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1.
2012年4月广东左移和飑线内超级单体的环境条件和结构对比分析 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
2012年4月开汛后广东省接连出现强对流天气,尤其是冰雹日数更是超过历史同期平均。本文利用常规天气观测资料和雷达、自动站等非常规资料对广东首次观测到的风暴分裂中左移超级单体风暴和飑线内超级单体风暴引发的两次强对流天气过程进行了对比分析。结果表明:"4·10"冰雹和雷雨大风天气是由局地强烈加热产生的"热雷暴"发展成超级单体风暴造成的;"4·12"冰雹、雷雨大风和短时强降水天气由飑线及飑线内超级单体风暴造成的,其产生于切变线、较强冷空气南下过程中的低层暖平流和中层冷槽共同作用的环境条件下,较强的平流过程使垂直风切变明显增大;两次过程中0℃层高度都低于4月当地0℃层高度平均值。风切变矢量随高度的变化决定了左移和右移风暴的发展趋势,"4.10"风切变矢量随高度逆时针变化,使风暴分裂后左移风暴得以发展成超级单体;"4·12"风切变矢量随高度顺时针变化,有利于有组织风暴即飑线和飑线内超级单体的形成和发展,超级单体向承载层平均风的右侧运动。左移超级单体回波具有中反气旋、弱回波区和旁瓣回波及强回波中心位于其移动方向左侧等特点;飑线内超级单体的中气旋、弱回波区和强回波中心位于回波移动方向右侧,三体散射长钉长度和中层辐合厚度都很大,后侧下击暴流产生了31.1 m·s~(-1)地面强风。 相似文献
2.
利用气象信息综合分析处理系统、江西WebGIS雷达拼图、江西自动气象站、上饶SA雷达等资料,综合分析了2004—2020年玉山县15次雷暴大风过程特征。结果表明:玉山雷暴大风集中出现在5—9月,其中7月最多;雷暴大风有明显日变化特征,午后增温是高发期,导致玉山雷暴大风天气主要有三类中尺度系统,分别为冷锋倒槽类、副高控制类、热带系统类;按雷达拼图回波特征分为飑线回波带上超级单体、飑线(弓状)回波带上强单体、副高边缘强回波短带和局地热雷雨强回波三类。飑线回波带上超级单体中心回波强度超过60 dBZ,回波带有明显的“弓”状结构,移动速度可达80~100 km·h^(-1);副高边缘的雷暴大风天气发生在局地热雷雨强回波发展合并时,局地性强,移动缓慢,移速仅30 km·h^(-1)左右。雷达PUP产品上超级单体冰雹和雷暴大风主要区别为:组合反射率CR产品60 dBZ强回波面积冰雹较大,雷暴大风较小;垂直累积液态水(Vertically Integrated Liquid,VIL)冰雹可达到60 kg·m^(-2),雷暴大风VIL≤35 kg·m^(-2);反射率因子垂直剖面(Reflectivity Cross Section,RCS)冰雹有超过65 dBZ强回波核,雷暴大风则没有;径向速度垂直剖面(Velocity Cross Section,VCS)冰雹出现中气旋结构,雷暴大风则出现“逆风区”或弱切变结构。 相似文献
3.
2009年8月27日15-18时,石家庄地区出现雷暴大风等灾害性强对流天气过程,石家庄地区北部新乐县境内的多普勒雷达探测到了此次天气过程中完整的阵风锋、飑线、中气旋等中尺度天气系统,并对此次雷暴大风的环境场和多普勒雷达产品进行分析。结果表明：低层逆温、中低层垂直风切变较强的不稳定层结为强对流天气的发生发展提供了有利的环境条件。阵风锋对对流风暴发展强度具有反馈作用,当二者逐渐远离时,对流风暴强度减弱甚至消亡;当二者逐渐靠近时,对流风暴发展加强,甚至发展为超级单体对流风暴。多单体对流风暴带状排列构成飑线系统,所经测站出现风速突增、风向急转、气压涌升、气温下降,钩状回波、人字型回波、弓形回波和深厚持久发展的中气旋是本次天气过程中的超级单体对流风暴所具有的典型特征。地面破坏性大风主要由超级单体对流风暴所引发。 相似文献
4.
