共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 234 毫秒
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利用青海省4个探空站和NCEP格点站的大气水汽含量及对应地面站温度和降水资料,对比分析青海高原不同气候区的大气水汽含量及其与气温、降水之间的相互关系。结果表明:青藏高原地区NCEP水汽含量与L波段探空估算的水汽含量变化趋势基本一致。4站大气水汽含量的季节和旬变化特征有明显差异,测站海拔越低大气水汽含量越高且与所处地理位置和地形有关,测站海拔越高时大气水汽含量与大气环流和天气系统密切相关。大于10 mm降水与水汽含量呈正比关系,水汽转化为降水的转化率较高;小降水和无降水与水汽含量关系不明确,水汽转化为降水的转化率较低。虽然降水与温度和水汽含量有一定的正比关系,但青海高原地区降水的产生过程复杂,因而不能用温度和大气水汽含量完全确定能否产生降水。 相似文献
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张学文 《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》1996,19(5):7-12
根据物理学中非均匀的混合气体的理论，本文得出了一个水汽相对运动方程和一个比湿方程。前者显示自由大气中的水汽会由于比湿、气压、温度分布的空晨不均匀和受力不等而产生相对于干空气的运动。这个方程还可以说明大气中层状云多，锋面附近、低压区、台风区多雨和台风眼中无雨等现象。比湿方程可用于计算由上述相对运动导致的空气比湿的变化。而承认本文提出的物理模型也就要求对已有的大气水分环流和降水机制作重要修正。 相似文献
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1思路气温的预报主要考虑本来Δt时间内的温度变化，即气温的局地变化。根据热力学方程在P坐标系的形式：通过展开整理得到：即气温的局地变化取决于温度的平流变化、大气稳定度和非绝热传递。在非局部区域中，空气的垂直运动量级较小，大气稳定度对气温局地变化所引起的贡献可以忽略，因此在实际分析中只侧重于温度平流和非绝热项的变化。其中，温度平流与水平温度梯度成正比，当垂直于温度梯度的风速分量越大，温度平流越强，温度的局地变化越大；非绝热变化主要取决于辐射、水汽相变等，它与云量、云状、风向风速、湿度、气压等本站要素… 相似文献
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应用ATOVS资料反演大气温湿廓线 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：3
本文用牛顿迭代的方法反演NOAA-15极轨气象卫星ATOVS资料，求解大气温度廓线和水汽廓线，本文利用一阶变分原理从辐射传输方程中得到了大气温度、水汽权重函数的解析形式，并改进了传统使用的线性迭代方法，利用牛顿非线性迭代方法求解大气表层温度，大气温度廓线及大气水汽廓线，并根据大气参量的自相关性，将大气温度廓线、大气水汽廓线用经验正交函数（EOF）的线性组合表示，减少了要反演的参数，提高了反演稳定性和迭代速度。 相似文献
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文中利用包括水汽凝结过程的湿大气原始方程模式，研究了高空西风急流和低空南风急流中冷锋环流和垂直运动场的演变，计算结果显示:水汽凝结过程的加入，使锋区垂直运动和锋面环流大大增强，上升运动随时间发生剧烈的变化；湿过程对锋面环流的作用发生在水汽饱和并发生凝结之后，未饱和水汽的存在对锋面环流没有什么作用；与干大气模式中高空西风急流是造成冷锋环流演变的主要因子情况不同，低空南风急流在湿大气中对锋面环流有极为重要的作用，其作用至少与高空西风急流相等；在激发锋区重力波上，低空南风急流的作用可能更加明显；水汽凝结湿过程的加入，不论是在高空西风急流下还是在低空南风急流中，都能在锋区激发出波长约为300 km的重力波，并以大于锋面移速的相速传入暖区。 相似文献
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利用太阳光度计反演渤海湾西岸大气柱水汽总量 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用CE-318型太阳光度计936nm水汽吸收通道的太阳辐射观测值和太阳光度计在该通道的透过率与水汽量关系，采用瞬态法反演了渤海湾西岸大气柱水汽总量。结果表明：利用太阳光度计936nm通道可以反演晴空大气柱水汽总量，其局限性是要在晴空下使用；渤海湾西岸大气柱水汽含量时间分布极不均匀；不同季节晴空日的水汽含量日变化有所不同。 相似文献
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应用天津大气边界层观测站的CE318型太阳光度计五个波段(440,670,870,936和1020nm)的太阳辐射观测资料,以及MODTRAN3.7辐射传输模式模拟的大气斜程水汽量与CE318太阳光度计936 nm通道水汽透过率的关系函数,研究了反演大气柱水汽总量的方法。结果表明:在大气处于相对不变的状态下,瞬态法和改进的Langley法在反演大气柱水汽总量时其结果的相关系数高于0.97;但在大气状态处于多变时,瞬态法优于改进的Langley法。 相似文献
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ＣｏｎｄｅｎｓａｔｉｏｎＩｎｄｕｃｅｄｂｙＲａｒｅｆａｃｔｉｏｎＷａｖｅｓａｎｄＲｅｆｌｅｃｔｅｄＲａｒｅｆａｃｔｉｏｎＷａｖｅｓ￥ＦｕＹｕｎｆｅｉ（傅云飞）ＨａｎＺｈａｏｙｕａｎ（韩肇元）ａｎｄＧｏｎｇＭｉｎｗｅｉ（龚闽卫）（Ｄｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏ... 相似文献
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Ines Hoog Subir K. Mitra Karoline Diehl Stephan Borrmann 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2007,57(1):73-84
In laboratory experiments the interactions of ammonia with ice crystals were studied within the temperature range between
0 and −20°C. In a first series of experiments dendritic ice crystals were grown from water vapor in presence of ammonia gas
in various concentrations between 4 and 400 ppbv. In a second series of experiments pure ice crystals were exposed to a humidified
ammonia–air mixture inside a horizontal flow tube. The influence of temperature, ammonia gas concentration (0.6, 1.5, and
10 ppmv), exposure time, and the presence of impurities such as sulfate on the ammonia uptake by the ice surface was investigated
by determining the ammonium content in the melt water of the ice crystals by ion chromatography. During the growth of ice
crystals significant amounts of ammonia (around 200 μg/l) were taken up even at small gas concentrations. In contrast, even
at high gas concentrations the uptake of ammonia by non-growing ice crystals was lower by approximately one order of magnitude.
The presence of sulfate on the ice surface affected an enhanced uptake of ammonia by a factor of 5–10. A model is presented
which describes the uptake of ammonia by ice considering the chemical processes occurring in the ice surface layer and simultaneous
