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1.
全球变暖影响着以流域径流要素为主导的水文水资源系统的变化。长江流域未来水资源量的时空分布对长江大保护与长江经济带的发展意义重大。为探究全球升温1.5℃和2.0℃对长江流域径流变化的影响,使用基于偏差校正的气候模式集合数据驱动两参数月水量平衡模型,比较两种升温情景下径流量的响应差异。结果表明：基于偏差校正的气候模式集合数据可以较好地代表长江流域历史时期（1976—2005年）的年平均降水和年平均蒸散发情势。两参数月水量平衡模型与参数区域化方法相结合能较好地模拟长江流域各子流域的月径流量。升温1.5℃时,无论是年径流量还是季节径流量均呈上升趋势,与历史时期相比,50%以上三级子流域的增幅超过5%;升温2.0℃时,增幅超过8%。这表明升温2.0℃情景下长江流域水资源量将进一步增加。相对于历史时期,升温1.5℃与2.0℃情景下长江流域北部降水量增幅较大;径流量增幅分布格局基本与降水量一致。汉江流域是全流域径流量增幅最显著的区域。  相似文献   

2.
利用第五次国际耦合模式比较计划(CMIP5)中5个气候模式在3种典型浓度路径(RCPs)下的预估结果驱动SWAT水文模型,预估了21世纪气候变化对长江上游年径流量、季节分配以及极端径流的影响。结果表明：预估的长江上游平均气温呈显著上升趋势,21世纪末较当前(1986—2005年)升高1.5~5.5℃,降水总体呈增加趋势,在21世纪30年代后高于当前气候平均值,21世纪末相对于当前增加5%~15%。流域内气候变化存在明显空间差异,金沙江和岷沱江流域气温升高和降水增加幅度均大于流域平均值。预估的长江上游年径流量及各月平均径流均有增加趋势,在21世纪30年代后高于当前多年平均值,21世纪中期增加4%~8%,21世纪末增加10%~15%。预估的径流年内分布的均匀性有所增加,但年际变化明显增大,极端旱涝事件的频率和强度明显增加。预估的各子流域径流变化对气候变化的响应也存在差异,金沙江和岷沱江流域年径流量、年际变化和年内分布变化小,对气候变化的响应表现为低敏感;嘉陵江流域、乌江流域和长江上游干流径流增加幅度大,同时极端丰枯出现的频率和程度增加显著,是气候变化响应的敏感区域。  相似文献   

3.
气候变化对淮河蒙洼蓄滞洪区启用风险影响评估   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
基于RCP情景下47个IPCC CMIP5气候模式模拟数据和大尺度水文模型VIC,预估了未来（2021-2050年）气候变化对淮河蒙洼蓄滞洪区启用的可能影响。结果表明：与基准期（1971-2000年）相比,多模式预估淮河上游未来多年平均气温一致呈增加趋势,平均增幅范围0.2～1.7℃。不同模式对降水预估差异较大,但有超过70%的模式预估降水呈增加趋势,平均增幅为3.4%～4.1%。未来气候情景下,王家坝断面洪水总体呈增加趋势,20年一遇的洪水强度平均增幅19%,洪水频率将增大,蒙洼蓄滞洪区启用可能更加频繁,启用的风险加大。  相似文献   

