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1.
Iran anticyclone is one of the main features of the summer circulation over the Middle East in the middle and upper troposphere. To examine the effect of the Zagros Mountains on the formation and maintenance of the Iran anticyclone, an experiment was conducted by Regional Climate Model (RegCM4) in an area between 22°?C44°N and 35°?C70°E with a 40?km horizontal grid spacing. The NCEP/NCAR re-analysis data set were used to provide the initial and lateral boundary conditions in a control run and in a simulation run by removing the Zagros Mountains. The result reveals that the Zagros Mountains have an important effect on the formation and maintenance of the low-level cyclonic circulation and mid-level anticyclonic circulation in summer. Examining the diabatic heating shows that the elimination of the Zagros Mountains causes a significant change in the heating values and its spatial distributions over the study area. Comparing the diabatic heating terms, the vertical advection term has the main contribution to the total heating. In the absence of the Zagros Mountains, the vertical advection and the mid-troposphere anticyclonic circulation are apparently weak and, therefore, the Iran subtropical anticyclone vanishes over the west of Iran. The study indicates that the Zagros Mountains as an elevated heat source have the main impact in the formation of a thermally driven circulation over the Middle East.  相似文献   

2.
In early 2008, a persistent cold and snowy weather process occurred in South China. Severe freezing rain (FR) and blizzards hit the region, which was not seen in the past 50 years. This work studied the disaster at its most severe stage (25 January-2 February 2008) and addressed the reason for the occurrence of three rainfall types and particularly the FR that resulted from the temperature inversion and low surface temperature. Evidence suggests that the south-to-north distribution of rainfall, FR, and snowfall was determined by the surface temperature conditions and the stratification features of the northward-tilting front in the mid-lower troposphere over different parts of South China. Under the above frontal conditions,the temperature inversion in the mid-lower troposphere and the cold ground temperature took place and the FR formed. The temperature layer (> 0°C) inside the inversion in this region depended on necessary intensity, depth, and height of the inversion, i.e., the depth of the inversion can be neither too thick or low nor too thin or high. For those too thick and low (too thin and high) inversions, the precipitation fell as rain (snow and ice pellets). In the early 2008 case, the 0-6°C layer occupied 650-850 hPa, below which was the sub-freezing level with temperature < 0°C. With the presence of the low sub-freezing level, FR or ice damage could occur even at the 0-1°C surface temperature condition. Besides, even in the absence of a suitable inversion, a low ground temperature might have made ice-covered water and supercooled drops or water from melted ice freeze rapidly into ice at the surface, and the ground ice maintained and accumulated,which resulted in the severe disaster.  相似文献   

3.
我国华南3月份降水年代际变化的特征   总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3  
利用1951～2005年华南3月份降水资料、太平洋年代际振荡(PDO)指数以及NCEP再分析资料,对华南3月份降水年代际变化特征、及其对应的大尺度环流以及与PDO的关系进行了分析。结果表明,华南3月份降水存在显著的年代际变化特征,并且Mann-Kendal突变检验表明华南3月份降水在1978年左右发生年代际突变,从之前的降水偏少转变为降水偏多。我国华南3月份降水与PDO有着显著的相关。进一步研究表明,在年代际降水偏少时期,PDO处于负位相(北太平洋海温偏高,中东太平洋海温偏低),北太平洋海平面气压场和高度场偏高,亚洲大陆海平面气压场和高度场偏低,赤道西太平洋到赤道东印度洋附近的海平面气压场偏低,赤道辐合带附近地区的高度场偏低,东亚对流层大气偏暖,西太平洋副热带高压偏东,东亚高空急流偏北,东亚Hadley环流偏弱。在年代际降水偏多时期,PDO处于正位相,情况则与降水偏少时期相反。  相似文献   