diffusion of ammonia into bulk ice. Even the increased uptake of ammonia by growing ice is rather small compared to the uptake
by water droplets; thus, the major process for scavenging of ammonia from the atmosphere via the ice phase might not be the
direct uptake by ice crystals but the riming involving super-cooled droplets containing ammonia. 相似文献
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Using the measurements from the Halogen Occultation Experiment(HALOE) and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF) Interim reanalysis data for the period 1994-2005, we analyzed the relationship between tropical tropopause temperature anomalies and stratospheric water vapor anomalies. It is found that tropical tropopause temperature is correlated with stratospheric water vapor, i.e., an anomalously high(low) tropical tropopause temperature corresponds to anomalously high(low) stratospheric water vapor during the period 1994-2005,except for 1996. The occurrence frequency and strength of deep convective activity during the‘mismatched'months is less and weaker than that during the‘matched'months in 1996. However, the instantaneous intensity of four short periods of deep convective activity, caused by strong surface cyclones and high sea surface temperatures, are greater during the ‘mismatched'months than during the ‘matched'months. Water vapor is transported from the lower troposphere to the lower stratosphere through a strong tropical upwelling, leading to an increase in stratospheric water vapor. On the other hand, deep convective activity can lift the tropopause and cool its temperature. In short, the key factor responsible for the poor correlation between tropical tropopause temperature and stratospheric water vapor in1996 is the instantaneous strong deep convective activity. In addition, an anomalously strong Brewer-Dobson circulation brings more water vapor into the stratosphere during the‘mismatched'months in 1996, and this exacerbates the poor correlation between tropical tropopause temperature and stratospheric water vapor. 相似文献
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为了揭示深对流云直接向平流层输送水汽的物理机制,利用WRF中尺度模式的理想个例运行方式对CCOPE(Cooperative Convective Precipitation Experiment)试验期间的一次超级单体进行了数值模拟。选用Thompson云微物理过程方案设置一系列初始云滴数浓度(N_c)进行模拟试验后发现,N_c=175 cm~(-3)情形下模拟云的最大垂直风速与实测结果最为接近,并且模拟出了超级单体。因此,本文利用该模拟结果分析了超级单体向平流层输送水汽的机制。1 min一次的输出结果表明:冻干脱水机制与本次所模拟出的平流层加湿没有直接的关系,超级单体向平流层输送水汽的主要机制可能为湍流输送机制,而升华加湿机制的作用很小。这是由于超级单体云上部的冰晶大部分被消耗而形成雪,因此被输送到平流层的主要是雪这种落速较大粒子,这种粒子不易被向上输送但又容易降落,因此升华所形成的水汽量相比湍流输送的水汽量小很多。湍流造成的水汽输送通量密度的量级约为10~(-9)kg·m~2·s~(-1)。 相似文献
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Simulation Study About the Influence of Atmospheric Stratification on Lightning Activities 
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下载免费PDF全文 A 2D model about charging and discharging processes in thundercloud is used to simulate three differential atmospheric stratifications resulting in discrepant thunderstorm processes in Beijing region. The dynamic and microphysical processes in thunderstorm and their influence on lightning activities are also discussed.The results indicate that ascending velocity and water vapor axe the most important factors to influence lightning activities. At the same time, they affect each other and are together controlled by atmospheric stratification. The magnitude of the ascending velocity determines the intensity of storm and the time when the thunderstorm matured. The thunderstorm with strong updrafts can reach a large height in a short time. Strong persistent updrafts and sufficient water vapor which help to generate more ice phase hydrometeors that directly influence charging and discharging process will prolong the mature stage of the thunderstorm and thereby enhance lightning activities. Though the big density of ice phase hydrometeors can be formed, it is difficult to sustain a long time in the condition of strong updrafts and scant water vapor. Under the condition of weak updrafts and suffcient water vapor in the whole levels, it is easy to form warm cloud process in which the ice phase process and