4.
潮白河流域为北京主要供水源,其水资源量对北京用水保障至关重要,因此开展该流域在全球1.5℃和2.0℃升温下的径流预估研究具有现实意义。利用1961—2001年WATCH数据对SWAT水文模型进行率定和验证,在此基础上,应用第五次耦合模式比较计划(CMIP5)中5个全球气候模式在典型浓度路径(RCP4.5、RCP6.0和RCP8.5)下预估的全球1.5℃和2.0℃升温下的数据驱动SWAT模型,开展了潮白河流域气温、降水及径流量的变化预估研究,并量化评估由气候模式和RCPs导致的水文效应的不确定性。结果表明：(1) SWAT模型基本能较好地模拟潮白河流域的月径流特征,应用该模型进行气候变化对径流量的影响评估是可行的。(2)在全球1.5℃和2.0℃升温下,潮白河流域年平均温度较基准期(1976—2005年)分别增加1.5℃和2.2℃,年平均降水量也增加4.9%和7.0%。预估的年径流量在全球1.5℃升温下总体略有增加,盛夏和秋初的径流量占全年的比例也有所增加;在全球2.0℃升温下,年径流量增幅达30%以上,但夏季径流量占全年的比例明显减少。(3)在全球2.0℃升温下,潮白河流域极端丰水流量明显增加,洪涝发生风险增大。(4)未来气温、降水量和径流量的预估都存在一定的不确定性,在全球2.0℃升温下不确定性更大;相对而言,径流量的不确定性要远大于降水量的不确定性;无论是全球1.5℃升温下还是2.0℃升温下,预估不确定性主要来源于全球气候模式。  相似文献   

5.
中国年和季各等级日降水量的变化趋势分析   总被引：18，自引：1，他引：17  
通过对中国554个测站1961—2003年的日降水量数据进行线性回归,对我国全年和各个季节的总降水量和各级降水的线性趋势进行分析,并对两种不同的极端降水定义方法所得的变化趋势进行了比较。结果显示,全年总降水量在西北、长江中下游和华南地区具有明显的增加趋势,而在华北和四川盆地地区具有明显的减少趋势。分析各类降水的季节变化趋势可以发现,西北地区各个季节的日降水都是增加的,长江中下游地区的各类降水的增加趋势主要集中在夏季和冬季,而华北地区的各类降水在各个季节基本都呈减少趋势。极端降水趋势方面,西北、长江中下游、西南部分地区和华南沿海地区具有明显的增加趋势,而华北、四川盆地和东北部分地区则有明显的减少趋势。  相似文献   

6.
Daily precipitation records of 147 meteorological stations over the Yangtze River Basin have permitted a detailed analysis of the spatio-temporal distribution of wet spells during the period 1961–2003 by distinguishing average daily amount thresholds of 90th and 95th percentiles. The analysis are based on several time series, namely the number of the days in wet spells, the longest wet spell and the precipitation amount in wet spells. Time series trends analyses are compiled for each station by means of the Mann-Kendall test, for four sub-regions. The results show that the annual precipitation in wet spells is higher in the southeast area and the eastern Tibetan Plateau than in the other parts. The longest wet spells are found in the eastern Tibetan Plateau for both the thresholds. The indices in wet spells for most stations have no significant trends. In contrast, only some stations in eastern Tibetan Plateau and the lower Yangtze River Basin increase significantly, while some in the middle reaches show significant decreasing trends. The regional trends analysis presents a noticeable downward trend in the middle Yangtze River Basin and upward trends in the eastern Tibetan Plateau for both 90th and 95th percentiles, however, the upward trend in the lower Yangtze River Basin and downward trends in the upper Jinshajiang River Basin are not significant.  相似文献   

7.
The following study investigates temperature and precipitation trends in instrumental time series between 1960 and 2006 at 88 meteorological stations located in the Upper Danube Basin. Time series were tested for inhomogeneities with several common homogeneity tests, trend magnitudes of annual and seasonal time series were calculated by least square fitting and the significance of trend values was checked and quantified by the Mann-Kendall test. The results confirm a particularly strong recent Climate Change in the investigation area. Increasing temperature trends show remarkably high trend values up to 0.8°C/decade in the summer season. The trends are highly significant for all investigated summer, spring and annual time series. Winter and spring temperature trends show consistently positive trend values as well even though some time series show no significance at all and the calculated trend values are smaller. Autumn temperature trends are mostly non-significant with low values (up to 0.3°C/decade) and several negative trends. Most of the highest trend values can be found in lower altitudes whereas stations situated in alpine regions tend to show low trend magnitudes and often exhibit non-significant results. Precipitation time series show positive as well as negative trends in the annual and seasonal analysis. At most stations a precipitation decrease in summer and autumn and an increase in winter was observed during the last 47?years whereas the spring and mean annual precipitation exhibits no change at all. But most time series are not conclusive since they show predominantly no significance and they often exhibit only low trend values.  相似文献   

