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华北平原近45年气候变化特征分析 总被引：22，自引：0，他引：22
为研究华北平原气候时空变化特征,选用华北平原53站1961—2005年逐日气象资料,采用趋势分析法分析华北平原主要气候要素时空演变特征,利用M-K突变检验法确定气候要素突变年。结果表明:年平均气温升高趋势明显,尤其是20世纪90年代以后;降水量总体变化趋势不明显,20世纪80年代中后期开始,由多雨期转为少雨期;近45年来华北平原的气候经历了一个"冷湿-暖干"的变化过程;年日照时数减少趋势明显。华北平原增温主要在1—4月;降水量在多雨的4月、7、8月减少趋势明显;光照变差的主要原因是夏季和冬春季日照时数的减少。空间上,南北之间温差呈减小趋势,而降水量和日照时数之差则相反。气温升高使得积温增加,热量资源更加丰富。 相似文献
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1961-2009年三江源地区气候变化特征分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用三江源地区18个气象台站1961—2009年气温、年最高气温、年最低气温、降水量、降水日数等资料,分析了该地区年最高气温、年最低气温、降水量、降水日数等气候要素的变化趋势。研究表明:近49年来三江源年平均气温、年平均最高气温、年平均最低气温均在升高,升高速率平均最低气温明显大于平均气温和平均最高气温,年平均气温的升高主要是由最低平均气温升高引起的;三江源年和四季降水量均呈增多趋势,冬、春季降水量增幅最明显,年降水量变化的空间分布北部增多而东南部减少,年降水量除20世纪70年代—21世纪初均呈增加趋势;年和冬、春季≥0.1mm降水日数增加,而夏秋季降水日数减少;年和冬、夏、秋季潜在蒸散量呈显著性增加趋势,春季变化则不明显;年和四季平均风速均呈显著下降趋势;年和四季日照时数变化不显著。 相似文献
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利用巴楚国家基本气候站1986-2010年的气象观测数据和地面物候观测资料,采用气候倾向率和气候趋势系数方法,分析气温、降水、日照时数的变化特征;木本植物选用新疆杨(Populus bolleanalanche),垂柳(Salix babylonica),杏树(Prunus armeniaca),苹果树(Malus pumila),沙枣树(Fdeagnys Qxycarpasehlecht),对植物物候期与气候变化的相互关系进行研究。研究表明：近25年来巴楚气候增暖现象较明显,增温率为0.18～0.95℃/10a,春、秋季变暖的趋势大于冬、夏季;降水量变化趋势不明显,整体呈现减少趋势,气候倾向率为-0.61 mm/10a,春、夏降水量呈减少趋势,冬、秋两季降水量均呈增多趋势;年日照时数呈减少趋势,气候倾向率为-30.34h/10a。除春季日照时数表现为增加趋势外,其他季节均表现为不同程度的减少趋势。其中,以冬季减幅最显著,平均减少-27.09h/10a。近25a来喀什木本植物芽开放期、展叶始期、开花始期表现为一致的提前趋势, 叶变色始期和落叶始期表现推迟的趋势;影响植物物候期的主要气候因子为气温和日照时数,随气温升高、日照时数增多,植物生长季延长。木本植物春季物候期与春季气温和春季日照时数呈负相关,且相关性显著,而与冬季气温和冬季日照时数几乎没有显著相关性。木本植物物候与秋季温度呈正相关,秋季气温升高,物候期推迟。在生产生活中,根据植物的物候期变化安排农、林业生产有重要的意义。 相似文献
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山东省气候变化及其对冬小麦生产潜力的影响 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
利用全省 2 7个台站 1 96 1～ 1 998年的温度、降水、日照等基本气象要素资料 ,对山东省气候变化特点进行了分析 ,并对冬小麦生产潜力进行了计算、分析。结果表明 ,山东省年、季平均气温呈波动性增暖趋势 ,降水量呈减少趋势。气候变暖有利于生产潜力的提高 ,冬小麦气候生产潜力总的变化趋势是波动性的上升 ,但较光温生产潜力倾向率小 ,反映了小麦生育期内光、温、水的综合影响。 相似文献
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敦煌近56a气候特征分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用1954～2009年敦煌国家基准气候站56a的气温、降水量、日照时数资料,分析了敦煌年平均气温、降水量、日照时数变化特征,初步探讨了敦煌干旱化气候特征以及对敦煌莫高窟文物的影响。结果表明:气温变化逐年升高,降水量总体呈增加趋势,日照时数变化相对稳定且略有增多趋势。虽然降水有所增多,但温度上升、日照增多导致蒸发增大,干旱化趋势明显。干旱气候变化有利于敦煌莫高窟的保护。 相似文献
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秦榕 《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》2012,6(6):34-40
利用喀什地区所属喀什市、莎车县、巴楚县、吐尔尕特、塔什库尔干县等５个代表性站50a的平均气温、平均最高、最低气温、降水量以及日照时数等资料,采用气候趋势系数和气候倾向率方法,对1961年以来喀什地区气候变化特征进行了分析。结果表明,过去50a喀什地区各地年平均气温、年平均最高、最低气温有明显的升高趋势;年降水量呈增加趋势,平原地区降水量增加的主要贡献者夏、秋季,山区降水量增加的主要贡献者夏季,山区降水量增加趋势比平原地区快,降水量变化的年代际差异较小,年际差异很大;近50年来喀什市、塔什库尔干县年日照时数呈明显的增加趋势,其增加幅度为20.906h/10a ～33.091h/10a,莎车县、巴楚县、吐尔尕特年日照时数呈明显的减少趋势,其减少幅度为 -4.489h/10a ～ -78.035h/10a。 相似文献
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选取重庆34个测站1959—2001年共43年逐月平均气温和降水量资料, 利用Thornth-waite Memoriae模型, 即根据植物生物产量与年平均气温、年降水量之间的关系用实际蒸散量估算NPP (净第一性生产力), 采用EOF及MHF小波等方法分析重庆地区年平均气温、降水量及NPP的时空变化特征及相互关系, 最后采用Thornth-waite Memoriae模型分析气温、降水变化对NPP的影响, 并结合未来气候预测结果对NPP的变化进行了预估。结果表明:重庆区域的年平均气温、年总降水量及NPP空间变化均比较有规律, 在整个时间域内, 气温呈下降趋势, 而降水变化趋势不明显, NPP略有下降, 但它们都具有明显的阶段性变化特征, NPP与降水的变化趋势比较一致; 在不同时间尺度上, NPP的变化趋势与降水接近, 在10年时间尺度以下时, 它与气温变化关系不明显, NPP与降水的年际振动特征明显, 而气温的年代际振动特征较显著; 重庆地区“暖湿型”气候对NPP增加最有利, 而“冷干型”气候对NPP增加最不利, 未来50年内重庆地区气温及降水变化趋势将有利于NPP的增加, 2030年前后可能达到最大值。 相似文献