基于加密探测资料解析2009年6月3日商丘强飑线形成机制 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
利用郑州、商丘新一代天气雷达资料、河南省逐分钟自动站等加密探测资料,对2009年6月3日发生在商丘地区的强飑线形成机制进行了分析。结果表明:低涡后部横槽携带冷空气沿西北气流下滑与低层暖湿空气在商丘汇聚,在低层辐合线、干线触发下,位于辐合中心的商丘爆发强飑线;初始对流回波沿边界辐合线发展加强并形成超级单体强风暴;在开封与商丘之间的露点锋(干线)作用下,发展起来的晴空边界辐合线触发新生对流并发展加强,与超级单体强风暴汇合成强飑线迅速东南移影响商丘地区;雷暴大风前商丘大片超折射回波预示该处有干暖盖存在,为飑线移到商丘爆发更为激烈的强对流天气提供了大量的不稳定能量;强飑线回波带上超级单体风暴和后来发展形成的弓形回波是造成商丘地区强天气的关键,雷暴大风发生在辐合线后侧,辐合线后侧具有典型的中尺度雷暴高压、中尺度低温中心、风场辐散等特征;强雷暴高压、高压前侧的强气压梯度以及强飑线的快速移动是宁陵、夏邑和永城等地有气象记录以来极端大风产生的直接原因。 相似文献
5.
东北冷涡背景下超级单体风暴环境条件与雷达回波特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《高原气象》2018,(5)
利用常规观测、地面加密自动站、多普勒天气雷达观测资料以及NECP(1°×1°)逐6 h再分析资料对2016年8月16日内蒙古东南部地区由于超级单体风暴诱发的强冰雹、雷暴大风等强对流天气进行了分析。结果表明:这次超级单体风暴发生在高空东北冷涡和低层暖式切变线形成的强不稳定层结背景下,低层丰富的水汽、中等强度对流有效位能和大的深层垂直风切变,为强对流天气的发生提供了非常有利的环境条件;地面中尺度辐合线和露点锋两种对流系统耦合并加强是对流风暴的触发机制;雷达回波有钩状回波、弱回波区WER (Weak Echo Region)、回波悬垂、回波墙、中气旋等超级单体风暴特征,其中弱回波区,回波悬垂由反射率因子从低到高向低层入流一侧倾斜且回波强度梯度大;风暴内中层维持较深厚的气旋性辐合,风暴顶则表现出明显的气旋性辐散特征,标志大冰雹的三体散射长钉TBSS(Three-Body Scatter Spike)特征回波,50 dBZ以上的反射率因子核心的高度伸展到-20℃以上,为典型的产生冰雹的回波结构;垂直液态水含量VIL(Vertical Integrated Liquid Water Content)与风暴顶高之比即VIL密度达到5 g·m~(-3),这也是大冰雹的预报指标。 相似文献
6.
2013年湖南首场致灾性强对流天气过程成因分析 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
应用湖南多部雷达和探空资料、中小尺度自动气象站资料、南岳高山站逐时观测资料及LAPS局地分析资料,对2013年3月19日湖南首场致灾性强对流天气过程的成因进行综合分析,并探讨强冰雹和雷暴大风预警着眼点及其可预警性。结果表明:强对流发生前,近地面晴空辐射增温、对流不稳定层结、强的垂直风切变、强温度梯度直减率以及近地层较好的水汽条件为强对流风暴发生发展提供了良好的潜势条件;中低层冷平流、地面中尺度辐合线、能量锋和露点锋以及近地面层弱辐散、中低层强辐合、高层强辐散的动力耦合结构是强对流发生的有利天气背景,中低层冷空气是这次强对流过程的触发机制;强对流风暴的前期以超级单体风暴和多单体风暴为主,超级单体风暴东移北上过程中与湖南西部不断新生的对流回波结合后发展成飑线,飑线维持、发展过程中出现"弓形"回波、中层径向辐合(MARC)、低层辐散、速度大值区等特征;在短临预警服务中,中低层明显的钩状回波结构、持续偏高的反射率因子和垂直积分液态水含量(VIL)值为靖州强冰雹预警的发布提供了有效依据,而低仰角距离地面1 km内的径向速度大值区(大于20 m.s-1)则为道县雷暴大风预警提供重要参考。 相似文献
7.
