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1.
太阳能屋顶的安装预计能在一定程度上缓解城市化带来的能源危机及对城市热环境的破坏。利用耦合了城市单层冠层方案(UCM)的WRF模式,以南京2010年7月27日至8月5日夏季晴天微风天气为背景,模拟了不同发电效率的太阳能屋顶的安装对城市高温的缓解效应。结果表明:(1)太阳能屋顶可以通过削弱到达城市表面的太阳辐射使城市2 m高气温降低,随着发电效率的提高,降温效果更明显,且白天降温效果明显优于夜间;白天2 m高气温最大降低0.4-1.3℃,夜间降低0.2-0.5℃。(2)太阳能屋顶可使边界层内气温降低,白天在边界层400 m以下降温显著,夜间在边界层高度200 m以下降温显著;白天边界层内最大降温出现在中午前后,降温0.1-0.8℃,夜间边界层内最大降温0.5℃。(3)发电效率为40%时,模拟期间的发电量为18.1×109 kW·h。   相似文献   

2.
屋顶绿化对城市降温效应的模拟分析——以南京市为例   总被引:3,自引:3,他引:0  
沈滢洁  王成刚  曹乐  郜海阳  王咏薇 《气象》2017,43(5):610-619
利用WRF模式耦合单层城市冠层模式,针对屋顶绿化对城市降温效果进行了模拟,结果表明:(1)南京夏季绿化后的屋顶反照率约为0.15,较水泥及其他反光材料的反照率略小,在白天可造成约0.2℃的升温。(2)绿化后的屋顶热容量明显增加,可使白天气温下降0.33℃;在夜间,可使气温升高0.21℃左右。(3)在植被阻挡作用及土壤层阻挡作用下,屋顶的导热率降低。在白天,净辐射能很难向下层传递,从而转化为感热加热大气,造成气温升高。(4)土壤湿度的改变使更多净辐射能转化为潜热释放。在白天可使温度降低1.23℃;在夜间,平均降温幅度为0.44℃。除此之外,模拟不同季节的统计结果表明,屋顶绿化降温效果在夏季最为明显,最大降幅可达1.22℃,春季0.96℃,秋季0.75℃,冬季只有0.38℃。  相似文献   

3.
当前采用何种冷却屋顶材料缓解城市化带来的高热灾害是城市气象领域的热点问题。本文基于城镇能量平衡模式(TEB),分析了4种不同材料的冷却屋顶,包括转化效率为14%的太阳能板(覆盖面积分别占屋顶面积的100%及50%)和3种高反照率材料:铝箔沥青膜、白色TPO膜、科罗拉多大学新研发的玻璃聚合物混合超材料,在2017年夏季高温热浪时间段(7月16~30日)对建筑物街区屋顶表面温度及辐射热量产生的影响。结果表明在持续高温的天气背景下,在屋顶铺设超材料和100%覆盖面积的太阳能板降温效果最好,屋顶表面温度白天平均分别可降低18.59 K和19.58 K,铝箔沥青膜效果次之,平均降低13.47 K,50%覆盖面积的太阳能板 TPO膜再次,平均降低9.7 K和5.4 K,夜间也具有1.08~4.53 K的降温。铺设冷却屋顶材料可以直接或间接地减少冷却能源需求,铺设100%太阳能板以及超材料屋顶可以使建筑物冷却能耗降到最低,每平方米分别至多可降低2.1 W m?2和2.16 W m?2,使用铝箔沥青膜效果次之,至多降低1.47 W m?2,50%铺设面积的太阳能屋顶及TPO膜再次。其中所选太阳能光伏板每日可额外产生最多1.84 kW h的电量,模拟的两周内产生电量可全部抵消同期空调制冷能耗。  相似文献   

4.
利用耦合单层城市冠层模型的中尺度数值模式WRF/UCM,选取8组不同反照率和绿化比例的屋顶冷却方案进行敏感性试验,模拟研究不同冷却屋顶方案对长三角城市群2013年夏季城市热环境的影响,并分析其影响机制。结果表明:不同冷却屋顶方案对城市群热环境的缓解效果与屋顶参数之间呈很强的线性关系。高温热浪天气下,HR4(反照率为1.0)和GR4(屋顶绿化率为100%)方案的制冷度日数分别降低了14.7%和10.9%,节约的能源比普通夏日更多。同时,高温热浪天气会增强热岛强度,高反照率屋顶方案在白天对热岛起到更有效的缓解,热浪天气下日平均热岛强度最大可降低1.36℃。相同方案下,在高温热浪天气下的缓解效果均胜于普通夏日,平均而言,高反照率屋顶和屋顶绿化的降温效果分别增大38.5%和34.9%,增湿效果分别增大29.5%和21.9%,这主要是由于在高温热浪天气下,高反照率屋顶方案能够减少更多的净辐射通量,屋顶绿化方案能够释放更多的潜热通量。此外,城市格点密集区域的降温效果优于分散的城市区域,处于城市群中的常州区域较单独的杭州区域的降温幅度平均高32%。  相似文献   

