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Vilmos Vasvri 《Atmospheric Research》2005,77(1-4):18
The Institute of Urban Water Management and Landscape Water Engineering of the Graz University of Technology (Austria) operates a hydrological research area in the City of Graz. In this urban research area precipitation and runoff data are collected by order of the municipality of Graz. At present precipitation data are measured by seven tipping bucket rain gauges. Comparative measurements have shown a deviation between the recorded and the actual precipitation intensity. This made the institute calibrate the rain gauges periodically. In the middle of the 1990s, the development of a field calibration kit was started. Based on the experiences with the first field calibration kit, a microprocessor controlled device was developed. With this calibration device, the tipping bucket rain gauges are calibrated at regular intervals. In this paper the calibration process and the current results for seven rain gauges are discussed. The calibration process is dynamic calibration and uses a peristaltic pump. Not all of the tipping buckets investigated underestimate the rain intensity in the whole measuring range. Several rain gauges have a positive relative deviation, not exceeding 22%, in the low intensity range up to 0.5 mm/min. Positive deviation can be explained by retention of water in the buckets between tips. The reason for the negative deviation is the loss of water during the tips. It leads to the underestimate of the actual intensity. The largest relative deviation in the range of underestimate exceeds 30%. In the range of extreme intensities, the larger buckets (5 cm3) show a lower relative deviation than the smaller (2 cm3) buckets. The gauge characteristic can change in favourable or unfavourable directions after several years. Therefore, the calibration of tipping buckets is recommended at least every 2 to 3 years. 相似文献
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为了更好地使用降水观测数据,对引起称重观测和人工观测的差异原因进行分析,选取北京市15个国家级地面观测站2012年11月—2014年1月称重式降水传感器与人工观测降水量业务资料,探讨称重观测与人工观测累积降水量的差异,并细化为对固态降水和液态降水两种降水类型进行相关性研究。结果表明:称重观测与人工观测日降水量相关系数为0.9990, 88.0%的对比次数中, 两者日降水量差值满足业务要求;在出现固态降水时,称重观测较人工观测降水量偏大,在出现液态降水时,称重观测较人工观测降水量偏小;两者在日降水量等级判断差异较小,小量降水时称重观测的能力较优;防风圈可显著提高称重观测固态降水的捕捉率,而称重观测内筒蒸发对夏季降水测量有一定影响。 相似文献
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湖南省97个国家气象站自2017年开始陆续安装了雨滴谱仪,2018年1月1日起进行平行观测。为分析评估其探测降水量的准确性,选取湖南省12个国家站2018年雨滴谱仪观测资料和自动站翻斗雨量计小时降水资料,从总体观测误差、不同降水量级下观测误差和累积降水量观测误差3个方面进行对比分析,结果表明：（1）雨滴谱仪小时降水量和翻斗雨量计小时降水量存在显著的相关性,R2平均为0.94,其中南岳站R2最低为0.90,浏阳站R2最高为0.98,12个站的小时降水量绝对偏差均值为0.34mm;（2）当小时降水量Rh<1.0mm时,各站雨滴谱仪降水量较翻斗雨量计降水量平均偏大0.05mm,且平均差值绝对值均在0.2mm以下;当1.0mm≤Rh<2.6mm时,大部分站点雨滴谱降水量均大于或与翻斗雨量计降水量相当;当2.6mm≤Rh<5.0mm时,株洲和南岳站雨滴谱降水量较翻斗雨量计降水量明显偏小,武冈和娄底站雨滴谱仪降水量则明显偏高;当5.0mm≤Rh<8.0mm时,除株洲和南岳站外,其它各站雨滴谱降水量均大于或与翻斗雨量计降水量相当;当8.0mm≤Rh<16.0mm 时,除株洲和南岳站雨滴谱仪降水量偏小外,其他各站雨滴谱仪降水量均较翻斗雨量计降水量偏大;当Rh≥16.0mm时,雨滴谱仪降水量偏差明显变大,平均偏差绝对值达到3.570mm;（3）雨滴谱仪累计降水量和翻斗雨量计累计降水量变化趋势基本一致,除汨罗和南岳站外,雨滴谱仪累计降水量常表现为偏多。通过分析可见,湖南省雨滴谱仪雨量观测有较好可靠性,可为强降水监测预警、人工影响天气及降水数据订正等提供数据支撑。 相似文献
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中国降水测量误差的研究 总被引：19，自引：0，他引：19