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选取西南地区短期气候预测业务选定的81个气象站,将其1971~2000年30年气候平均值与1981~2010年30年气候平均值进行比较,结果发现,就西南大部分地区而言,前者所表征的气候较后者更冷湿。把两个平均值放在长序列中分析,发现冬季平均气温和汛期降水量平均值的变化幅度较大,这些变化已经对气候影响评价、气候预测业务产生影响。 相似文献
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Yonghui Yang Masataka Watanabe Zhiping Wang Yasuo Sakura Changyuan Tang 《Climatic change》2003,57(1-2):163-183
The WAVES model was used to simulate the effect of global warming on soil moisture on the semi-arid Taihang Mountain in China. Parameters of the WAVES model were first adjusted according to soil moisture data from a field global warming experiment. Then, the reliability of WAVES in predicting soil moisture changes induced by climatic change was confirmed by comparing the simulated and observed soil moisture values under different climatic conditions and plant growth rates of another field treatment. Next, 10 climate change scenarios incorporating increases in temperature and changes in precipitation were designed. When a simulation was conducted using the leaf area index (LAI) growth pattern from a field experiment under the present climatic conditions, the results suggested that the combination of temperature increase and precipitation decrease would greatly decrease soil water content throughout the entire simulation period. On the other hand, only when precipitation increased by 20% and temperatureincreased by 2 °C, the effect of precipitation increase on soil moisture was obviously positive. Although soil moisture conditions in the T2P1 (temperature increase by 2 °C and precipitation increase by 10%) and T4P2 (temperature increase by 4 °C and precipitation increase by 20%) scenarios were slightly better during the rainy season and notmuch changed before the rainy season, the positive effect of 10%precipitation increase on soil moisture was totally offset by moisture decrease caused bya 4 °C temperature increase in the T4P1 scenario. At the same time, the trends of soil-moisture change were highly coincident with predicted changes in productivity. Finally, the predicted LAI values from other studies were combined with the climatic change scenarios and used in the simulation. The results showed that changes in LAI alleviated, at least to some extent, the effects of temperature and precipitation changes on soil moisture. 相似文献
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选择喜马拉雅山南北两侧有代表性的13个气象站1951—2010年的气温、降水资料,分析这些台站气候变化总体趋势、年代际变化及突变特征,结果表明：1961—2010年整个喜马拉雅山区的气温总体呈显著上升趋势,平均升温速率为0.38℃/10a。1970—1990年代升温在加速,2000年代升温速率则有所放缓。中段地区各站在2000年左右发生一次显著的升温突变,而西段和东段虽都出现升温突变,但出现的时间差异较大。1971—2010年喜马拉雅山区的降水在西段呈减少趋势,中段、东段大致呈现出微弱增加趋势,但总体变化趋势不明显。降水的年代际变化也表现为1970—1990年代略有增加,2000年代则有所减少。降水突变在西段以减少为主,在中段和东段以增加为主,但各站发生突变的年代很不一致。 相似文献
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选取参与东北地区短期气候预测业务质量评估的53个气象站的月平均气温、降水资料,NCEP/NCAR再分析的月平均500 hPa位势高度场资料,以及由NOAA重构的海温场资料,对比了新、旧气候平均态下,冬、夏季东北地区气温、降水及全球500 hPa位势高度场及海温场差异, 并分析了气候平均值改变对气候变化、影响评价和预测业务的影响。结果表明：就东北大部分地区而言,新气候态（1981-2010年）表征的气候较旧气候态（1971-2000年）更暖湿;新气候态的全球500 hPa位势高度值和海温值较旧气候态均有所增大;新气候态下东亚大槽强度和西伯利亚高压强度变弱是造成东北冬季气温升高的主要原因;西太副高和鄂霍次克海阻塞高压强度增强,是造成东北地区大部分月份降水量增加的主要原因;而东北冷涡强度减弱是造成东北地区6月降水量减少的主要原因;9月和10月降水量减少可能与海温的变化有关。气候平均值的改变会对气候业务产生影响,如需对冷冬事件和ENSO事件重新评估,对极端事件重新分析,及对要素预报量级和趋势产生影响。 相似文献
