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M. W. Moncrieff 《Atmospheric Research》1995,35(2-4)
This essay concerns precipitating convective cloud systems and convectively-driven mesoscale circulations (“mesoscale convection”) and their role in the large-scale structure of the atmosphere. Mesoscale convection is an important and ubiquitous process on scales of motion spanning a few kilometers to many hundreds of kilometers. It plays a role in the input of energy to the climate system through the radiative effect of upper-tropospheric cloud and water vapor, and enhanced surface fluxes. This is in addition to its important effect on energy, heat and momentum transport within the atmosphere. However, mesoscale convection is neither parameterized nor adequately resolved in atmospheric general circulation models. Its representation in mean-flow terms raises issues that are quite distinct from classical approaches to sub-grid scale convection parameterization.Cloud-resolving modeling and theoretical concepts pertinent to the transport properties and mean-flow effects of organized convection are summarized, as are the main convective parameterization techniques used in global models. Two principal themes that are relevant to the representation of organized mesoscale systems are discussed. First, mesoscale transports and their sub-grid scale approximation with emphasis on dynamical approaches. Second, long time-scale modeling of mesoscale cloud systems that involves the collective effect of convection, boundary and surface layers, radiation, microphysics acting under the influence of large-scale forcing.Finally, major research programs that address the role of precipitating convection and mesoscale processes in global models are summarized. 相似文献
3.
The present study investigates the sensitivity of the frequency distribution of precipitation rates to the closure employed
in the penetrative mass flux cumulus parameterization of Zhang and McFarlane in the Canadian regional climate model (CRCM)
and in the Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis third generation global atmospheric general circulation model
(AGCM3). The effects of an alternative prognostic closure for mass flux cumulus parameterization in place of the original
diagnostic closure are investigated. A set of experiments is performed in which changes in the frequency distribution of precipitation
rates and cloud base mass-flux are examined as a function of the parameters that define each closure scheme. The relationship
between the frequency distribution of precipitation and cloud base mass flux is examined and a self-consistent relation is
found when the depth of convection is taken into account. Experiments performed with the prognostic closure favor relatively
strong cloud base mass-flux and deep penetrative convection with relatively more intense convective precipitation. The mean
of the frequency distribution of convective precipitation is larger and the heavier events become more intense. Also, experiments
performed with the prognostic closure favor less frequent convective activity. However these changes in the distribution of
convective component of precipitation are generally offset by opposite changes in the distribution of the resolved large-scale
component of precipitation, resulting in relatively smaller changes in total precipitation. The altered partition of precipitation
between convective and large-scale components is found to alter the energy balance and the thermodynamic equilibrium structure
of the troposphere. The robustness found in the CRCM results regarding the sensitivity of the frequency distribution of precipitation
to changes in the closure of the deep convection parameterization is investigated by performing a similar analysis of AGCM3
simulations. A remarkable similarity of AGCM3 and CRCM results is found suggesting that the closure sensitivity identified
in this study is robust. 相似文献
4.
Numerical simulation of a South China Sea typhoon Leo (1999) 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
K.-H. Lau Z.-F. Zhang H.-Y. Lam S.-J. Chen 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2003,83(3-4):147-161
Summary ?A South China Sea typhoon, Leo (1999), was simulated using the Penn State/NCAR mesoscale model MM5 with the Betts-Miller
convective parameterization scheme (BMEX). The simulation had two nested domains with resolutions at 54 and 18 km, and the
forecast duration was 36 hours. The model was quite successful in predicting the track, the rapid deepening, the central pressure,
and the maximum wind speed of typhoon Leo as verified with reports from the Hong Kong Observatory (HKO). The structure of
the eye, the eye wall, and the spiral convective cloud band simulated in the model are found to be comparable to corresponding
features identified in satellite images for the storm, and also with those reported by other authors.
A trajectory analysis was performed. Three kinds of trajectory were found: (1) spirally rising trajectories near the eye wall;
(2) spirally rising/descending trajectories in the convective/cloud free belt; (3) straight and fast rising trajectories in
a heavy convection zone along one of the cloud bands on the periphery of the tropical cyclone.
Both the HKO and the U.S. Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) reported the rapid deepening of Leo started around 00 UTC 29
April. In the model, the eye was first formed in the lower troposphere, and it extended to the upper troposphere within a
few hours. We speculate that the spin-up of cyclonic rotation in the low-level eye enhanced the positive vorticity along the
low-level eye wall. The positive vorticity was then transported to the upper troposphere by convection, leading to an extension
and growth of the eye into the upper troposphere.