20世纪 ,国际上许多国家对降水测量进行了对比试验工作 ,以研究降水测量中的误差大小与分布。由于各个国家降水测量仪器的型式、尺寸以及安装高度不同 ,试验对比的降水测量误差的大小也就不同。为了弄清中国降水测量误差的大小 ,中国气象局选择了 30个基准基本站 ,建立标准雨量站网进行试验对比。本文介绍了中国标准雨量站网的设置以及对比资料的获取情况 ,对比分析了中国降水测量的随机误差、沾湿与蒸发误差、风场变形误差。经 30个标准雨量站 7a 2 90 0 0多次的 1台坑式雨量器、2台台站雨量器的对比观测 ,给出了中国降水量测量误差的大小、降水测量中的随机误差与系统误差的分布情况。经分析 ,对于收集口口径为 2 0cm ,安装高度为 70cm的台站普通雨量器 ,每次测量随机误差累计平均值为 0 .0mm ,沾湿误差为 0 .2mm ,蒸发误差为 0 .0mm ,降雨风场变形误差为 0 .19mm ,降雪为 0 .32mm。降雨测量的平均相对误差约为 4 .34%～ 15 .2 8% ,降雪测量的平均相对误差约为 6 .17%～ 39.99%。 相似文献
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Yu. B. Pavlyukov 《Russian Meteorology and Hydrology》2007,32(11):711-718
Results of measurement of rainfall intensity and accumulated amounts with an automated tipping-bucket rain gauge based on an updated DZhO M96-8 precipitation gauge are presented. The measurement were carried out in the town of Dolgoprudny (Moscow region) in 2002–2005. The design, data processing algorithm, and calibration of the tipping-bucket rain gauge are described, and estimates of the measurement error are calculated. Examples of tipping-bucket rain gauge measurements in shower and widespread precipitation are given, along with results of analysis of the statistical structure of precipitation by intensity gradations. The measurement results are compared with those of precipitation gauges, the P-2 recording rain gauge, and the AKSOPRI radar complex. 相似文献
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Errors and Correction of Precipitation Measurements in China 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
In order to discover the range of various errors in Chinese precipitation measurements and seek a correction method, 30 precipitation evaluation stations were set up countrywide before 1993. All the stations are reference stations in China. To seek a correction method for wind-induced error, a precipitation correction instrument called the ＂horizontal precipitation gauge＂ was devised beforehand. Field intercomparison observations regarding 29,000 precipitation events have been conducted using one pit gauge, two elevated operational gauges and one horizontal gauge at the above 30 stations. The range of precipitation measurement errors in China is obtained by analysis of intercomparison measurement results. The distribution of random errors and systematic errors in precipitation measurements are studied in this paper. A correction method, especially for wind-induced errors, is developed. The results prove that a correlation of power function exists between the precipitation amount caught by the horizontal gauge and the absolute difference of observations implemented by the operational gauge and pit gauge. The correlation coefficient is 0.99. For operational observations, precipitation correction can be carried out only by parallel observation with a horizontal precipitation gauge. The precipitation accuracy after correction approaches that of the pit gauge. The correction method developed is simple and feasible. 相似文献