使用常规地面和高空原始报文资料,采用最优插值法,对2004年4月29日出现在武汉天河机场临近的两次强雷暴天气过程进行了客观诊断分析。结果表明:两次强雷暴天气,前一次为典型的飑线天气过程,后一次为超级雷暴单体天气过程;高空槽、冷锋、中尺度低值系统是当天两次强雷暴天气的触发机制;低空深厚湿层(水汽丰富)、高低空存在急流强风带对当日飑线天气的形成和发展较为有利,强的不稳定层结、强的环境风垂直切变以及上层干、下层湿的湿度层结对当天超级雷暴单体的形成和发展十分有利。 相似文献
8.
冷涡对两类对流系统结构演变作用的个例模拟对比分析 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
2015年8月22日,在同一冷涡背景下,华北东北部形成了多单体风暴,而在黄淮地区出现飑线过程。本文根据观测资料给出冷涡对中尺度对流系统发生发展的动力和热力作用,并基于WRF中尺度数值模式的模拟结果,对比分析了两类对流系统的形态结构演变和运动过程的差异、差异产生的原因及冷涡的作用,主要结论如下:(1)两类对流系统均位于冷涡后部,但形态演变和运动过程差异显著,北部分散性对流受地面风辐合及地形抬升的共同影响发展形成多单体风暴,呈西北—东南排列,主要以前向传播的方式缓慢向东南偏南方向运动,带来短时强降水为主的天气;南部线状对流由山东西北部和河南北部形成的多个孤立单体合并后形成,随后在黄淮地区发展为飑线系统,在平流移动为主的作用下向东南方向快速运动,产生雷暴大风和冰雹天气。(2)北部多单体风暴在冷暖气团交界面形成,位于冷涡西南象限,低层水汽和能量充足;新对流单体在边界层被触发后,沿着低层切变线向高能区传播。(3)南部飑线系统在冷槽后的地面干暖区低压带中形成,中尺度对流系统产生的冷池和雷暴高压的出流与环境相互作用,低层水汽条件转好,使得单体不断传播和合并,发展为飑线系统。(4)中层后部入流的强度和环境水汽条件对两类对流系统组织化过程有不同影响,飑线中层后部入流的增强主要来自环境西风分量的增加,与冷涡发展演变使得环境风场增强有关;北部对流湿层深厚,所处的中层风场弱,不利于多单体风暴组织化发展;南部飑线系统位于更强的环境西风引导气流中,后部中层入流强、高层环境空气干,有利于强下沉气流形成,从而促进雷暴高压和冷池的发展,强下沉气流还使中低层的风速增加,垂直风切变增强,有利于对流单体组织化发展形成线状对流。 相似文献
9.
利用常规气象资料和黔东南三穗C波段多普勒天气雷达资料,分析2013年3月12日黔东南州冰雹天气过程。结果表明：低空急流的建立为黔东南降雹提供良好水汽通道,中等到强的风垂直切变、超过25％的850hPa与500hPa温度差以及一定的sI指数、K指数、CAPE值等物理量加上适宜的0℃与一20cc层高度均指示当天有利的降雹环境;此次冰雹天气过程是由一次飑线活动造成的,飑线移速与其前沿阵风锋移速相匹配,使得飑线持续时间超过6h;给三穗县款场乡带来大冰雹的风暴共经历了普通多单体风暴一非超级单体强对流风暴一超级单体风暴阶段,这3个阶段出现了大小不一的冰雹,其中第3阶段具有钩状回波、弱回波区、高悬的强回波、回波穹窿以及深厚持久的中气旋;VIL值大小与冰雹直径大小没有良好的对应关系,在超级单体阶段VIL值不大,这与风暴的倾斜程度有关。 相似文献
10.
