of about 8oC this squall line system had weaker
maximum reflectivity (55 dBZ), a lower echo top (13 km) and
smaller extension (about 100 km), relatively little stratiform
rainfall preceding the convective line, and a similar moving speed
and temperature variation at the surface. 相似文献