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Analyses of long-term (1991–2010) intercomparison data quantify the consistency of winter precipitation observations by six identical Tretyakov gauges at the Valdai research station in Russia. Relative to the standard Tretyakov gauge, the mean catch ratios are 97 to 106% for dry snow, 94 to 104% for wet snow, 87 to 109% for blowing snow, 96 to 103% for mixed precipitation, and 98 to 101% for winter rain. The differences between the highest and lowest mean catches are about 10 to 11% for snow, 7% for mixed precipitation, and 3% for rain. On average, this difference is about 0.2?mm over the 12-hour observation period. The catch difference for blowing snow is much higher, up to 22%, or an average of 0.6?mm per observation. Comparisons of 12-hour observations show better consistency in gauge performance for low snowfall events and a large variation in gauge catch for high snowfall events. The differences in 12-hour snow catches are mostly less than 2?mm among the six gauges. The differences in the 12-hour observations are less than 1% for rain and 4% for mixed precipitation. Close linear relationships exist between the 12-hour gauge observations for all precipitation types. The maximum differences in gauge snow catches increase very weakly with wind speed, and higher differences are associated with warmer temperatures, from ?5°C to 0°C. There is, however, no significant relationship between the maximum catch difference and the mean wind speed or temperature over the 12-hour period. 相似文献
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《大气与海洋》2013,51(4):284-293
Abstract This paper provides an updated fresh snowfall water equivalent adjustment factor (ρswe) map for Canada to allow the estimation of solid precipitation amount from ruler measurements of the depth of freshly fallen snow, which has been the standard method for measuring snowfall since Canadian climate measurements began in the middle of the nineteenth century. The ρswe map is created based on the comparison of corrected solid Nipher gauge precipitation to snowfall ruler depth measurements at 175 stations with more than 20 years of concurrent observations. The Nipher gauge correction process involved a careful analysis of station metadata to obtain precise information on anemometer heights and the dates that Nipher gauges were activated. The updated fresh snowfall water equivalent adjustment factor map allows estimates of ρswe to be obtained for all long‐term climate stations in Canada. The spatial pattern is consistent with processes influencing the density of fresh snowfall and its initial settling with values ranging from more than 1.5 over the Maritimes to less than 0.8 over southern‐ central British Columbia. 相似文献
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Summary This study was prompted by a need to explain an anomaly in the apparent precipitation distribution over a prominent mountain subject to a high velocity westerly airstream. Historical data reveal that the lee receives 58% more precipitation than the summit. A novel rain gauge with a vertically orientated collecting orifice, 3 standard rain gauges and complementary wind data were procured from 3 sites on the mountain to assess the effect of the airstream on the precipitation distribution. The catch efficiency of standard rain gauges decrease after the wind velocity exceeds 2.5 ms–1 Results indicate that the summit actually receives 59% more precipitation than the lee, where a vortex directly affects the precipitation distribution over, and east, of the mountain.With 11 Figures 相似文献