一次强对流风暴的新一代天气雷达特征分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用兰州皋兰山的CINRAD/CC多普勒天气雷达资料,对2005年5月30日15～19时发生在甘肃中部地区的一次强对流风暴进行了分析。引起此次强对流风暴的中尺度天气系统是飑线,飑线尾部位于甘肃中部的强雷暴区在15时生成,沿东南方向移动,在16时15分至17时03分多单体风暴加强合并为超级单体风暴,并呈现出人字型回波、带状回波特征。此次超级单体南边出现2条明显的出流边界,一条位于钩状回波的西南,一条位于钩状回波的东南。超级单体左前方的低层反射率因子呈现明显的倒“V”字型结构,最大的回波强度出现在有界弱回波区之上,其值>70 dBZ,相应径向速度图呈现出成熟的中气旋特征,期间垂直液态水含量持续偏高,最大垂直累积液态水含量>70 kg/m2,回波顶高达17～18 km,该风暴具有强烈超级单体风暴的典型特征。 相似文献
11.
12.
Pietro Salizzoni Raphaël Van Liefferinge Patrick Mejean Lionel Soulhac Richard J. Perkins 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2010,135(3):455-467
The influence of surface roughness on the dispersion of a passive scalar in a rough wall turbulent boundary layer has been
studied using wind-tunnel experiments. The surface roughness was varied using different sizes of roughness elements, and different
spacings between the elements. Vertical profiles of average concentration were measured at different distances downwind of
the source, and the vertical spread of the plume was computed by fitting a double Gaussian profile to the data. An estimate
of the integral length scale is derived from the turbulence characteristics of the boundary layer and is then used to scale
the measured values of plume spread. This scaling reduces the variability in the data, confirming the validity of the model
for the Lagrangian integral time scale, but does not remove it entirely. The scaled plume spreading shows significant differences
from predictions of theoretical models both in the near and in the far field. In the region immediately downwind of the source
this is due to the influence of the wake of the injector for which we have developed a simple model. In the far field we explain
that the differences are mainly due to the absence of large-scale motions. Finally, further downwind of the source the scaled
values of plume spread fall into two distinct groups. It is suggested that the difference between the two groups may be related
to the lack of dynamical similarity between the boundary-layer flows for varying surface roughness or to biased estimates
of the plume spread. 相似文献
13.
通过分析2004年8月25日发生在浙江省宁波市的一次台风前部龙卷发生发展的环境特征, 发现该龙卷发生在台风前部风切变区里, 尽管当时涡度、散度等物理量对于深对流发展不是非常有利, 但下湿中干、强的垂直风切变及地形条件等还是有利于局地弱龙卷的产生; 在宁波新一代天气雷达产品上表现为强的钩状回波, 速度场上有相邻的正负速度中心及强的组合切变值等。通过多个反射率产品、剖面产品等综合分析了该风暴的三维结构, 初步了解此类弱龙卷的发生机理, 为以后的预报提供一些经验。 相似文献
14.
A. Henderson-Sellers 《Climatic change》1993,23(4):337-377
A simplified vegetation distribution prediction scheme is used in combination with the Biosphere-Atmosphere Transfer Scheme (BATS) and coupled to a version of the NCAR Community Climate Model (CCM1) which includes a mixed-layer ocean. Employed in an off-line mode as a diagnostic tool, the scheme predicts a slightly darker and slightly rougher continental surface than when BATS' prescribed vegetation classes are used. The impact of tropical deforestation on regional climates, and hence on diagnosed vegetation, differs between South America and S.E. Asia. In the Amazon, the climatic effects of removing all the tropical forest are so marked that in only one of the 18 deforested grid elements could the new climate sustain tropical forest vegetation whereas in S.E. Asia in seven of the 9 deforested elements the climate could continue to support tropical forest. Following these off-line tests, the simple vegetation scheme has been coupled to the GCM as an interactive (or two-way) submodel for a test integration lasting 5.6 yr. It is found to be a stable component of the global climate system, producing only ~ 3% (absolute) interannual changes in the predicted percentages of continental vegetation, together with globally-averaged continental temperature increases of up to + 1.5 °C and evaporation increases of 0 to 5 W m–2 and no discernible trends over the 67 months of integration. On the other hand, this interactive land biosphere causes regional-scale temperature differences of ± 10 °C and commensurate disturbances in other climatic parameters. Tuning, similar to the q-flux schemes used for ocean models, could improve the simulation of the present-day surface climate but, in the longer term, it will be important to focus on predicting the characteristics of the continental surface rather than simple vegetation classes. The coupling scheme will also have to allow for vegetation responses occurring over longer timescales so that the coupled system is buffered from sudden shocks. 相似文献
15.