4.
2005年“5.31”湖南暴雨过程触发维持机制   总被引：8，自引：1，他引：7  
利用实时观测资料和NCEP 1°×1°的6小时再分析场,对2005年5月31日至6月1日湖南暴雨发生的大尺度背景、环境场条件以及触发、维持机制进行了分析和诊断.结果表明高低空急流的优势配置,耦合形势的建立以及高空急流右侧的强辐散场的存在为暴雨的发生提供了有利的环境条件;从低层到中高层偏南暖湿气流的突然爆发对暴雨对流系统的启动十分重要,暖湿空气在中高层凝结释放潜热,加热高层大气,对上升气流起到正反馈作用;200hPa大气的强"抽吸"效应对此次暴雨过程的维持和发展起着主导作用,并且和凝结加热相互作用.  相似文献   

5.
The summer monsoon onset over southern Vietnam is determined through a new criterion based on both in situ daily rainfall at six selected stations provided by the Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology, Vietnam, and the zonal component of the wind at 1,000 hPa from the National Center for Environmental Prediction/Department of Energy Reanalysis 2. Over the period 1979–2004, the summer monsoon onset mean date is on 12 May, with a standard deviation of 11.6 days. The temporal and spatial structures of the atmospheric conditions prevailing during the onset period are detailed. Clear changes are seen in the zonal wind (strengthened over the Bay of Bengal and changed from negative to positive over South Vietnam) and in convection (deeper), in association with an intensification of the meridional gradients of sea level pressure at 1,000 hPa and of moist static energy at 2 m over Southeast Asia. The predictability of onset dates is then assessed. Cross-validated hindcasts based upon four predictors linked to robust signals in the atmospheric dynamics are then provided. They are highly significant when compared to observations (56% of common variance). Basically, late (early) onsets are preceded in March–April by higher (lower) sea level pressure over the East China Sea, stronger (weaker) southeasterly winds over southern Vietnam, decreasing (increasing) deep convection over the Bay of Bengal, and the reverse situation over Indonesia (120–140°E, 0–10°S).  相似文献   

6.
During the summer (8 June through 3 September) of 2008, 9 ozone profiles are examined from Dakar, Senegal (14.75°N, 17.49°W) to investigate ozone (O3) variability in the lower/middle troposphere during the pre-monsoon and monsoon periods. Results during June 2008 (pre-monsoon period) show a reduction in O3 concentrations, especially in the 850–700 hPa layer with Saharan Air Layer (SAL) events. However, O3 concentrations are increased in the 950–900 hPa layer where the peak of the inversion is found and presumably the highest dust concentrations. We also use the WRF-CHEM model to gain greater insights for observations of reduced O3 concentrations during the monsoon periods. In the transition period between 26 June and 2 July in the lower troposphere (925–600 hPa), a significant increase in O3 concentrations (10–20 ppb) occur which we suggest is caused by enhanced biogenic NOX emissions from Sahelian soils following rain events on 28 June and 1 July. The results suggest that during the pre-monsoon period ozone concentrations in the lower troposphere are controlled by the SAL, reducing ozone concentrations through heterogeneous chemical processes. At the base of the SAL we also find elevated levels of ozone, which we attribute to biogenic sources of NOX from Saharan dust that are released in the presence of moist conditions. Once the monsoon period commences, lower ozone concentrations are observed and modeled which we attribute to the dry deposition of ozone and episodes of ozone poor air that is horizontally transported into the Sahel from low latitudes by African Easterly Waves (AEWs).  相似文献   