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利用雷达资料对自动雨量计实时质量控制的方法研究 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
自动雨量计资料是对降水的直接测量,在流域面雨量计算、气候研究、气象服务等方面具有重要意义。但是,由于风力、蒸发、灌溉、校准、漏斗堵塞、机械故障、信号传输等原因往往造成其存在不同类型的系统误差和随机误差, 自动雨量计数据在定量使用前需要进行质量控制。目前,天气雷达以其高时空分辨率的优势已经成为监测降水的重要手段,本文首先采用两步校准法改善雷达估测降水,然后对雷达—雨量计对之间的差异进行统计学的分析,确定自动雨量计质量控制的一些标准,从而对雨量计进行质量控制。最后用两个降水过程对自动雨量计质量控制的结果进行了检验,结果表明:两步校准法改善了雷达估测降水的系统性偏差,并减小了雨量计站点上的相对误差;可以利用雷达估测降水实现对自动雨量计的实时质量控制,就整个数据集而言,约0.1%的数据被怀疑为误判,误判的自动雨量计主要位于雨带的边缘。但该质量控制算法同时也存在一定的局限性:在雨带的边缘或没有天气雷达覆盖的区域,以及雷达资料存在数据质量问题的情况下,往往会造成对雨量计的误判。 相似文献
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多普勒天气雷达1 h降水产品的质量评估 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
为评估多普勒天气雷达1 h降水量(OHP)产品在降水预报中的质量, 从南通新一代多普勒天气雷达的体扫资料及其覆盖范围内太湖流域34个雨量站的同期逐小时降水资料中选取了19个降水个例。以空报率、漏报率、准确预报临界指数、平均误差、平均绝对误差和均方根误差等, 为评估降水预报质量的指标。根据雨量站实测日降水量(P)和1 h降水量(P1)大小分级, 对不同情况下的OHP进行质量评估。结果表明:(1)OHP的空报率和漏报率较高, 导致整体的准确预报临界指数偏低。(2)与不同的P和P1量级相对应, 不同的OHP预报质量有明显差异。除P<10 mm时和P1<1 mm时稍有高估外, 其他量级都存在低估, 且随着P的增加, 空报率和漏报率都减小。(3)对2007年9月18日的降水个例分析表明:OHP与实测的落区基本一致, 但降水强度上有偏差。不同站点的雨强偏差不同, 距南通雷达站100 km左右的OHP误差较小。 相似文献
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加密自动气象站雨量计资料的质量控制
及其相关关系的研究 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
在长春—四平地区100 km×100 km的范围内,分布有平均间隔10 km左右的147个自动气象站。结合该区域雷达回波强度资料,对2007～2011年4～10月的气象站雨量计小时降水数据进行质量控制。多步骤质量控制结果显示,有141个自动站雨量计的数据通过了检查,删除了6个错误站点的数据,对有疑问时段的数据作了标记。
利用质量控制后的5年夏季半年自动站雨量计小时降水数据,进行相关关系统计分析表明：距离在10 km以内的雨量计测量,平均相关系数均能达到0.6以上;雨量计距离小于5 km,平均相关系数在0.7以上;而站点距离超过20 km,相关系数普遍降到0.4以下;随着统计时间的增长（从分钟到月降水量）,每个雨量计的测量值具有更高的空间代表性。 相似文献
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中国南方地基雨量计观测与星载测雨雷达探测降水的比较分析 总被引：7，自引：2，他引：5
利用热带测雨卫星(TRMM)上搭载的测雨雷达(PR)探测结果和中国40°N以南地区约430个台站雨量计观测结果,分析研究了1998-2005年中国南方地区这两种降水资料气候分布的异同.研究结果表明两种降水资料在2.5°空间水平分辨率上,所描述的中国南方降水率气候分布在多年年平均和季平均上具有较好的一致性,但在降水率极值和极值区范围大小等细节上两者还存在一定的差异,主要是地面雨量计结果相对PR结果偏高,其中中同南方50%以上地区两者相差在1 mm/d以内、30%的地区两者相差在1-2 mm/d,夏季差异可超过2 mm/d.对两种降水资料差异的原因分析表明,地面雨量计空间分布密度是影响两者差异的决定性因素,当格子内雨量计超过6个时,两者的相关系数大于0.7;夏季两种降水资料的相关性都比其他季节差,不论格子内的雨量计数量多与少;对流降水多发地区,两种降水资料之间的差异大于层云降水多发地.利用PR探测结果对夏季青藏高原多年月平均降水率分布及高原东、西部的降水特点的分析表明,6月高原东部出现2 mm/d左右的降水区,而在7和8月1 mm/d的降水区域基本覆盖了除高原西部以外的整个高原,其中高原中部地区出现降水率近3mm/d的大值区.月降水距平的时间演变表明,高原降水偏少月份要多于偏多月份. 相似文献
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【目的】为评估DSG1型和DSG5型国产降水现象仪在测量降水方面的性能。【方法】挑选鲁南地区降水过程、强度和持续时间较一致且相邻2个国家气象观测站不同型号的降水现象仪和自动气象站2017年9月—2020年8月5年降水观测资料,对比分析了这两种不同型号降水现象仪和自动气象站观测降水的差异。【结果】（1）两种降水现象仪和自动气象站观测的降水时间基本相同,但DSG1型和DSG5型比自动气象站分别偏多约2.2%、3.7%;（2）两种降水现象仪分钟降水量、小时降水量和日降水量都比自动气象站偏小;（3）在中等降水强度及以下,两种降水现象仪观测的降水量大小基本一致,但降水强度较大时,降水量大小不一致且分散;（4）两种降水现象仪与自动气象站的分钟、小时和日降水量差值百分比均值变化不同,说明其在测量降水方面性能略有差异。【结论】由于测量原理和时间及空间分辨率不同于自动气象站雨量计,这两种降水现象仪在观测业务中有着良好的表现,对降水开始和结束时刻记录的更早更准确。 相似文献