Summary The boundary-layer wind field during weak synoptic conditions is largely controlled by the nature of the landscape. Mesoscale
(sub-synoptic) circulations result from horizontal gradients of sensible heat flux due to variation in local topography, variation
in surface-cover, and discontinuities such as land-sea contrasts. Such flows are usually referred to as thermally-driven circulations,
and are diurnal in nature and often predictable. In this paper we use a state-of-the-art non-hydrostatic computer model to
shed light on the physical mechanisms that drive a persistent easterly wind that develops in the afternoon in the Mackenzie
Basin, New Zealand. The easterly – Canterbury Plains Breeze (CPB) – is observed early in the afternoon and is often intense,
with mean wind speeds reaching up to 12 m s−1. Although computer modelling in mountainous terrain is extremely challenging, the model is able to simulate this circulation
satisfactorily. To further investigate the mechanisms that generate the Canterbury Plains Breeze, two additional idealized
model experiments are performed. With each experiment, the effects of the synoptic scale wind and the ocean around the South
Island, New Zealand were successively removed. The results show that contrary to previous suggestions, the Canterbury Plains
Breeze is not an intrusion of the coastal sea breeze or the Canterbury north-easterly, but can be generated by heating of
the basin alone. This conclusion highlights the importance of mountain basins and saddles in controlling near-surface wind
regimes in complex terrain. 相似文献
16.
Ralph M. Gailis Alexander Hill Eugene Yee Trevor Hilderman 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2007,122(3):577-607
Fluctuating plume models provide a useful conceptual paradigm in the understanding of plume dispersion in a turbulent flow.
In particular, these models have enabled analytical predictions of higher-order concentration moments, and the form of the
one-point concentration probability density function (PDF). In this paper, we extend the traditional formalism of these models,
grounded in the theory of homogeneous and isotropic turbulent flow, to two cases: namely, a simple sheared boundary layer
and a large array of regular obstacles. Some very high-resolution measurements of plume dispersion in a water channel, obtained
using laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) line-scan techniques are utilised. These data enable us to extract time series of plume
centroid position (plume meander) and dispersion in the relative frame of reference in unprecedented detail. Consequently,
experimentally extracted PDFs are able to be directly compared with various theoretical forms proposed in the literature.
This includes the PDF of plume centroid motion, the PDF of concentration in the relative frame, and a variety of concentration
moments in the absolute and relative frames of reference. The analysis confirms the accuracy of some previously proposed functional
forms of model components used in fluctuating plume models, as well as suggesting some new forms necessary to deal with the
complex boundary conditions in the spatial domain. 相似文献
17.
Internal waves incident on a sheared ocean pycnocline are studied using analytic and numerical methods. Linear analysis of the unstable modes of a sheared ocean pycnocline is used to demonstrate interactions between internal waves and shear instabilities. A new analytic solution for an asymmetric shear layer over a stratified layer is presented, illustrating modes which couple to internal waves, in addition to the well-known Holmboe modes. The robustness of these solutions is demonstrated using numerical methods for realistic shear profiles. Fully nonlinear numerical simulations illustrate the growth of these modes and demonstrate the excitation of shear instabilities by incident internal waves. The results may have implications for internal wave interactions with the ocean pycnocline and the local generation of internal solitary waves. 相似文献
18.