5.
王豫  王咏薇  赵小艳  郭良辰  张艳晴 《气象》2019,45(8):1149-1157
为缓解南京夏季城市热环境危机,利用天气研究和预报模式(WRF),模拟了3类屋顶(普通屋顶、高反照率屋顶、随机玻璃-聚合物混合超材料屋顶)对南京夏季高温天气的影响。结果表明:(1)冷却屋顶(高反照率屋顶和随机玻璃-聚合物混合超材料屋顶)均可通过削弱到达城市表面的太阳辐射而使城市降温,随机玻璃-聚合物混合超材料屋顶白天平均降温为0.8~1.2℃,夜间平均降温为0.2~0.4℃,高反照率屋顶白天平均降温为0.6~0.8℃,夜间平均降温为0.2℃;(2)表面温度指数可表征冷却屋顶的热力性能,随机玻璃-聚合物混合超材料屋顶的表面温度指数为0.16~0.43,高反照率屋顶的表面温度指数为0.05~0.26,表明随机玻璃-聚合物混合超材料屋顶的冷却效果强于高反照率屋顶;(3)高反照率屋顶和随机玻璃-聚合物混合超材料屋顶分别能将36.7%和47.1%的太阳短波辐射返回到大气层,分别比普通屋顶少吸收19.6%和34.8%的热量。  相似文献   

6.
空调系统对城市大气温度影响的模拟研究   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
王咏薇  王恪非  陈磊  张蕾 《气象学报》2018,76(4):649-662
人为热排放对城市边界层气候效应的影响起着举足轻重的作用。在人为热源的组成中,建筑物内部的能源消耗、热量产生以及室内外热量传输与交换,对于城市热环境的改变有着非常重要的作用。因此,为研究室内空调系统的产热和通过屋顶、墙面、地面进行室内外热量传输扩散,并对室外热环境产生的影响,运用WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting Model)模式,选取BEP+BEM城市冠层参数化方案,即基于多层城市冠层方案BEP(Building Effect Parameterization)增加室内空调系统影响的建筑物能量模式BEM(Building Energy Model)的方案,以南京2010年8月2—3日,夏季三伏天晴天小风天气作为背景天气进行模拟研究。结果表明,采用WRF模式考虑空调系统室内、外能量交换的BEP+BEM参数化方案,能够更好地模拟出夏季晴天城市近地层气温。当假设空调全天开启时,白天模拟值与观测值吻合较好。夜间温度模拟值高于观测值,在22时—次日00时(北京时),存在1℃左右的偏差。白天空调系统开启对于城市近地层气温的影响不明显,而夜间使得城市气温普遍升高0.6℃,尤其是在居民区密集的地方,22—23时最大有2℃左右的升温。当调整室内空调目标温度从25℃调至27℃时,空调系统能量总释放量减少12.66%,13—16时温度下降最大,平均约为1℃,建筑物越是密集,温度下降幅度越大。   相似文献   

7.
考虑湿度影响的城市气溶胶液晚温度效应   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1  
李子华  涂晓萍 《大气科学》1996,20(3):359-366
本文利用一维非定常模式,研究了城市上空干、湿气溶胶粒子对夜间边界层温度的影响。结果表明,湿气溶胶粒子对低层大气有明显的升温作用,而对中上层大气则起降温作用,同时改变了贴逆逆温层结构和边界层稳定度。  相似文献   