8.
基于长江流域142个气象站1986—2005年月降水和气温数据,评估由MPI-ESM-LR模式驱动的CCLM区域气候模式对长江流域气温和降水的模拟能力,并采用EDCDF法对气温和降水预估数据进行偏差校正。结果表明：该区域气候模式能较好地模拟出长江流域平均气温的季节变化和空间分布特征,但模拟值无论在季节还是年际尺度上均高于观测值。对降水而言,该模式不能较好地模拟出降水的季节分布特征,导致春季、冬季及年模拟值高于观测值,而夏季和秋季模拟值低于观测值。总体而言,该模式对气温的模拟效果相对较好。偏差校正后的预估结果表明：在RCP4.5情景下,长江流域未来（2016—2035年）平均气温相对于基准期（1986—2005年）将升高0.66℃,年降水量将减少2.2%。  相似文献   

9.
Recent Progress in Studies of Climate Change in China   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  
An overview of basic research on climate change in recent years in China is presented. In the past 100 years in China, average annual mean surface air temperature (SAT) has increased at a rate ranging from 0.03℃ (10 yr)-1 to 0.12℃ (10 yr)-1 . This warming is more evident in northern China and is more significant in winter and spring. In the past 50 years in China, at least 27% of the average annual warming has been caused by urbanization. Overall, no significant trends have been detected in annual and/or summer precipitation in China on a whole for the past 100 years or 50 years. Both increases and decreases in frequencies of major extreme climate events have been observed for the past 50 years. The frequencies of extreme temperature events have generally displayed a consistent pattern of change across the country, while the frequencies of extreme precipitation events have shown only regionally and seasonally significant trends. The frequency of tropical cyclone landfall decreased slightly, but the frequency of sand/dust storms decreased significantly. Proxy records indicate that the annual mean SAT in the past a few decades is the highest in the past 400-500 years in China, but it may not have exceeded the highest level of the Medieval Warm Period (1000-1300 AD). Proxy records also indicate that droughts and floods in eastern China have been characterized by continuously abnormal rainfall periods, with the frequencies of extreme droughts and floods in the 20th century most likely being near the average levels of the past 2000 years. The attribution studies suggest that increasing greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations in the atmosphere are likely to be a main factor for the observed surface warming nationwide. The Yangtze River and Huaihe River basins underwent a cooling trend in summer over the past 50 years, which might have been caused by increased aerosol concentrations and cloud cover. However, natural climate variability might have been a main driver for the mean and extreme precipitation variations observed over the past century. Climate models generally perform well in simulating the variations of annual mean SAT in China. They have also been used to project future changes in SAT under varied GHG emission scenarios. Large uncertainties have remained in these model-based projections, however, especially for the projected trends of regional precipitation and extreme climate events.  相似文献   

10.
利用ECHAM5/MPI-OM气候模式预估2001-2050年长江流域不同排放情景（SRES-A2,A1B,B1）下径流深的变化,分析了长江流域地表水资源量的时空变化特征。结果表明：3种排放情景下长江流域多年平均地表水资源量相差不大,但不同排放情景下年际变化特征较为复杂,且变化趋势有所不同。其中,A2高排放情景下地表水资源量呈缓慢减小的趋势,A1B中等排放情景下变化趋势不明显,B1低排放情景下呈相对最为显著的增加趋势。地表水资源量年代际变化波动幅度也较大,2001-2030年3种情景下地表水资源量总体呈现下降特征,但从2030年起,则均表现出不同程度的增加,最高增幅达7.47%,其中尤以夏季和冬季增加显著。模式预估长江流域未来水资源量仍保持目前水平,水资源空间分布不均匀特征仍较为突出。  相似文献   