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Comparison of the streamflow sensitivity to aridity index between the Danjiangkou Reservoir basin and Miyun Reservoir basin, China 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
The central route of China’s South-to-North Water Diversion Project would divert water from the Danjiangkou Reservoir basin (DRB) to Beijing beginning in the year 2014. The current main surface water source for Beijing is the Miyun Reservoir basin (MRB). The observed streamflows into the DRB and the MRB decreased significantly due to climatic variation and human activities from 1960 to 2005. The climate elasticity method is widely used to quantitatively separate the impacts of climatic variation and human activities on streamflow. One of the uncertainties of the method is that the impacts of changes in precipitation and potential evapotranspiration on streamflow are separated with the assumption that they are independent. However, precipitation and potential evapotranspiration are not totally independent. Aridity index, as the ratio between potential evapotranspiration and precipitation, could be considered as the representative indicator of climatic variation. In this study, the sensitivity of streamflow to aridity index is evaluated to assess the impact of climatic variation on streamflow in the DRB and the MRB. The result shows that streamflow in the MRB is more sensitive to climatic variation than that in the DRB. However, the effective impact of aridity index on streamflow is the product of the sensitivity and the change rate of aridity index. The attribution results show that change in aridity index contributed 68.8 % of the decrease in streamflow in the DRB while it contributed 31.5 % of the decrease in streamflow in the MRB. This indicated that the impact of climatic variation was the main reason of decrease in streamflow in the DRB while human activities such as increasing water consumption and land use change were the main reasons of decreasing streamflow in the MRB. 相似文献
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利用河北省1970-2007年48个气象台站逐日资料, 采用Penman-Monteith模型计算潜在蒸散量, 由潜在蒸散量和降水量之比构建干燥度指数, 并采用Kriging插值法进行空间插值以分析其区域特征。结果表明:1970-1985年, 由于降水量减少和潜在蒸散量减少, 蒸散量的减少速率大于降水量的减少速率, 地表干燥度指数呈下降趋势, 潜在蒸散量的显著减少是地表干燥度下降的主要原因, 而风速和日照时数的显著降低决定了潜在蒸散量的显著下降; 1986-2007年, 由于年平均气温的显著升高, 潜在蒸散量增加, 使得地表干燥度略呈上升趋势。河北省地表干燥度高值区分布在张家口地区的桑洋盆地和坝西高原, 而低值区主要在燕山南麓低山丘陵地区的承德西南部、唐山的北部和秦皇岛中北部大部分地区。干燥度减少区域主要集中在河北省东北部至河北省西部的带状区域。 相似文献
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Attribution of Maize Yield Increase in China to Climate Change and Technological Advancement Between 1980 and 2010 
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下载免费PDF全文 GUO Jianping ZHAO Junfang WU Dingrong MU Ji XU Yanhong 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》2014,28(6):1168-1181