7.
利用2010—2017年中国气象局重要天气报、地面观测和探空资料以及欧洲中期天气预报中心ERA-Interim再分析资料,对川藏地区雷暴大风的活动特征、环境因子和环流形势进行统计分析,并对其中高原（海拔高度不低于1 km）和盆地（海拔高度低于1 km）区域雷暴大风活动进行对比。结果表明:川藏高原区域雷暴大风频次呈5—6月和9月双峰型分布,主要发生在午后;盆地区域主要发生在夏季,午后和夜间均较活跃。高原站雷暴大风年平均频次约为2次/站,在雷暴和大风中分别约占4.5%和8%。盆地站年平均频次仅为0.4次/站,雷暴中仅占1.5%,但在大风中约占60%。高原站雷暴大风的中低层环境温度递减率较大,一般呈上湿下干的逆湿垂直结构;而盆地站雷暴大风通常具有上干下湿的垂直结构。分别对5—6月和9月高原站雷暴大风两个峰值时段的环流形势进行合成分析,发现5—6月受高空西风槽影响,中层有弱冷平流侵入,高层位于高空急流入口区右侧,环境垂直风切变较大;而9月受副热带高压边缘影响,中高层较干,低层暖湿气流明显。这些均有利于雷暴大风发生。  相似文献   

8.
The synoptic and dynamic aspects of heavy rainfall occurred on 5th May 2017 and caused flash flooding in arid and semi-arid central-northern Iran is analyzed by the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. This system synoptically is attributed to a surface low-pressure centered over southern Iran extended to the central parts, linking to a mid-tropospheric tilted-trough over western Iran, and advecting significant moisture from the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea to the studied area. The dynamical analysis revealed that the penetration of the upper-tropospheric potential vorticity streamer up to 300 hPa level was not related to such heavy rainfall. Contrarily, the low-level factors such as extensive moisture advection, mid-tropospheric diabatic processes such as the latent heat release, daytime deep convection, and topographical impact of Zagros Mountains were found as the key factors leading to this system. This study also examines 11 different convection schemes simulated by the WRF model and verified against rainfall observation. The forecast skills of the output simulations suggest the Grell-Devenyi scheme as the superior configuration in simulating observed precipitation of the event over the area.  相似文献   

9.
Interannual variability of both SW monsoon (June-September) and NE monsoon (October-December) rainfall over subdivisions of Coastal Andhra Pradesh, Rayalaseema and Tamil Nadu have been examined in relation to monthly zonal wind anomaly for 10 hPa, 30 hPa and 50 hPa at Balboa (9°N, 80°W) for the 29 year period (1958-1986). Correlations of zonal wind anomalies to SW monsoon rainfall (r = 0.57, significant at 1% level) is highest with the longer lead time (August of the previous year) at 10 hPa level suggesting some predictive value for Coastal Andhra Pradesh. The probabilities estimated from the contingency table reveal non-occurrence of flood during easterly wind anomalies and near non-occurrence of drought during westerly anomalies for August of the previous year at 10 hPa which provides information for forecasting of performance of SW monsoon over Coastal Andhra Pradesh. However, NE monsoon has a weak relationship with zonal wind anomalies of 10 hPa, 30 hPa and 50 hPa for Coastal Andhra Pradesh, Raya  相似文献   

10.
本文使用常规观测资料、四川省自动站降水资料、0.1°×0.1°的FY－2E云顶亮温资料和1°×1°的NCEP再分析格点资料对2012年7月20～23日四川东部强降水过程的主要影响系统、水汽源地、动力、热力条件等进行诊断分析,结果表明:(1)本次暴雨过程中伴有500hPa高空槽东移至四川并向南加深发展,槽后冷空气与槽前暖湿气流在四川汇合,低层有低涡发展,配以高低空急流耦合的有利形势;(2)暴雨前期水汽主要来源于孟加拉湾,随着南海台风西进,其外围偏东气流向西输送增强,西南暖湿气流北上受到抑制,使得雨带南压;(3)降水以对流性降水为主,暴雨期间水汽凝结潜热在对流层中低层起主要作用,强上升运动将低层的潜热加热向上输送,形成高空的热源中心,强降水期间大气的加热是与大气的垂直上升运动密切相关的;在本次暴雨过程垂直输送项是视热源Q1和视水汽汇Q2的主要贡献者,尤其是在强降水阶段;(4)在低涡在发展阶段,低层正涡度局地变化项首先得到发展,在低涡减弱阶段,正涡度局地变化项的峰值中心由低层向中低层抬升;(5)中尺度对流系统与小时降水分布一致,MCS的发展是触发降水的重要因素之一。   相似文献   

