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Vilmos Vasvri 《Atmospheric Research》2005,77(1-4):18
The Institute of Urban Water Management and Landscape Water Engineering of the Graz University of Technology (Austria) operates a hydrological research area in the City of Graz. In this urban research area precipitation and runoff data are collected by order of the municipality of Graz. At present precipitation data are measured by seven tipping bucket rain gauges. Comparative measurements have shown a deviation between the recorded and the actual precipitation intensity. This made the institute calibrate the rain gauges periodically. In the middle of the 1990s, the development of a field calibration kit was started. Based on the experiences with the first field calibration kit, a microprocessor controlled device was developed. With this calibration device, the tipping bucket rain gauges are calibrated at regular intervals. In this paper the calibration process and the current results for seven rain gauges are discussed. The calibration process is dynamic calibration and uses a peristaltic pump. Not all of the tipping buckets investigated underestimate the rain intensity in the whole measuring range. Several rain gauges have a positive relative deviation, not exceeding 22%, in the low intensity range up to 0.5 mm/min. Positive deviation can be explained by retention of water in the buckets between tips. The reason for the negative deviation is the loss of water during the tips. It leads to the underestimate of the actual intensity. The largest relative deviation in the range of underestimate exceeds 30%. In the range of extreme intensities, the larger buckets (5 cm3) show a lower relative deviation than the smaller (2 cm3) buckets. The gauge characteristic can change in favourable or unfavourable directions after several years. Therefore, the calibration of tipping buckets is recommended at least every 2 to 3 years. 相似文献
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Parsivel激光雨滴谱仪观测较强降水的可行性分析和建议 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
为了研究OTT-Parsivel激光雨滴谱仪(简称Parsivel)在较强降水观测中应用的可行性,用南京地区2012年6—7月份4个典型的降水个例,对Parsivel和SL3-1翻斗式雨量计(简称雨量计)的累积降水量、降水强度观测资料进行对比分析,并与人工雨量筒观测作以比较。结果表明:Parsivel测值是可信的,在累积降水量观测上,与雨量计具有很好的相关性,但测值始终偏高,该现象主要是粒子相互遮挡造成的。雨量计的反应时间,明显滞后于Parsivel。雨量计测值接近人工测值;而Parsivel与人工测值的偏差明显大于雨量计。结合实验分析与业务应用,提出3点使用建议:(1)仪器应架设在无遮蔽物的开阔地带。(2)采样周期应随着降水强度(地理位置)的不同而改变。(3)对降水微物理参量特征以及粒子谱分析时,可剔除直径过大、速度很低的粒子。 相似文献
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Liquid precipitation amounts below 0.05 mm in combination with intervals of measurement greater than 3 min and temperature above 15 °C can considerably affect the measured precipitation using electronic weighing gauges. This was shown by tests using different weights put in the gauge in different intervals in order to simulate different precipitation amounts and measuring intervals. These results were confirmed by field intercomparison measurements using pit gauges in two locations in Slovakia. In total, 1571 weight tests consisting of combinations of simulated precipitation amounts of 0.025, 0.05, 0.2 mm and measuring intervals of 1, 2, 3, 5 and 10 min were carried out. Based on these tests and special software, a new gauge was developed. Using this gauge, the abovementioned error sources were minimized. The Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute now uses it at 90 gauge sites. This type of gauge was selected to participate in the current World Meteorological Organization, WMO, Intercomparison measurements of recording precipitation gauges. 相似文献
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为了更好地使用降水观测数据,对引起称重观测和人工观测的差异原因进行分析,选取北京市15个国家级地面观测站2012年11月—2014年1月称重式降水传感器与人工观测降水量业务资料,探讨称重观测与人工观测累积降水量的差异,并细化为对固态降水和液态降水两种降水类型进行相关性研究。结果表明:称重观测与人工观测日降水量相关系数为0.9990, 88.0%的对比次数中, 两者日降水量差值满足业务要求;在出现固态降水时,称重观测较人工观测降水量偏大,在出现液态降水时,称重观测较人工观测降水量偏小;两者在日降水量等级判断差异较小,小量降水时称重观测的能力较优;防风圈可显著提高称重观测固态降水的捕捉率,而称重观测内筒蒸发对夏季降水测量有一定影响。 相似文献