11.
2050年前长江流域地表水资源变化趋势   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
 利用ECHAM5/MPI-OM气候模式预估2001-2050年长江流域不同排放情景（SRES-A2,A1B,B1）下径流深的变化,分析了长江流域地表水资源量的时空变化特征。结果表明：3种排放情景下长江流域多年平均地表水资源量相差不大,但不同排放情景下年际变化特征较为复杂,且变化趋势有所不同。其中,A2高排放情景下地表水资源量呈缓慢减小的趋势,A1B中等排放情景下变化趋势不明显,B1低排放情景下呈相对最为显著的增加趋势。地表水资源量年代际变化波动幅度也较大,2001-2030年3种情景下地表水资源量总体呈现下降特征,但从2030年起,则均表现出不同程度的增加,最高增幅达7.47%,其中尤以夏季和冬季增加显著。模式预估长江流域未来水资源量仍保持目前水平,水资源空间分布不均匀特征仍较为突出。  相似文献   

12.
1960-2005年长江流域降水极值概率分布特征   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  
Based on the daily observational precipitation data of 147 stations in the Yangtze River basin for 1960-2005,and the projected daily data of 79 grids from ECHAM5/MPI-OM in the 20th century,time series of precipitation extremes which contain annual maximum(AM)and Munger index(MI)were constructed.The distribution feature of precipitation extremes was analyzed based on the two index series.Research results show that(1)the intensity and probability of extreme heavy precipitation are higher in the middle Mintuo River sub-catchment,the Dongting Lake area,the mid-lower main stream section of the Yangtze River,and the southeastern Poyang Lake sub-catchment;whereas,the intensity and probability of drought events are higher in the mid-lower Jinsha River sub-catchment and the Jialing River sub-catchment;(2)compared with observational data,the averaged value of AM is higher but the deviation coefficient is lower in projected data,and the center of precipitation extremes moves northwards;(3)in spite of certain differences in the spatial distributions of observed and projected precipitation extremes,by applying General Extreme Value(GEV)and Wakeby(WAK)models with the method of L-Moment Estimator(LME)to the precipitation extremes,it is proved that WAK can simulate the probability distribution of precipitation extremes calculated from both observed and projected data quite well.The WAK could be an important function for estimating the precipitation extreme events in the Yangtze River basin under future climatic scenarios.  相似文献   

13.
 Based on the daily observational precipitation data of 147 stations in the Yangtze River basin for 1960-2005, and the projected daily data of 79 grids from ECHAM5/MPI-OM in the 20th century, time series of precipitation extremes which contain annual maximum (AM) and Munger index (MI) were constructed. The distribution feature of precipitation extremes was analyzed based on the two index series. Research results show that (1) the intensity and probability of extreme heavy precipitation are higher in the middle Mintuo River sub-catchment, the Dongting Lake area, the mid-lower main stream section of the Yangtze River, and the southeastern Poyang Lake sub-catchment; whereas, the intensity and probability of drought events are higher in the mid-lower Jinsha River sub-catchment and the Jialing River sub-catchment; (2) compared with observational data, the averaged value of AM is higher but the deviation coefficient is lower in projected data, and the center of precipitation extremes moves northwards; (3) in spite of certain differences in the spatial distributions of observed and projected precipitation extremes, by applying General Extreme Value (GEV) and Wakeby (WAK) models with the method of L-Moment Estimator (LME) to the precipitation extremes, it is proved that WAK can simulate the probability distribution of precipitation extremes calculated from both observed and projected data quite well. The WAK could be an important function for estimating the precipitation extreme events in the Yangtze River basin under future climatic scenarios.  相似文献   

14.
The projected temperature and precipitationchange under different emissions scenarios using Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 models over the northwestern arid regions of China(NWAC) were analyzed using the ensemble of three high-resolution dynamical downscaling simulations: the simulation of the Regional Climate Model version 4.0(Reg CM4) forced by the Beijing Climate Center Climate System Model version 1.1(BCC_CSM1.1); the Hadley Centre Global Environmental Model version 3 regional climate model(Had GEM3-RA) forced by the Atmosphere-Ocean coupled Had GEM version 2(Had GEM2-AO); and the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF) model forced by the Norwegian community Earth System Model(Nor ESM1-M). Model validation indicated that the multimodel simulations reproduce the spatial and temporal distribution of temperature and precipitation well. The temperature is projected to increase over NWAC under both the 4.5 and 8.5 Representative Concentration Pathways scenarios(RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, respectively) in the middle of the 21 st century, but the warming trend is larger under the RCP8.5 scenario. Precipitation shows a significant increasing trend in spring and winter under both RCP4.5 and RCP8.5; but in summer, precipitation is projected to decrease in the Tarim Basin and Junggar Basin. The regional averaged temperature and precipitation show increasing trends in the future over NWAC; meanwhile, the large variability of the winter mean temperature and precipitation may induce more extreme cold events and intense snowfall events in these regions in the future.  相似文献   