To examine the impact of convective parameterization scheme (CPS) on the simulation, the Grell scheme (GLEX) was also tested.
The GLEX predicted a weaker typhoon with a wilder eye that extended not as high up in the upper troposphere as BMEX. The different
structures of the eye between the BMEX and GLEX suggest that the mesoscale features of the eye are dependent on the convection.
In other words, the vertical and horizontal distribution of convective heating is essential to the development and structure
of the eye.
Received December 18, 2001; accepted May 7, 2002
Published online: March 20, 2003 相似文献
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本文在十一层原始方程模式中引入Fritsch-Chappell一维云模式，对1982年5月12日江淮气旋上中尺度系统进行了模拟试验，分析表明:Fritsch-Chappell一维云模式对深厚积云的考虑细致合理，比郭晓岚积云参数化方案优越，它能模拟出中尺度系统的一些特征。通过数值计算发现:中尺度江淮气旋是对流层低层的天气系统，气压场上具有中尺度低压的某些特征；对流天气的出现，使得中尺度江淮气旋得到发展，但这种发展有一个变化过程，在对流发展加强时，对流引起的动量变化以及下沉气流造成的低层冷却作用，使其有一个暂时的减弱过程，当对流运动趋于减弱时，气旋才得以发展。 相似文献
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l. IntroductiOnThe parameterizat1on of atmospheric convection is one of the most challenging issues inglobal climate modeling. Since convection interacts strongly with clouds and the large--scalecirculation, its representation in GCMs has a tremendous impact on the slmulation of theglobal climate and its variations. For example, in the National Center for Atmospheric Re-search (NCAR) Community Climate Model Version 2 (CCM2), excessive surface 1atent heatflux in the tropics was simulate… 相似文献
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A mass-flux cumulus parameterization scheme for large-scale models: description and test with observations 总被引：10，自引：1，他引：9
Tongwen Wu 《Climate Dynamics》2012,38(3-4):725-744
A simple mass-flux cumulus parameterization scheme suitable for large-scale atmospheric models is presented. The scheme is based on a bulk-cloud approach and has the following properties: (1) Deep convection is launched at the level of maximum moist static energy above the top of the boundary layer. It is triggered if there is positive convective available potential energy (CAPE) and relative humidity of the air at the lifting level of convection cloud is greater than 75%; (2) Convective updrafts for mass, dry static energy, moisture, cloud liquid water and momentum are parameterized by a one-dimensional entrainment/detrainment bulk-cloud model. The lateral entrainment of the environmental air into the unstable ascending parcel before it rises to the lifting condensation level is considered. The entrainment/detrainment amount for the updraft cloud parcel is separately determined according to the increase/decrease of updraft parcel mass with altitude, and the mass change for the adiabatic ascent cloud parcel with altitude is derived from a total energy conservation equation of the whole adiabatic system in which involves the updraft cloud parcel and the environment; (3) The convective downdraft is assumed saturated and originated from the level of minimum environmental saturated equivalent potential temperature within the updraft cloud; (4) The mass flux at the base of convective cloud is determined by a closure scheme suggested by Zhang (J Geophys Res 107(D14), doi:10.1029/2001JD001005, 2002) in which the increase/decrease of CAPE due to changes of the thermodynamic states in the free troposphere resulting from convection approximately balances the decrease/increase resulting from large-scale processes. Evaluation of the proposed convection scheme is performed by using a single column model (SCM) forced by the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program’s (ARM) summer 1995 and 1997 Intensive Observing Period (IOP) observations, and field observations from the Global Atmospheric Research Program’s Atlantic Tropical Experiment (GATE) and the Tropical Ocean and Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA COARE). The SCM can generally capture the convective events and produce a realistic timing of most events of intense precipitation although there are some biases in the strength of simulated precipitation. 相似文献
8.
