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1.
东北冷涡背景下超级单体风暴环境条件与雷达回波特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《高原气象》2018,(5)
利用常规观测、地面加密自动站、多普勒天气雷达观测资料以及NECP(1°×1°)逐6 h再分析资料对2016年8月16日内蒙古东南部地区由于超级单体风暴诱发的强冰雹、雷暴大风等强对流天气进行了分析。结果表明:这次超级单体风暴发生在高空东北冷涡和低层暖式切变线形成的强不稳定层结背景下,低层丰富的水汽、中等强度对流有效位能和大的深层垂直风切变,为强对流天气的发生提供了非常有利的环境条件;地面中尺度辐合线和露点锋两种对流系统耦合并加强是对流风暴的触发机制;雷达回波有钩状回波、弱回波区WER (Weak Echo Region)、回波悬垂、回波墙、中气旋等超级单体风暴特征,其中弱回波区,回波悬垂由反射率因子从低到高向低层入流一侧倾斜且回波强度梯度大;风暴内中层维持较深厚的气旋性辐合,风暴顶则表现出明显的气旋性辐散特征,标志大冰雹的三体散射长钉TBSS(Three-Body Scatter Spike)特征回波,50 dBZ以上的反射率因子核心的高度伸展到-20℃以上,为典型的产生冰雹的回波结构;垂直液态水含量VIL(Vertical Integrated Liquid Water Content)与风暴顶高之比即VIL密度达到5 g·m~(-3),这也是大冰雹的预报指标。 相似文献
2.
“20090719”致灾冰雹的多普勒雷达回波特征分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用石河子c波段多普勒天气雷达资料,结合常规观测资料对2009年7月19日傍晚发生在准噶尔盆地南缘沙漠边缘下野地地区的冰雹等强对流风暴的多普勒雷达回波演变特征进行了详细分析。结果表明:该强对流风暴具有超级单体风暴的典型特征,强风暴前进方向的右侧出现钩状回波,西北侧呈现出倒V字型缺口;沿入流方向穿过最强回波位置的反射率因子垂直剖面呈现出有界弱回波区、回波悬垂和有界弱回波区左侧的回波墙,最大回波强度出现在沿着回波墙的一个竖直的狭长区域,其值达到65dBz,垂直累积液态水含量达到65kg/m2。相应的径向速度图上出现中气旋,中气旋所对应的钩状回波反射率因子从低层往高层明显向低层入流一侧倾斜。回波顶高和垂直累积液态水含量的明显跃增及弱回波区和有界弱回波区的形成,为预测冰雹出现的时间和落区提供了一定的参考依据。弱回波区的出现超前冰雹发生近40分钟,对冰雹的预警、人工影响天气消雹具有较强的指示意义。 相似文献
3.
2004年4月29日常德超级单体研究 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
利用常德和长沙多普勒天气雷达资料和常规资料,对2004年4月29日发生在湖南安乡且产生了10 cm直径降雹和广泛8级大风的超级单体风暴进行了详细分析.该超级单体风暴发生在西南高空急流和西南南低空急流的交汇区域,加强的热力不稳定趋势和较大的垂直风切变条件非常有利于超级单体的产生.超级单体风暴呈现出典型的钩状回波,钩状回波位于该超级单体风暴移动方向的右后侧,从低层一直扩展到将近6 km高度;同时出现了指示存在大冰雹的三体散射回波.此次超级单体风暴成熟阶段中气旋的最大旋转速度为24 m·s-1,属于强中气旋,相应的垂直涡度为1.6×10-2 s-1.反射率因子的垂直剖面显示该超级单体风暴具有一个宽大的有界弱回波区(穹窿),其水平尺度超过10 km,垂直扩展超过4 km.在有界弱回波区之上,是一个强度超过70 dBZ的反射率因子核区,其中心高度为9 km,展现出典型的强烈超级单体雹暴结构.超级单体风暴在演变过程中经历了3次分裂过程. 相似文献
4.