15.
This article summarizes the main results and findings of studies conducted by Chinese scientists in the past five years.It is shown that observed climate change in China bears a strong similarity with the global average.The country-averaged annual mean surface air temperature has increased by 1.1℃over the past 50 years and 0.5-0.8℃over the past 100 years,slightly higher than the global temperature increase for the same periods.Northern China and winter have experienced the greatest increases in surface air temperature.Although no significant trend has been found in country-averaged annual precipitation, interdecadal variability and obvious trends on regional scales are detectable,with northwestern China and the mid and lower Yangtze River basin having undergone an obvious increase,and North China a severe drought.Some analyses show that frequency and magnitude of extreme weather and climate events have also undergone significant changes in the past 50 years or so. Studies of the causes of regional climate change through the use of climate models and consideration of various forcings,show that the warming of the last 50 years could possibly be attributed to an increased atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases,while the temperature change of the first half of the 20th century may be due to solar activity,volcanic eruptions and sea surface temperature change.A significant decline in sunshine duration and solar radiation at the surface in eastern China has been attributed to the increased emission of pollutants. Projections of future climate by models of the NCC(National Climate Center,China Meteorological Administration)and the IAP(Institute of Atmospheric Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences),as well as 40 models developed overseas,indicate a potential significant warming in China in the 21st century,with the largest warming set to occur in winter months and in northern China.Under varied emission scenarios,the country-averaged annual mean temperature is projected to increase by 1.5-2.1℃by 2020,2.3-3.3℃by 2050, and by 3.9-6.0℃by 2100,in comparison to the 30-year average of 1961 1990.Most models project a 10% 12% increase in annual precipitation in China by 2100,with the trend being particularly evident in Northeast and Northwest China,but with parts of central China probably undergoing a drying trend.Large uncertainty exists in the projection of precipitation,and further studies are needed.Furthermore,anthropogenic climate change will probably lead to a weaker winter monsoon and a stronger summer monsoon in eastern Asia.  相似文献   

16.
青藏高原与中国其他地区气候突变时间的比较   总被引：25，自引：5，他引：20  
丁一汇  张莉 《大气科学》2008,32(4):794-805
基于1961～2006年中国地面观测气温和降水资料,对青藏高原地区以及中国其他6个地区地表气温、降水的变化趋势和突变时间进行了检测和比较。结果发现,(1)地表气温:1961～2006年青藏高原地区年和四季的地表气温都呈增加趋势。年平均地表气温在20世纪80年代中期开始变暖,但显著快速增暖的突变发生在90年代中期,该时间比东北、华北、西北和淮河地区晚,与长江中下游和华南地区接近,不同季节青藏高原地区与其他地区变暖突变时间的差别也各有不同,但所有季节快速变暖突变的时间都比东北地区晚,中国东部陆地地区年和冬季平均地表气温表现出北早南晚的经向差异;(2)降水:1961～2006年青藏高原地区年降水量没有检测到显著的变化趋势,冬春降水量显著增加,而夏季降水有微弱的减少,秋季降水显著减少。降水突变的信号明显比温度突变的信号弱,年降水量和春季降水都没有检测到突变的发生,降水突变方向(增或减)和突变时间在区域与区域之间以及不同季节之间都存在较大差异。由上可见,青藏高原气候的显著快速变化比中国东部长江以北地区有明显的滞后现象,尤其是冬春温度变化,这可能是由于青藏高原地区积雪增加导致的反照率增加和冰川融化吸热对青藏高原变暖的减弱作用所致。  相似文献   