William Blumen 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2001,99(3):509-519
The traditional Ekman boundary-layer parameterization is introduced into the quasigeostrophic Eady baroclinic instability model and into the deformation flow model, to couple the planetary boundary layer with the inviscid interior flow aloft. An explicit time-dependent version of this parameterization is then introduced into an unbalanced zero potential vorticity model to evaluate the initial transient response. It is noted that the adaptation of the geostrophic flow to the same parameterization is different in each of the balanced models. The characteristic flow response reflects thedifferent constraints imposed by each model. Further, the zero potential vorticity condition constrains the evolution of the baroclinic geostrophic part of the flow, which leads to an unphysical flow response when the Ekman boundary-layer parameterization is employed with this unbalanced model. The barotropic part of the flow does, however, evolve in a physically consistent manner spinning down to reflect the introduction of low momentum air pumped into the interior from the boundary layer. Moreover, the transient spin-up processis shown to have an insignificant effect on this spin-down process. 相似文献
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对流涡度矢量在暴雨诊断分析中的应用研究 总被引：9，自引：5，他引：4
位涡在诊断分析中是一个常用且有效的物理量, 但在深对流系统中由于湿等熵面的倾斜变得较弱。因此, 本文利用高守亭等(2004)提出的新矢量——对流涡度矢量(简称CVV)来研究深对流系统, 并用对流涡度矢量诊断华北一次大范围的大到暴雨天气过程。结果表明, CVV垂直分量在中纬度对流性暴雨中有很好的指示性, 它的高值区与云中水凝物和地面降水有较好的对应关系, 暴雨区位于CVV垂直分量高值区附近及其北侧的梯度大值区内。CVV垂直分量是与云相联系的参数, 暴雨区垂直积分和区域平均的CVV垂直分量和云中水凝物混合比的相关系数为0.92, 与降水率的相关系数为0.71, 比湿位涡与云中水凝物的相关系数高很多。CVV垂直分量反映了水平涡度和水平相当位温梯度的相互作用, 可以把中纬度深对流系统中的中尺度动力过程和热力过程与云微物理过程密切联系起来, 有助于理解环流和云相互作用促使对流发展的机制, 可以很好地追踪暴雨系统的发展和演变。 相似文献
11.
Yuh-Lang Lin Liping Liu Guoqing Tang James Spinks Wilson Jones 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2013,120(3-4):123-144
The origins of the pre-Debby (2006) mesoscale convective system (MCS) and African easterly wave (AEW) and their precursors were traced back to the southwest Arabian Peninsula, Asir Mountains (AS), and Ethiopian Highlands (EH) in the vicinity of the ITCZ using satellite imagery, GFS analysis data and ARW model. The sources of the convective cloud clusters and vorticity perturbations were attributed to the cyclonic convergence of northeasterly Shamal wind and the Somali jet, especially when the Mediterranean High shifted toward east and the Indian Ocean high strengthened and its associated Somali jet penetrated farther to the north. The cyclonic vorticity perturbations were strengthened by the vorticity stretching associated with convective cloud clusters in the genesis region—southwest Arabian Peninsula. A conceptual model was proposed to explain the genesis of convective cloud clusters and cyclonic vorticity perturbations preceding the pre-Debby (2006) AEW–MCS system. 相似文献