苏北地区超级单体风暴环境条件与雷达回波特征 总被引：10，自引：3，他引：7
利用江苏3个探空站、5部CINRAD/SA型多普勒天气雷达、地面常规与加密自动站等观测资料,分析2005—2009年苏北地区72个超级单体风暴发生的环境条件和多普勒天气雷达回波特征。探空和地面资料分析表明,苏北地区超级单体风暴可以产生在差别相当大的环境条件下:强降水超级单体通常产生在对流有效位能较高和垂直风切变中等的环境下,经典超级单体更多地产生在对流有效位能较高和垂直风切变较强环境下;产生大冰雹和(或)雷暴大风的超级单体,无论是经典还是强降水型超级单体,其环境特征均为0℃层、-20℃等温线高度较低,850—500 hPa温差较大,低层露点不高;产生龙卷特别是F2级以上强龙卷超级单体环境特征常常表现为低层(0—1 km)垂直风切变大、850—500 hPa温差相对较小、抬升凝结高度低、低层露点高,这类超级单体在产生龙卷的同时也常常伴有短时强降水甚至极端短时强降水。多普勒天气雷达资料分析表明,苏北地区超级单体具有持久的中气旋、回波墙和有界弱回波区或弱回波区结构,可以产生大冰雹、龙卷、短时强降水和下击暴流等强对流天气;超级单体的类型主要有经典超级单体、强降水超级单体以及强降水超级单体组成的复合风暴。经典超级单体一般为孤立风暴,中气旋多数情况下位于其右后侧(相对于风暴移动方向),低层有明显的钩状回波和入流缺口,入流缺口之上存在宽大的有界弱回波区,其上有强反射率因子组成的风暴核,最强的反射率因子可达75 dBz;强降水超级单体前侧有入流缺口和旁边粗胖的凸起部分与中气旋相伴,与经典超级单体的钩状回波在形态上区别明显,同样存在有界弱回波区或弱回波区,中气旋环流中有明显的降水回波;强降水超级单体组成的复合风暴内中气旋一般位于其前侧,主要结构与强降水超级单体相似,生命史较长。超级单体结构属性分析表明,绝大多数情况下,苏北地区超级单体风暴的最大反射率因子为55—76 dBz,基于单体的垂直累积液态水含量(VIL)为35—90 kg/m~2,垂直累积液态水含量超过60 kg/m~2时风暴有可能产生大冰雹,特别是在4—6月,冰雹直径随着垂直累积液态水含量的增大而增大,因此,垂直累积液态水含量季节性高值可以用来辨别产生大冰雹的超级单体;绝大多数情况下,中气旋旋转速度大于15 m/s,直径在3—10 km,持续时间超过40 min;中气旋的底越低,直径越小,产生龙卷的可能性越大。 相似文献
5.
利用中国气象局地面自动气象站、探空、天气雷达等观测资料和ERA-Interim再分析资料,分析2016年9月8日川藏高原一次强对流天气过程。结果表明:该过程多站出现8级雷暴大风、10 mm以上小时强降水且伴有最大直径为18 mm的冰雹,是川藏高原一次混合型强对流过程。对流系统发生在500 hPa弱冷平流和低层切变线影响下,中低层深厚湿层、环境中等强度对流有效位能和垂直风切变为超级单体的形成和维持提供有利条件。初始北侧多单体和南侧弱对流在地面辐合线上生成,向东南移入适宜环境后,北侧多单体发展成线状对流系统,与南侧单体合并且促使其迅速发展成超级单体。成熟超级单体低层具有清晰的前侧入流缺口、钩状回波和中气旋特征。强回波区随高度前倾,呈显著的上冲云顶突起、回波悬垂和有界弱回波区。风暴内中层径向辐合、上升气流减弱和反射率因子核心快速下降预示下击暴流的产生。中层干空气的夹卷和水凝物快速下落的拖曳作用加强下沉气流,结合峡谷地形的狭管效应,引起地面大风。 相似文献
6.
利用常规观测资料、多普勒雷达产品、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和加密自动站等资料分析了2016年6月14日山东中西部地区一次长生命史超级单体的环境条件和雷达回波结构演变。结果表明,强对流发生在华北冷涡天气背景下,中层有中空急流配合的冷槽叠加在低层低空急流配合的暖脊上,中低层之间水汽和热量的平流差异不断增大。地面露点锋生和中尺度辐合线触发的对流云团在深厚的垂直风切变和强的垂直不稳定层结作用下逐渐发展成超级单体风暴。超级单体低层反射率因子呈现明显"V"型缺口,反射率因子垂直剖面呈现典型的有界弱回波区,回波悬垂和回波墙,相应的中高层径向速度呈现出一个强中气旋,旋转速度达29 m/s,中气旋的发展和维持使得超级单体发展和维持。6月,当最大反射率因子值达到60 dBZ,出现中等强度以上中气旋且VIL值和VIL密度分别达59 kg/m2和4.7 g/m3以上时,在强对流预报业务中需要注意大冰雹的出现。冰雹发生在风暴单体强中心所在高度和回波顶高下降期间。 相似文献
7.
选取2004—2012年广东省12个大冰雹风暴单体为样本,利用多普勒天气雷达资料,计算了最大反射率因子及其高度等多个雷达参数,分析了三体散射、旁瓣回波和环境温度层上回波特征以及大冰雹与非冰雹风暴单体间的反射率因子垂直廓线差异。结果表明:大冰雹风暴单体发展均非常旺盛,最大反射因子多超过65 dBZ,对应高度几乎都达到5 km。除受周围大范围雷达回波影响外,大冰雹风暴单体均观测到了三体散射或旁瓣回波特征,并具有一定的预报提前量;在0℃和-20℃层高度上的最大反射率因子均超过54 dBZ。大冰雹风暴单体与非冰雹风暴单体相比,低层回波迅速增加,强核心区垂直伸展更深厚,回波垂直递减率更小。 相似文献
8.