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Yu. B. Pavlyukov 《Russian Meteorology and Hydrology》2007,32(11):711-718
Results of measurement of rainfall intensity and accumulated amounts with an automated tipping-bucket rain gauge based on an updated DZhO M96-8 precipitation gauge are presented. The measurement were carried out in the town of Dolgoprudny (Moscow region) in 2002–2005. The design, data processing algorithm, and calibration of the tipping-bucket rain gauge are described, and estimates of the measurement error are calculated. Examples of tipping-bucket rain gauge measurements in shower and widespread precipitation are given, along with results of analysis of the statistical structure of precipitation by intensity gradations. The measurement results are compared with those of precipitation gauges, the P-2 recording rain gauge, and the AKSOPRI radar complex. 相似文献
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自记与自动观测降雨量的差异及相关分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用2004—2007年同时使用雨量计（自记）与雨量传感器（自动）观测的54站其中1年的平行观测日降雨量资料,通过对比差值、相关系数分析两者的差异及相关性。结果表明：双翻斗式遥测雨量计自记观测比双翻斗雨量传感器自动观测的日降雨量平均偏小0.12 mm,标准差为0.93 mm。虹吸式雨量计自记观测比双翻斗雨量传感器自动观测的日降雨量平均偏小0.39 mm,标准差为1.5 mm。自动观测降雨量对雨日有一定的影响,两者存在一定的系统偏差。双翻斗式遥测雨量计、虹吸式雨量计与双翻斗雨量传感器观测日降雨量的相关系数分别为0.996和0.994,虹吸式雨量计、双翻斗式遥测雨量计自记观测与人工观测降雨量的相关系数分别为0.98和0.95。 相似文献
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利用全国627个基准、基本站2005年自动与人工雨量业务观测资料, 分析了业务上自动与人工观测的降雨量的差异以及引起差异的原因, 并分析了自动观测与人工观测的降雨量的相关性。结果表明:自动观测比人工观测的日降雨量平均偏高0.12 mm, 标准差为0.70 mm, 相对偏高1.42%。627个站中, 80%的站自动与人工观测的年降雨量差值在5%以内; 近4%的站年降雨量差值在10%以上。年降雨量相对差值较大的站, 其年降雨量均较小。空间采样差、20:00 (北京时) 定时观测中人工与自动观测时间的不一致以及其他突发事件均会导致自动与人工测量的日降雨量的差异, 甚至显著差异。由于观测仪器不同引起的降雨测量系统误差差别, 导致自动与人工观测降雨量的系统偏差。自动观测与人工观测的日降雨量呈线性相关, 相关系数为0.9988。 相似文献
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中国降水测量误差的研究 总被引：19，自引：0，他引：19
20世纪 ,国际上许多国家对降水测量进行了对比试验工作 ,以研究降水测量中的误差大小与分布。由于各个国家降水测量仪器的型式、尺寸以及安装高度不同 ,试验对比的降水测量误差的大小也就不同。为了弄清中国降水测量误差的大小 ,中国气象局选择了 30个基准基本站 ,建立标准雨量站网进行试验对比。本文介绍了中国标准雨量站网的设置以及对比资料的获取情况 ,对比分析了中国降水测量的随机误差、沾湿与蒸发误差、风场变形误差。经 30个标准雨量站 7a 2 90 0 0多次的 1台坑式雨量器、2台台站雨量器的对比观测 ,给出了中国降水量测量误差的大小、降水测量中的随机误差与系统误差的分布情况。经分析 ,对于收集口口径为 2 0cm ,安装高度为 70cm的台站普通雨量器 ,每次测量随机误差累计平均值为 0 .0mm ,沾湿误差为 0 .2mm ,蒸发误差为 0 .0mm ,降雨风场变形误差为 0 .19mm ,降雪为 0 .32mm。降雨测量的平均相对误差约为 4 .34%～ 15 .2 8% ,降雪测量的平均相对误差约为 6 .17%～ 39.99%。 相似文献
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Assessment of spill flow emissions on the basis of measured precipitation and waste water data 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Combined sewer overflows (CSOs) are substantial contributors to the total emissions into surface water bodies. The emitted pollution results from dry-weather waste water loads, surface runoff pollution and from the remobilisation of sewer deposits and sewer slime during storm events. One possibility to estimate overflow loads is a calculation with load quantification models. Input data for these models are pollution concentrations, e.g. Total Chemical Oxygen Demand (CODtot), Total Suspended Solids (TSS) or Soluble Chemical Oxygen Demand (CODsol), rainfall series and flow measurements for model calibration and validation. It is important for the result of overflow loads to model with reliable input data, otherwise this inevitably leads to bad results. In this paper the correction of precipitation measurements and the sewer online-measurements are presented to satisfy the load quantification model requirements already described. The main focus is on tipping bucket gauge measurements and their corrections. The results evidence the importance of their corrections due the effects on load quantification modelling and show the difference between corrected and not corrected data of storm events with high rain intensities. 相似文献
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利用雷达资料对自动雨量计实时质量控制的方法研究 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