12.
观测表明,高云的夏季块状分布和冬季带状分布,与低层赤道辐合带的夏季与冬季的形状十分相似;并且卷云和卷层云可以独立于深对流单独存在。作者对这两个观测分析结果进行动力学分析,结论如下:1)由于印度洋北面是青藏高原与亚洲大陆,夏季不能在北面副热带地区形成反气旋,从而印度洋赤道北面为西南气流,导致了赤道辐合带在该地区断裂并且相应的深对流在亚洲季风区的块状分布。2)利用斜压超长波理论,将Rodwell等的亚洲季风单向模型(即非绝热加热导致季风形成)作了修改,扩展为双向闭合模型。印度洋跨赤道偏南风产生大范围水汽辐合,其与地形的共同作用,产生了降水云系的高层加热,由于Sverdrup涡度平衡关系,导致了低层的偏南风而形成了一个相互作用的闭合过程,从而表明了亚洲夏季风是准定常的。3)通过详细分析涡度方程,证明除了恰好在赤道上之外,赤道辐合带上的水平辐合均会产生涡,并且这些涡由点涡(涡度的奇异部分)与各种尺度的涡(涡度的正则部分)组成。正涡度对应于云区,负涡度对应于晴空区,与赤道辐合带(ITCZ)的观测结果一致。4)由于辐合和切变产生涡,得到赤道辐合带和深对流的带状准定常维持的动力机制,即:由于赤道辐合带的辐合,其南北风辐合与东西风切变将产生涡,其与水汽的共同作用产生了深对流的上升降水云系,而降水云系的潜热诱导上升,进一步加强了水平辐合,从而表明了赤道辐合带的带状准定常维持的中介是不同尺度的涡。5)卷云和卷层云可以独立于深对流的原因是热带卷云和卷层云与流场是可以互相激发的,深对流不是其唯一的源。 相似文献
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位涡诊断在黄土高原强对流风暴预报中的应用 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
利用位涡理论,对2004年6月15~16日宁夏、内蒙、陕西、山西和河南出现大范围的强对流风暴和局地冰雹天气过程作了诊断分析。个例分析发现,干位涡空间结构表现为:从风暴区下游到风暴区形成随高度向西倾斜的大值正位涡柱,风暴区形成对流层高层大值正位涡中心和对流层中低层伴有位涡梯度增强的位涡等值线密集区的叠置。对流层低层干位涡场特征表现为,风暴区形成干位涡等值线密集区和风场切变的耦合。对流层低层湿位涡场特征表现为,风暴区形成湿位涡正压项小于0对流不稳定舌和湿斜压中心以及湿位涡斜压项等值线密集区的耦合。风暴发生前,对流层中层500hPa河套生成经向位涡等值线密集区,500hPa蒙古地区强偏北气流中同时出现正位涡扰动和指向河套的正位涡平流,对黄土高原大范围强对流风暴的发生有指示意义。 相似文献
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利用NCEP FNL再分析资料为初始场,通过WRF中尺度数值模式(V3.9.1版本)对2015年8月26~27日青藏高原那曲地区一次对流云降水过程进行了模拟,分析了不同积云对流参数化方案和云微物理参数化方案组合对本次降水过程中降水量、环流场、雷达反射率以及云微物理特征模拟效果的影响。结果表明:WRF模式能较好地模拟出本次降水的时空变化特征,但不同参数化方案组合各有优势,总体而言,Grell-Devenyi+SUBYLIN和Grell-Freitas+SUBYLIN组合模拟性能最优。本次对流云降水以冰相过程为主,雪粒子贡献最大,暖云粒子对降水的影响并不明显。从云微物理过程的时间演变可看出,性能最好的SUBYLIN方案能合理模拟降水过程中雪粒子与冰晶粒子间的转换过程,雪粒子可在凝结过程中释放潜热促使对流运动发展,也可通过融化过程促进降水发生,对流层高层冰晶粒子凝华产生的潜热释放亦为深对流的发展创造了有利条件。 相似文献
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华南前汛期锋面对流系统与暖区对流系统的个例分析与对比研究 总被引：15，自引：3，他引：12
在2005年6月20日的一次华南暴雨过程中,影响两广地区局地强降水的两个主要的中尺度对流系统(MCS)在性质上有很大不同,初步分析断定,影响广西局地强降水的MCS1为锋面云团,而影响广东局地强降水的MCS2为暖性云团.通过对二者进行对流强度、维持机制以及湿位涡结构的比较分析发现,锋面对流系统MCS1与暖区对流系统MCS2的对流上升速度都很大.引起的局地降水量也相差不多.由于二者存在水汽条件的差异,因此不能排除微小差异主要足由水汽条件直接导致的,无法就此得出它们的对流强度强弱的比较结果;同时,对二者成熟阶段维持机制的对比分析得到,具有锋面特征的MCS1,中高层有很强的偏北气流进入,在对流区是以对流对称不稳定机制来维持对流运动的;而具有非锋面结构的MCS2由于没有偏北气流的进入,加上水汽条件充沛,主要由湿对流不稳定机制来维持对流运动.另外,湿位涡(MPV)结构的对比分析中得到如F结论:在VMP的结构上,二者均表现出中低层潜在对称不稳定结构特征;在VMP1的结构上,锋面对流系统MCS1表现出南北气流相瓦作用的特征,而暖区对流系统MCS2表现出高低空气流相互作用的特征;最后,在VMP2的结构上,MCS1反映了对流区南北两侧高低空急流的作用,而MCS2则反映了对流区内中高层干冷空气下滑的作用. 相似文献
16.