Howard J. Freeland 《大气与海洋》2013,51(3):288-302
Abstract The effect of an abrupt headland on a barotropic oceanic boundary current with variable bottom topography is investigated. The objective is to explore with a very simple model some of the observed features of flow past Brooks Peninsula, an obstacle to boundary currents on the west coast of Vancouver Island. It is shown that the seasonal variation in the background current field causes a large change in the response to the headland. The difference is both quantitative and qualitative and results from the ability of southward alongshore flows to support topographic Rossby lee waves. As a result of the presence of the lee waves a strong offshore flow occurs just downstream of the Peninsula and this ejects water from the continental shelf into deep water producing features reminiscent of the so‐called “squirts” and “jets”. 相似文献
19.
Flow over a two-dimensional obstacle and dispersion of a heavier-than-air gas near the obstacle were studied. Two species, one representing air and the other representing the heavier-than-air gas were treated. Equations for mass and momentum were cast in mass-averaged form, with turbulent Reynolds stresses and mass fluxes modeled using eddy-viscosity and diffusivity hypotheses. A two-equation k- turbulence model was used to determine the effective turbulent viscosity. Streamline curvature and buoyancy corrections were added to the basic turbulence formulation. The model equations were solved using finite difference techniques. An alternating-direction-implicit (ADI) technique was used to solve the parabolic transport equations and a direct matrix solver was used to solve the elliptic pressure equation.Mesh sensitivities were investigated to determine the optimum mesh requirements for the final calculations. It was concluded that at least 10 grid spaces were required across the obstacle width and 15 across the obstacle height to obtain valid solutions. A non-uniform mesh was used to concentrate the grid points at the top of the obstacle.Experimental measurements were made with air flow over a 7.6 by 7.6 cm obstacle in a boundary-layer wind tunnel. Smoke visualization revealed a low-frequency oscillation of the bubble downstream of the obstacle. Hot-wire anemometer data are presented for the mean velocity and turbulent kinetic energy at the mid-plane of the obstacle and the mid-plane of the downstream recirculation bubble. A single hot-wire probe was found to be suitable for determining mean streamwise velocities with an accuracy of 11 %. The downstream recirculation bubble was unsteady and had a length range from 3 to 8 obstacle lengths.The experimental results for flow over the obstacle were compared with numerical calculations to validate the numerical solution procedure. A sensitivity study on the effect of curvature correction and variation of turbulence model constants on the numerical solution was conducted. Calculations that included the curvature correction model gave a downstream recirculation bubble length of 5.9 obstacle lengths while excluding the correction reduced this length to 4.4.In the second part of the study, numerical calculations were performed for the dispersion of a heavier-than-air gas in the vicinity of the two-dimensional obstacle. Characteristics of an adiabatic boundary layer were used in these calculations. The densities of the contaminant gases were 0, 25 and 50% greater than the air density. Calculations were performed with the contaminant injection source upstream and downstream of the obstacle.Use of the pressure gradient model reduced the size of the dense gas cloud by as much as 12%. The curvature correction model also affected the cloud expanse by reducing the effective turbulent viscosity in the downstream recirculation bubble. The location of the injection source had the largest impact on the cloud size. The area of the cloud within the 5 % contour was three times larger for downstream injection than for upstream injection. 相似文献
20.
W. König 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》1993,52(3-4):153-167
Summary An eddy effect of tropical deep convection on the large-scale momentum, resp vorticity budget is investigated. The process is specified by a simple parameterization approach which is based on a concept of rotating clouds exerting a momentum on the large-scale flow. The cloud rotation is associated with the thermal properties of a cloud ensemble by the principle of conservation of potential vorticity. A decomposition of cloud classes is applied in consistency with the thermodynamical parameterization scheme of Arakawa and Schubert (1974).The parameterization is tested with observations of GATE74, Phase III. The data are processed on a B/C-scale grid (55km) in a region within 9N and 16N, and between 21W and 27W, and with a vertical resolution of 41 levels. The parameterization results correspond to the observed patterns, especially in situations with strong large-scale wind shear. The findings suggest that certain large-scalle flow regimes provoke convective scale momentum generation rather than redistributing large-scale momentum by convective circulations.With 10 Figures 相似文献