Crop yields are affected by climate change and technological advancement. Objectively and quantitatively evaluating the attribution of crop yield change to climate change and technological advancement will ensure sustainable development of agriculture under climate change. In this study, daily climate variables obtained from 553 meteorological stations in China for the period 1961-2010, detailed observations of maize from 653 agricultural meteorological stations for the period 1981-2010, and results using an Agro-Ecological Zones (AEZ) model, are used to explore the attribution of maize (Zea mays L.) yield change to climate change and technological advancement. In the AEZ model, the climatic potential productivity is examined through three step-by-step levels: photosynthetic potential productivity, photosynthetic thermal potential productivity, and climatic potential productivity. The relative impacts of different climate variables on climatic potential productivity of maize from 1961 to 2010 in China are then evaluated. Combined with the observations of maize, the contributions of climate change and technological advancement to maize yield from 1981 to 2010 in China are separated. The results show that, from 1961 to 2010, climate change had a significant adverse impact on the climatic potential productivity of maize in China. Decreased radiation and increased temperature were the main factors leading to the decrease of climatic potential productivity. However, changes in precipitation had only a small effect. The maize yields of the 14 main planting provinces in China increased obviously over the past 30 years, which was opposite to the decreasing trends of climatic potential productivity. This suggests that technological advancement has offset the negative effects of climate change on maize yield. Technological advancement contributed to maize yield increases by 99.6%-141.6%, while climate change contribution was from-41.4% to 0.4%. In particular, the actual maize yields in Shandong, Henan, Jilin, and Inner Mongolia increased by 98.4, 90.4, 98.7, and 121.5 kg hm-2 yr-1 over the past 30 years, respectively. Correspondingly, the maize yields affected by technological advancement increased by 113.7, 97.9, 111.5, and 124.8 kg hm-2 yr-1, respectively. On the contrary, maize yields reduced markedly under climate change, with an average reduction of-9.0 kg hm-2 yr-1. Our findings highlight that agronomic technological advancement has contributed dominantly to maize yield increases in China in the past three decades. 相似文献
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The water deficits in different development stages and the whole growing season of winterwheat in North China under climate change scenarios are analyzed based on the meteorological da-ta,crop phenomenon and soil hydrological data of 30 weather stations.The results show that ifthe temperature rises,the potential evapotranspiration and crop maximum transpiration will in-crease 8%-10%;the actual evapotranspiration in whole growing season will increase about 1%-2%;and it seems to decrease in spring.Therefore the water deficit status would deteriorate.Theamount of water deficit in whole growing season would increase 14%-30%,and the water deficitisolines might shift southward with maximum shift distance being 190 km.As a result the climaticsuitability of winter wheat would change,and the variation rate of yield reduction will be 8%-20% of the present value which results in the declining output values.The irrigation amountwould increase 25%-33%,and the agriculture cost might increase owing to additional irrigation. 相似文献