lightning activities are weak. The favorable stratification conditions for strong lightning activities are the sufficient vapor in the lower atmosphere,moderate humidity in the mid troposphere, big instability energy and some suitable convective inhibition.Through calculating some atmospheric instability parameters, it is indicated that convective instability index smaller than -10℃ (negative means instable), convective available potential energy larger than 1000 J kg-1,convective inhibition larger than 40 J kg-1, the 700-hPa potential equivalent temperature larger than 340 K and the 35%-85% humidity in the mid troposphere (700-400 hPa) are the advantageous conditions for strong lightning activities. 相似文献
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In this study,the effects of key ice microphysical processes on the pre-summer heavy rainfall over southern China during 3-8 June 2008 were investigated.A series of two-dimensional sensitivity cloud-resolving model simulations were forced with zonally uniform vertical velocity,zonal wind,horizontal temperature,and water vapor advection data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction(NCEP)/Global Data Assimilation System(GDAS).The effects of key ice microphysical processes on the responses of rainfall to large-scale forcing were analyzed by comparing two sensitivity experiments with a control experiment.In one sensitivity experiment,ice crystal radius,associated with depositional growth of snow from cloud ice,was reduced from 100 μm in the control experiment to 50 μm,and in the other sensitivity experiment the efficiency of the growth of graupel from the accretion of snow was reduced to 50% from 100% in the control experiment.The results show that the domain-mean rainfall responses to these ice microphysical processes are stronger during the decay phase than during the onset and mature phases.During the decay phase,the increased mean rain rate resulting from the decrease in ice crystal radius is associated with the enhanced mean local atmospheric drying,the increased mean local hydrometeor loss,and the suppressed mean water vapor divergence.The increased mean rain rate caused by the reduction in accretion efficiency is related to the reduced mean water vapor divergence and the enhanced mean local hydrometeor loss. 相似文献
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长期多次人工增雨试验及探测证明,水汽条件是人工影响天气最主要的基础条件。利用近期开通的GMS-5静止卫星6.7 μm通道提供的水汽图像,并结合常规天气资料、卫星云图等,对黑龙江省1995年7月的3次暴雨过程进行了初步分析。发现在水汽图像上,3次暴雨对应3种不同的类型。并对其中7月25～27日具有明显水汽输送带的持续性暴雨作了综合分析。该水汽图像给出了这次典型气旋发展阶段暖区水汽输送带的清晰直观图像,得到了水汽输送带的宽度和长度数据,并分析了它的温湿结构,估算了暖锋段降水的降水效率。另外,分析了云物理特征及 相似文献
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Climate change effects on tropical night days in Seoul, Korea 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
In Seoul (37.57°N, 126.97°E), South Korea (located at mid-latitudes), the frequency of tropical night (TN) days, which have been defined as days with a minimum temperature greater than 25°C, have shown an increase due to the effects of temperature and water vapor. It was found that TN days accounted for almost 10.2% (July) and 22.1% (August) of the total number of days in respective months during the last decade in Seoul, and these figures may be increasing with climatic change. The daytime and nighttime sky on TN days can contain water vapor when the monsoonal southwesterly flow prevails. This strong wind may induce moisture advection from the warm ocean, and consequently, there is much larger specific humidity over the city during TN days in comparison to non-TN days. The effect of climatic change on the specific humidity is related to an increase in the number of TN days, which has shown an upward trend of 13-day/100-year and is significantly modulated by both water vapor and air temperature during July and August. Moreover, the relative role of water vapor in increasing the frequency of TN days has become much more significant after the 1960s in comparison to that of air temperature, which may be attributed to urbanization in Seoul since the 1960s. 相似文献