一次致灾冰雹的超级单体风暴雷达回波特征分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用石河子C波段多普勒天气雷达资料,对2010年6月28日下午发生在准噶尔盆地南缘石河子垦区北部沙漠边缘地带的强冰雹超级单体风暴的雷达回波演变特征进行了详细分析。结果表明,该超级单体风暴前进方向的右侧出现了弓形回波,左前侧和右后侧分别出现了＂V＂字型缺口;沿入流方向穿过最强回波位置的反射率因子垂直剖面呈现出典型的有界弱回波区、回波悬垂和有界弱回波区左侧的强大回波墙,最大回波强度出现在沿回波墙狭长区域的下部,其值达到70dBz;相应的径向速度上出现了中气旋,该中气旋的发展和维持使得超级单体弓形回波发展并维持;强冰雹发生在有界弱回波区、垂直累积液态水含量大值区和中气旋重合的区域内;可用中气旋提前30min预警短时冰雹,其反射率因子垂直剖面上的宽大有界弱回波及其回波悬垂和回波墙下部的强回波中心强度（70dBz）可作为预警大冰雹的预警指标。 相似文献
9.
一次强对流风暴的新一代天气雷达特征分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用兰州皋兰山的CINRAD/CC多普勒天气雷达资料,对2005年5月30日15～19时发生在甘肃中部地区的一次强对流风暴进行了分析。引起此次强对流风暴的中尺度天气系统是飑线,飑线尾部位于甘肃中部的强雷暴区在15时生成,沿东南方向移动,在16时15分至17时03分多单体风暴加强合并为超级单体风暴,并呈现出人字型回波、带状回波特征。此次超级单体南边出现2条明显的出流边界,一条位于钩状回波的西南,一条位于钩状回波的东南。超级单体左前方的低层反射率因子呈现明显的倒“V”字型结构,最大的回波强度出现在有界弱回波区之上,其值>70 dBZ,相应径向速度图呈现出成熟的中气旋特征,期间垂直液态水含量持续偏高,最大垂直累积液态水含量>70 kg/m2,回波顶高达17～18 km,该风暴具有强烈超级单体风暴的典型特征。 相似文献
10.
利用常规观测资料、多普勒雷达资料以及NECP(1°×1°)逐6 h再分析资料,对2016年9月22日内蒙古河套地区强冰雹天气成因进行分析,结果表明:在前倾槽有利的天气尺度环流背景下,中高层干冷空气叠加在低层暖湿空气上形成了对流不稳定层结条件。较大的对流有效位能(CAPE)、假相当位温θse高能区、0～6 km中等强度的垂直风切变有利于强冰雹的形成。反射率因子有"钩状回波"、前侧入流缺口、后侧入流缺口;前侧入流缺口表明有上升气流,强盛的上升气流有利于空中大冰雹的增长,后侧入流缺口表明有下沉气流,有可能引起破坏性大风。基本径向速度剖面有明显的中气旋特征,强烈的辐合有利于对流风暴上升运动的进一步发展;对流风暴后侧有辐散下沉气流降落到地面,辐散风出流促使对流风暴前沿的暖湿气流强迫抬升,从而使上升运动得到进一步的加强。反射率因子剖面有弱回波区、回波悬垂且55 dBZ以上的强回波核心位置超过-20℃层等温线高度以上;弱回波区左侧的回波强度高达55～60 dBZ且已经接地,表明有大冰雹降落到地面。 相似文献
11.
The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics. 相似文献
12.
Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d. 相似文献
13.
Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region. 相似文献
14.
Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms. 相似文献
15.
Yuepeng PAN Mengna GU Yuexin HE Dianming WU Chunyan LIU Linlin SONG Shili TIAN Xuemei Lü Yang SUN Tao SONG Wendell W. WALTERS Xuejun LIU Nicholas A. MARTIN Qianqian ZHANG Yunting FANG Valerio FERRACCI Yuesi WANG 《大气科学进展》2020,37(9):933-938
正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on 相似文献
16.
《大气和海洋科学快报》2014,7(6):F0003-F0003
AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome. 相似文献
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome. 相似文献
17.
《大气和海洋科学快报》2014,(5):F0003-F0003
AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome. 相似文献
18.
19.
《大气科学进展》2014,(6)
正Aims Scope Advances in Atmospheric Sciences(AAS)is an international journal on the dynamics,physics,and chemistry of the atmosphere and ocean with papers across the full range of the atmospheric sciences,co-published bimonthly by Science Press and Springer.The journal includes Articles,Note and Correspondence,and Letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome. 相似文献
20.
DING Yihui WU Guoxiong Da-Lin ZHANG ZHANG Renhe Co-Chief Editors 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》2014,28(5):669-670
As we will soon celebrate the 90th anniversary of the founding of the Chinese Meteorological Society （CMS）,Acta Meteorologica Sinica （AMS）,which was originally named as Bulletin of the Chinese Meteorological Society,has gone through 89 years of development and excitement since her first issue in July 1925.According to archived documents （CMS Editorial Committee,1925）,AMS was founded to report the research findings of Chinese meteorologists,record their recommendations for improving meteorological services,and share their common meteorological interests in order to promote the growth of AMS such that more members could be inspired to conduct atmospheric research and meteorological knowledge would be better disseminated to and benefit the general public.By upholding and carrying forward this purpose,AMS has published many highly valuable scientific papers.Some could be treated as classical articles,which have produced important influences on both domestic and international meteorological communities and the related fields. 相似文献