So-Young Kim Ji-Young Han In-Jin Choi Soo Ya Bae 《Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences》2014,50(4):469-480
Cloud and precipitation parameterization schemes are evaluated, and their sensitivity to the method and/or parameters used to determine cloud physical processes is examined using a singlecolumn version of the Unified Model (SCUM). In the experiment for TWP-ICE, cloud fraction is overestimated (underestimated) in the upper (lower) troposphere due to the wet (dry) bias. The precipitation rate is well simulated during the active monsoon period, but overestimated during the suppressed monsoon and clear skies periods. In the moist convection scheme, trigger condition and entrainment process affect the lower tropospheric humidity through the impact on convective occurrence frequency and intensity, respectively. Strengthening the trigger condition and using the adaptive entrainment method alleviate the low-level dry bias. In the microphysics scheme, more large-scale precipitation is produced with prognostic rain, due to rain sedimentation considering vertical velocity of rain drop, than with diagnostic rain. Less ice/snow deposition with the prognostic two-ice category results in lower ice water content and upper-level cloud fraction than with the diagnostic splitting method for the twoice category. In the cloud macrophysics scheme, the prognostic cloud fraction and cloud/ice water content scheme produces a larger cloud fraction and more cloud/ice water content than the diagnostic scheme, mainly due to detrainment from moist convection (cloud source) that surpasses the effect of convective heating and drying (cloud sink). This affects temperature by influencing the radiative, convective, and microphysical processes. The experiment with combined modifications in cloud and precipitation schemes shows that interaction between modified moist convection and cloud macrophysics schemes results in more alleviation of the cold bias not only at the lower levels but also at the upper levels. 相似文献
17.
A new efficient parameterization scheme for solar short-wave radiative heating, as a component of the net radiative effects in the atmosphere, is tested in a three-dimensional mesoscale model. This model is designed with moist convective processes in mind, so that the radiative parameterization (solar plus thermal infrared) are interactive with the cloud field. Previous work by the authors with only an infrared scheme has demonstrated that cloud-radiation interactions are characterized by strong cloud-top cooling, leading to upper cloud-layer destabilization. The effects of including solar heating are to modulate the strength of the strong infrared cooling, thereby leading to weaker interactions between clouds, radiation, and mesoscale fields. The present study shows that even on the mesoscale and for relatively short time-spans, radiative processes in the presence of clouds are not negligible.As a further step, a simple fractional cloud cover parameterization is introduced and the model response is compared with results omitting this parameterization. 相似文献
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Abstract In this study, the internal circulation structures of the 14 July 1987 intense mesoscale convective system (MCS) are investigated using an improved high‐resolution version of the Canadian regional finite‐element model. It is found that although the MCS is characterized by a leading convective line followed by a trailing stratiform rainband, the associated circulation structures differ substantially from those in the classical midlatitude squall system. These include the rapid propagation and separation of the leading convection from the trailing rainband, the development of a surface‐based instead of an elevated rear‐to‐front descending flow and a shallow front‐to‐rear ascending flow associated with the stratiform precipitation, the generation of low‐ and mid‐level rather than mid‐ to upper‐level stratiform cloudiness and the development of a strong anticyclonic vorticity band at the back edge of the stratiform region. It is shown that the trailing stratiform rainband is dynamically forced by frontogenetical processes, and aided by the release of conditional symmetric instability and local orographical lifting. The intense leading and trailing circulations result from latent heat released by the convective and explicit cloud schemes, respectively. Sensitivity experiments reveal that the proper coupling of these two cloud schemes is instrumental in obtaining a realistic prediction of the above‐mentioned various mesoscale components. Vorticity budget calculations show that tilting of horizontal vorticity contributes the most to the amplification of the anticyclonic vorticity band, particularly during the squall's incipient stage. The sensitivity of the simulated squall system to other model physical parameters is also examined. 相似文献
20.
The Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM4) is used to study the
role of shallow convection in the hydrologic and energy cycles of the atmosphere. Sensitivity tests with AGCM4 show a marked
effect of the parameterization of shallow convection in the model. In particular, including the parameterization of shallow
convection produces considerably enhanced vertical mixing and decreased stratiform cloud amounts in the lower subtropical
atmosphere over the oceans. The differences in simulated stratiform cloud amounts are associated with a change in the globally
averaged outgoing shortwave radiative flux at the top of the atmosphere of about 11 W m−2. Additionally, precipitation rates are considerably reduced for stratiform clouds and enhanced for convective clouds in the
subtropics, if the parameterization of shallow convection is included in the model. Additional tests show that the simulated
responses in cloud amounts and precipitation to the treatment of shallow convection are robust. Additional simulations with
modified closures for deep convection and other changes to the treatment of convection in the model still lead to similar
responses of the model results. 相似文献