11.
李思  武炳义 《气象》2019,45(3):345-361
利用ERA-interim的再分析资料和英国大气数据中心的海冰密集度资料,通过复矢量经验正交分析方法(CVEOF),本文研究了自1979-2016年37个冬季(12月1日至次年2月28日)共3330 d对流层中层500 hPa欧亚盛行天气型主要时空变化特征及其与近年来北极对流层中、低层增暖异常和北极海冰减少的可能联系。结果表明,CVEOF1解释了总异常动能的15. 82%,其两个子模态空间型分别表现为三极子型(0°和180°位相)和偶极子型(90°和270°位相)。其中,180°和270°位相的天气型发生时,冬季北极对流层中、低层偏暖,盛行暖北极-冷欧亚的大气环流形势。前期秋季从巴伦支海海域以东到波弗特海海域的海冰密集度(SIC)异常偏少可能是其影响因素之一。近年来这两个位相(180°和270°位相)的发生频次逐渐增多,与冬季频发的极端低温事件有紧密联系。在2005/2006年和2011/2012年冬季的冷事件中,180°和270°位相的发生频次明显偏多。因此,秋季从巴伦支海海域以东到波弗特海海域的SIC偏少,冬季北极对流层中、低层异常偏暖,有利于180°和270°位相天气型盛行,可能是导致冬季极端天气事件频发的主要原因之一。  相似文献   

12.
The atmospheric circulation and thermal conditions in the troposphere were analysed to identify the situations which are conductive to hail development in the North German Lowlands. They were established on the basis of the data obtained from the US National Center for Environmental Prediction/US National Center for Atmospheric Research Reanalysis database, and they included sea level pressure, 500 hPa geopotential height, the temperature at 850 and 500 hPa and HYSPLIT backward trajectories model. Daily information about hail occurrence in 16 selected stations was received from Deutscher Wetterdienst database and it covered the years 1951–2010. It was found that hail in the studied area was connected with large negative anomalies of the sea level pressure over Scandinavia and, consequently, the northwestern direction of air mass influx. In some cases, hail was associated with the northern influx, with strong negative anomalies of the temperature, and with positive anomalies of the temperature during the southern influx of air masses.  相似文献   

13.
In recent decades, the number of dust events has increased significantly in the west and southwest of Iran. In this research, a survey on the dust events during the period 1990–2013 is carried out using historical dust data collected from seven synoptic stations scattered across the west and southwest of Iran. Using statistical analysis of the observational data, two of the most severe dust storm events that occurred in the region on July 4–7, 2009 and June 17–20, 2012 were selected and analyzed synoptically. NCEP/NCAR reanalysis dataset was used to obtain the required fields including sea level pressure, surface wind field, geopotential height at 500 hPa, and wind and vertical motion at the 850 hPa level. Moreover, weather research and forecasting model coupled with chemistry (WRF-Chem) with two aerosol schemes, GOCART and MADE/SORGAM, were used to simulate the amount of particulate matter (PM10) and its transportation over the studied region. The initial and lateral boundary conditions of the model simulations are provided by Global Forecast System (GFS) data with the horizontal resolution of 0.5°. The calculations demonstrated that the MADE/SORGAM scheme predicted the values and trends of PM10 better than GOCART. Dust plums are formed over Iraq and Syria and then transported to the west and southwest of Iran. Comparing the MODIS satellite images for July 4, 2009 and June 18, 2012 with the corresponding model output showed the good performance of WRF-Chem in simulating the spatial distribution of dust.  相似文献   