自动雨量计资料是对降水的直接测量,在流域面雨量计算、气候研究、气象服务等方面具有重要意义。但是,由于风力、蒸发、灌溉、校准、漏斗堵塞、机械故障、信号传输等原因往往造成其存在不同类型的系统误差和随机误差, 自动雨量计数据在定量使用前需要进行质量控制。目前,天气雷达以其高时空分辨率的优势已经成为监测降水的重要手段,本文首先采用两步校准法改善雷达估测降水,然后对雷达—雨量计对之间的差异进行统计学的分析,确定自动雨量计质量控制的一些标准,从而对雨量计进行质量控制。最后用两个降水过程对自动雨量计质量控制的结果进行了检验,结果表明:两步校准法改善了雷达估测降水的系统性偏差,并减小了雨量计站点上的相对误差;可以利用雷达估测降水实现对自动雨量计的实时质量控制,就整个数据集而言,约0.1%的数据被怀疑为误判,误判的自动雨量计主要位于雨带的边缘。但该质量控制算法同时也存在一定的局限性:在雨带的边缘或没有天气雷达覆盖的区域,以及雷达资料存在数据质量问题的情况下,往往会造成对雨量计的误判。 相似文献
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在对比分析质量控制前后雷达估测降水量与自动雨量计降水量之间相关性的基础上,采用雷达-雨量计联合校准方法,对14种不同密度雨量计校准雷达估测降水的效果进行分析。结果表明:在使用雷达资料和雨量计资料前有必要对资料的质量进行分析与控制。联合雨量计校准雷达能明显提高雷达对降水的估测能力;采用不同密度雨量计校准雷达,随着校准雨量计密度的加大,雷达估测降水的精度不断提高并趋于稳定。校准雷达的效果及所需雨量计密度与降水类型有关,当校准效果相同时,积云强降水过程需要的雨量计密度最大,积混对流性降水过程次之,层云稳定性降水过程需要的雨量计密度最小。不同方法的校准效果不同,卡尔曼滤波方法适合于对稳定性降水的校准,或在雨量计密度低的地区对雷达进行校准;变分校准法和最优插值法的校准效果相当,适合对积混对流性降水的校准,或在雨量计密度高的地区对雷达进行校准。 相似文献
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This is the first attempt to merge highly accurate precipitation estimates from Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) with gap free satellite observations from Meteosat to develop a regional rainfall monitoring algorithm to estimate heavy rainfall over India and nearby oceanic regions. Rainfall signature is derived from Meteosat observations and is co-located against rainfall from GPM to establish a relationship between rainfall and signature for various rainy seasons. This relationship can be used to monitor rainfall over India and nearby oceanic regions. Performance of this technique was tested by applying it to monitor heavy precipitation over India. It is reported that our algorithm is able to detect heavy rainfall. It is also reported that present algorithm overestimates rainfall areal spread as compared to rain gauge based rainfall product. This deficiency may arise from various factors including uncertainty caused by use of different sensors from different platforms (difference in viewing geometry from MFG and GPM), poor relationship between warm rain (light rain) and IR brightness temperature, and weak characterization of orographic rain from IR signature. We validated hourly rainfall estimated from the present approach with independent observations from GPM. We also validated daily rainfall from this approach with rain gauge based product from India Meteorological Department (IMD). Present technique shows a Correlation Coefficient (CC) of 0.76, a bias of −2.72 mm, a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 10.82 mm, Probability of Detection (POD) of 0.74, False Alarm Ratio (FAR) of 0.34 and a Skill score of 0.36 with daily rainfall from rain gauge based product of IMD at 0.25° resolution. However, FAR reduces to 0.24 for heavy rainfall events. Validation results with rain gauge observations reveal that present technique outperforms available satellite based rainfall estimates for monitoring heavy rainfall over Indian region. 相似文献
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Urban areas are faced with mounting demands for managing waste and stormwater for a cleaner environment. Rainfall information is a critical component in efficient management of urban drainage systems. A major water quality impact affecting receiving waterbodies is the discharge of untreated waste and stormwater during precipitation, termed wet weather flow. Elimination or reduction of wet weather flow in metropolitan sewer districts is a major goal of environmental protection agencies and often requires considerable capital improvements. Design of these improvements requires accurate rainfall data in conjunction with monitored wastewater flow data. Characterizing the hydrologic/hydraulic performance of the sewer using distant rain gauges can cause oversizing and wasted expenditures. Advanced technology has improved our ability to measure accurately rainfall over large areas. Weather radar, when combined with rain gauge measurements, provides detailed information concerning rainfall intensities over specific watersheds. Knowing