17.
IMERG和GSMaP卫星降水产品在三江源区的适用性评估   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文
利用98个三江源区国家级气象站和区域气象站降水观测资料,对IMERG和GSMaP两种卫星降水产品进行了对比验证分析,并就长江流域、黄河流域和澜沧江流域分别进行了适用性评估.结果表明:IMERG卫星降水产品与地面观测日降水数据的相关系数中位数达到0.62,均方根误差中位数为4.24 mm,命中率能够达到0.80以上,明显...  相似文献   

18.
Sixteen global general circulation models were used to develop probabilistic projections of temperature (T) and precipitation (P) changes over California by the 2060s. The global models were downscaled with two statistical techniques and three nested dynamical regional climate models, although not all global models were downscaled with all techniques. Both monthly and daily timescale changes in T and P are addressed, the latter being important for a range of applications in energy use, water management, and agriculture. The T changes tend to agree more across downscaling techniques than the P changes. Year-to-year natural internal climate variability is roughly of similar magnitude to the projected T changes. In the monthly average, July temperatures shift enough that that the hottest July found in any simulation over the historical period becomes a modestly cool July in the future period. Januarys as cold as any found in the historical period are still found in the 2060s, but the median and maximum monthly average temperatures increase notably. Annual and seasonal P changes are small compared to interannual or intermodel variability. However, the annual change is composed of seasonally varying changes that are themselves much larger, but tend to cancel in the annual mean. Winters show modestly wetter conditions in the North of the state, while spring and autumn show less precipitation. The dynamical downscaling techniques project increasing precipitation in the Southeastern part of the state, which is influenced by the North American monsoon, a feature that is not captured by the statistical downscaling.  相似文献   

19.
根据海河流域1961-2010年气象观测资料,检验IPCC AR4中全球气候模式和多模式集合的模拟能力,并预估未来2011-2050年气候变化的可能趋势,结果表明:全球气候模式以及多模式集合对海河流域都具有一定的模拟能力,其中MIUB_ECHO_G模式和多模式集合具有相对较好的模拟能力.海河流域气温和降水未来情景预估表明:气温整体呈现增加趋势,尤其是A1B情景下各模式的年升温率均高于全国水平;未来降水也呈现增加趋势,在A1B和B1情景下,各模式都为夏季降水增加显著.A2情景下,春季时各模式降水均增加显著,A1B情景下,MIUB_ECHO_G模式模拟在2013年出现突变,降水量出现显著增长,A2情景下,MIUB_ECHO_G模式和多模式集合模拟的降水量则是在2031年和2001年出现突变,出现显著增长.  相似文献   

20.
Based on the daily observational precipitation data at 147 stations in the Yangtze River Basin during 1960–2005 and projected daily data of 79 grid cells from the ECHAM5/ MPI-OM model in the 20th and 21st century, time series of precipitation extremes which contain AM (Annual Maximum) and MI (Munger Index) are constructed. The distribution feature of precipitation extremes is analyzed based on the two index series. Three principal results were obtained, as stated in the sequel. (i) In the past half century, the intensity of extreme heavy precipitation and drought events was higher in the mid-lower Yangtze than in the upper Yangtze reaches. Although the ECHAM5 model still can’t capture the precipitation extremes over the Yangtze River Basin satisfactorily, spatial pattern of the observed and the simulated precipitation extremes are much similar to each other. (ii) For quantifying the characteristics of extremely high and extremely low precipitation over the Yangtze River Basin, four probability distributions are used, namely: General Extreme Value (GEV), General Pareto (GPA), General Logistic (GLO), and Wakeby (WAK). It was found that WAK can adequately describe the probability distribution of precipitation extremes calculated from both observational and projected data. (iii) Return period of precipitation extremes show spatially different changes under three greenhouse gas emission scenarios. The 50-year heavy precipitation and drought events from simulated data during 1951–2000 will become more frequent, with return period below 25 years, for the most mid-lower Yangtze region in 2001–2050. The changing character of return periods of precipitation extremes should be taken into account for the hydrological design and future water resources management.  相似文献   

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