14.
Based on the 1%CO2 experiment of CMIP6, in response to increasing CO2, the summer-mean radiative heating (RH) over the global monsoon area (MA) generally features an increasing response in the mid-troposphere and a decreasing response in the lower and upper troposphere. The pressure level of the maximum RH increase over the Asian MA is the highest and largest in range (500–775 hPa); the maximum increases over the North African, South American, and Australian MA are at 550–600 hPa; throughout the North American MA, the maximum heating increase is at 600 hPa; and the levels of the maximum over South Africa are 600 and 775 hPa. For most of the global MA, the maximum enhancement of RH is at 500, 550, and 600 hPa. It is mainly led by the increase in cloud water at and above the maximum level and the decrease in cloud water below, which leads to similar changes in total cloud mass. Because of the longwave heating (cooling) effect at the cloud base (top), the RH enhancements peak at those levels. For the northeast part of the Asian MA and southeast part of the South African MA, RH enhancement peaks at 700 and 775 hPa, mainly attributable to the cloud water reduction below. The reduction leads to similar changes in total cloud. Due to the longwave cooling effect at the cloud top, the reduction contributes to the RH enhancement at the corresponding maximum levels.摘要大气CO2浓度增加, 大气辐射平衡调整, 将影响到大气的辐射加热, 对季风环流的产生影响.CMIP6结果显示, 大气CO2浓度增加, 可减弱季风区主雨季对流层高,低层的辐射加热, 加强对流层中层的辐射加热.各季风区加热响应的峰值层次不同:亚洲季风区平均层次最高 (500-775 hPa) , 北非,南美,澳洲季风区次之 (550-600 hPa) , 北美 (600 hPa) 和南非季风区 (600-775 hPa) 较低.各季风区水云的垂直分布及其长波辐射效应的变化是形成峰值层次差异的主因.  相似文献   

15.
The linear regression and horizontally stepwise correction are conducted on the observational data from AMSU-A L1 B of NOAA polar orbit satellite to invert a 40-layers(from 1,000 h Pa to 0.1 h Pa) dataset of atmospheric temperature with a horizontal resolution of 0.5°×0.5° after the correction of satellite antenna pattern and limb adjustment. Case study shows that the inversion data of temperature can reveal the detail structure of warm core in tropical cyclone. We choose two categories of tropical depressions(TDs) over the South China Sea, including the non-developing TDs and developing TDs. Both of them are developed downward from the middle and upper level to the lower level. Comparison between the evolutions of warm core in the two categories of TDs indicates that the warm core is developed downward from the middle and upper troposphere to the sea surface in all the downward-developing TDs. The difference is that in the group of further developing TDs, the warm core in the upper troposphere is intensified suddenly when it is extending to the sea surface. The warm core in the upper and lower troposphere is strengthened in a meantime. But the similar feature is not observed in the non-developing TDs. Then it may be helpful to judge the TD development by monitoring the change in its warm-core structure.  相似文献   

16.
利用瞬变扰动分析的原理,提供了一个可以客观判定海雾发生时天气类型的方法。在分类结果的基础上,对环流形势、散度和垂直速度以及温度湿度的垂直廓线等进行合成分析,得到低空（1 000 hPa）为低压扰动下发生海雾（L型海雾）的环流和物理量场基本特征,并与高压控制下海雾（H型海雾）进行对比,结果表明：1）L型海雾位势高度负异常扰动主要表现在低层,其平均值为-65.66 gpm,向上逐渐减弱;2）L型海雾在发生时其逆温强度小于H型海雾,雾层较厚,雾层上空湿度仍然比较大,而H型海雾雾层上空有比较明显的干层;3）L型海雾在垂直方向上的分布具有三层结构,第一层1 000～950 hPa为辐合伴有弱上升和下沉运动,第二层950～850 hPa为辐散伴有弱下沉运动,第三层850～500 hPa为逐渐加强的上升运动;H型海雾为两层结构,1 000 hPa为辐散伴有弱的上升和下沉运动,950～500 hPa为一致的下沉运动;4）概率密度统计分析进一步定量表明了L型和H型海雾发生时垂直运动以及相对湿度在各层中的分布情况。这些结论对黄海西北部夏季低压环流形势下海雾的预报提供了重要参考。  相似文献   