how much rain fell over contributing areas during specific periods aids in characterizing inflow and infiltration to sanitary and combined sewers, calibration of sewer system models, and in operation of predictive real-time control measures. Described herein is the design of a system for managing rainfall information for sewer system management, along with statistical analysis of 60 events from a large metropolitan sewer district. Analysis of the lower quartile rainfall events indicates that the expected average difference is 25.61%. Upper quartile rainfall events have an expected average difference of 17.25%. Rain gauge and radar accumulations are compared and evaluated in relation to specific needs of an urban application. Overall, the events analyzed agree to within ± 8% based on the median average difference between gauge and radar. 相似文献
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Parsivel与LNM激光雨滴谱仪降水观测的差异 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为研究Parsivel与LNM两种激光雨滴谱仪观测性能的差异,通过分析北京南郊观象台试验场地的两台激光雨滴谱仪2014年7—11月(北方雨季条件下123天)的观测数据,并辅以同期的人工观测作为参考标准,将上述两种设备的累积降水量、起止时间、粒子采样信息等采集数据进行对比。分析结果表明:LNM激光雨滴谱仪较Parsivel激光雨滴谱仪的反映时间短,总是提早观测到降水现象的发生。Parsivel激光雨滴谱仪粒子等级信息较为丰富,同一降水过程中,Parsivel输出的粒子直径比LNM大。在降水量方面,两台设备与翻斗雨量计的结果基本一致,但累积降水量大于10mm时,LNM累积降水量的输出值明显大于Parsivel。 相似文献
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Errors and Correction of Precipitation Measurements in China 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
In order to discover the range of various errors in Chinese precipitation measurements and seek a correction method, 30 precipitation evaluation stations were set up countrywide before 1993. All the stations are reference stations in China. To seek a correction method for wind-induced error, a precipitation correction instrument called the ＂horizontal precipitation gauge＂ was devised beforehand. Field intercomparison observations regarding 29,000 precipitation events have been conducted using one pit gauge, two elevated operational gauges and one horizontal gauge at the above 30 stations. The range of precipitation measurement errors in China is obtained by analysis of intercomparison measurement results. The distribution of random errors and systematic errors in precipitation measurements are studied in this paper. A correction method, especially for wind-induced errors, is developed. The results prove that a correlation of power function exists between the precipitation amount caught by the horizontal gauge and the absolute difference of observations implemented by the operational gauge and pit gauge. The correlation coefficient is 0.99. For operational observations, precipitation correction can be carried out only by parallel observation with a horizontal precipitation gauge. The precipitation accuracy after correction approaches that of the pit gauge. The correction method developed is simple and feasible. 相似文献
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Summary Convective rainfall rate distribution is not very uniform even at a local scale. In order to make an evaluation of it in the urban area of Barcelona, a dense rain gauge network has been stablished in this city. The gauges are of high resolution tilting bucket type. In this paper, preliminary results are presented. The distributions obtained show a strong variation of the rainfall rate for the several parts of the city. The intensity-duration curves for severe storms have been made in the various points of measure together with the areal reduction factors of rainfall. The analysis of raincell movement gives E-W as a predominant direction and a speed in the 3–12 m/s range.With 9 Figures 相似文献
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雨量器（计）是降水量的主要观测仪器,为保证其测量结果的准确性,对其进行检定或现场校准是非常必要的。文章主要研制既能对雨量器（计）进行室内检定、又能在户外进行现场校准的雨量器（计）检定仪。检定仪采用能够溯源的计量标准球作为标准器,利用蠕动泵对降雨强度进行流速恒定控制,用电源控制器和蓄电池供电,可实现无交流电的户外降水仪器的现场校准。经过试验和应用分析,其性能优于国内同类产品,符合作为量值溯源计量标准的条件,对雨量器（计）的检定和现场校准具有实用性,可用于自动气象站雨量传感器的现场校准。 相似文献