17.
Thunderstorms prevailing over tropics and midlatitudes depict dissimilar features relating to the thermodynamic and dynamic aspects. The identification of the physical characteristics of the tropical and midlatitude thunderstorms is the main objective of the present study. The stations Kolkata (22.6°N, 88.4°E) and Denver (39.47°N, 104.32°W) are selected from the tropics and midlatitudes for the comparative analyses. The study reveals that the average storm relative helicity (SRH) and the lapse rate between 700 and 500 hPa level is much higher over Denver compared to Kolkata during thunderstorm days. The study further reveals that the surface to mid troposphere (upto 500 hPa) become drier (～2 times) over Denver than Kolkata prior to the occurrence of thunderstorms while the upper tropospheric (300–100 hPa) humidity remains comparable for both the locations.  相似文献   

18.
The rainfall from January to March in 2010 in East Asia is positive anomaly and the temporal evolution characteristics present the cycle of 20–40 days. In the present paper, the low-frequency circulations and its formation mechanism are analyzed. The results show that during the peak rainfall phase, the upstream of the rainfall regions is controlled by low-frequency cyclone, and the downstream is controlled by low-frequency anticyclone in the middle and low troposphere. In the upper troposphere, the westerly jet presents the oscillation characteristics between the north and the south. Both the integrated (from the surface to 100 hPa) diabatic heating and the horizontal vorticity advection contribute to the vertical velocity. In addition, the vorticity vertical advection has effects on the vertical speed, which is a self-feedback process. The latent heating in the precipitation has influences on the westerly jet in the upper troposphere. The interactions between the precipitation and the westerly jet are mainly manifested as the intraseasonal oscillations.  相似文献   

19.
利用NCEP1°×1°再分析资料,对新疆夏季两次塔什干低涡天气过程进行对比分析,从天气尺度环流系统配置、动力和水汽输送的角度探讨造成南疆不同降水强度的塔什干低涡特征差异。结果表明:当南亚高压中心位于70°E,南疆位于200 hPa急流轴出口辐散区,500 hPa塔什干低涡东移携带强西南气流时,700 hPa盆地有显著东风急流,偏西地区中低层切变辐合长时间维持,同时通过接力输送的阿拉伯海水汽与中低层东风急流携带的水汽强烈辐合,导致大范围暴雨,高层正MPV1、负MPV2向下伸展,中低层不稳定性、斜压性增强,配合700 hPa以下负MPV1、正MPV2激发垂直涡度增长,对流性降水加强;当南亚高压中心始终维持偏东(90°E),南疆位于200 hPa急流轴上,500 hPa里海脊和新疆东部高压脊势力相当时,塔什干低涡减弱为槽影响南疆,700 hPa南疆盆地东风气流弱且位置偏西,南疆地区无明显高层辐散、中低层切变辐合,不利于垂直上升运动的发展和水汽的集中辐合,难以造成显著降水。  相似文献   

20.
利用1960—2012年5—6月NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料,基于冷涡经典定义,采取客观识别方法检索东北冷涡活动过程,根据东北冷涡活动时空变化特征给出东北冷涡持续活动过程标准, 通过冷涡强度指数进行定量化分析,该指数对冷涡持续活动过程具有较好表征意义。冷涡活动强对应5月乌拉尔山阻塞高压、贝加尔湖阻塞高压和6月鄂霍次克海阻塞高压活动频繁。通过强弱指数年合成,得到6月强指数年冷涡系统较深厚,集中于对流层中高层,冷心结构明显,具有一定大气斜压特征; 高层存在冷中心,低层有冷空气活动,中高层西风带呈明显的上游分流和下游汇合特征,分汇流之间呈东北高、西南低的偶极子阻塞形势;弱指数年冷涡系统较浅薄,主要集中在对流层中低层,冷心结构不明显,不存在阻塞形势。  相似文献   

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