8.
本文利用WRF(V3.9.1)模式中耦合Noah/SLUCM方案作为Control试验,研究了土地利用类型(Md04试验)、陆面过程(NoUCM试验)和湖泊(Nolake试验)对城市热岛强度及昆明城市气象要素水平、垂直的时空分布影响。主要结论如下:(1)四个试验城市热岛强度的平均日变化趋势相似,白天城市热岛强度较弱、夜间较强,在20时(北京时,下同)左右达到最大值。城市冠层(湖泊)对城市热岛有较明显的减(增)温,Control-NoUCM(Nolake)试验中,平均日最大差值为?0.79°C(+1.07°C)。(2)从能量平衡方程分析Control-Md04试验,感热(潜热)通量的差值为+46.18(?79.71)W m?2,潜热通量释放大于感热通量的绝对值。Control-NoUCM试验中,感热(潜热)通量的差值为?40.88(+29.60)W m?2;因NoUCM试验未考虑几何建筑物储热与遮挡,太阳辐射大部分被地表所吸收,导致感热通量偏大。(3)四种试验中,15(07)时边界层高度达到最大(小)值。NoUCM(Nolake)试验中城市边界层高度分别降低103 m(32 m)左右,而Md04试验中城市边界层高度增加102 m左右。(4)湖泊(滇池)对城市热岛环流影响的试验表明,湖泊上空垂直运动较弱,但水平方向湖陆风较大,这有利于向城市输送水汽,增加干空气湿度,使城市中空气的水汽含量增加,同时增大潜热能量释放,降低感热通量,减小了垂直温度梯度。  相似文献   

9.
高云和气溶胶辐射效应对边界层的影响   总被引:10,自引:4,他引:6  
邓涛  张镭  陈敏 《大气科学》2010,34(5):979-987
通过WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting) 模式嵌套包含了高云和气溶胶辐射效应的大气边界层模式, 结合激光雷达资料, 进行数值模拟, 定量分析高云和气溶胶辐射效应对城市边界层的影响。模式能很好地模拟出在高云和气溶胶辐射效应下城市边界层的特征。夜间, 气溶胶在低层起到保温作用, 高云使得保温作用得到加强, 地表增温达1.5 K。中高层, 气溶胶降低所在气层温度, 高云使得降温幅度减少, 降温达0.2~0.7 K。白天, 高云和气溶胶减少到达地面的太阳短波辐射, 导致低层温度降低, 地表降温达1.3 K。中高层, 气溶胶加热所在的气层, 高云使得这一增温幅度减少, 在500 m处增温最大, 达0.85 K。无论白天还是夜间, 气溶胶的辐射效应都会抵消一部分形成山谷风的热力条件, 使得中低层的风速减少, 这种影响在白天显得尤为明显。高云的存在使得这种抵消得到少量的补偿。  相似文献   

10.
冷却屋顶对北京城市热环境影响的模拟研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
两种类型冷却屋顶(高反照率屋顶、绿色屋顶)的研究对于北京夏季城市高温的缓解作用具有重要的意义。耦合单层城市冠层模式(SLUCM)与天气研究与预报(WRF3.8)模式, 采用北京市及其外围地区158个站点气象资料评估模式对照案例(case1)的模拟性能, 并选取7组不同反照率屋顶案例(case2—4)和不同覆盖比例的绿色屋顶案例(case5—8)进行敏感性试验。研究结果表明:(1)在北京城市区域, 高反照率为0.85的屋顶(case4)比绿色占比100%的屋顶(case8)具有更好的降温效果, case4的3 d平均降温可达到0.90℃, 而case8降温为0.46℃。(2)屋顶反照率每增加0.1, 会导致北京城市区域最高气温降低0.27℃; 绿色屋顶比例的增大也会导致温度的降低, 每增加10%, 最高气温降低0.16℃。(3)两种冷却屋顶对城市热岛也存在显著的影响, 在13—14时(北京时), case4与case1对比的城市热岛(UHI)降温最大差值为1.47℃, 比case8的城市热岛降温更加明显。(4)在城市区域垂直高度上, 冷却屋顶的降温作用可达到1.2 km, 同时湍流运动存在明显的减弱; 在3 d的12—18时, case4、case8与case1对比, 边界层高度平均降低了669与430 m。   相似文献   

11.
The diurnal surface temperature range(DTR) has become significantly smaller over the Tibetan Plateau(TP) but larger in southeastern China, despite the daily mean surface temperature having increased steadily in both areas during recent decades.Based on ERA-Interim reanalysis data covering 1979–2012, this study shows that the weakened DTR over TP is caused by stronger warming of daily minimum surface temperature(Tmin) and a weak cooling of the daily maximum surface temperature(Tmax); meanwhile, the enhanced DTR over southeastern China is mainly associated with a relatively stronger/weaker warming of Tmax/Tmin. A further quantitative analysis of DTR changes through a process-based decomposition method—the Coupled Surface–Atmosphere Climate Feedback Response Analysis Method(CFRAM)—indicates that changes in radiative processes are mainly responsible for the decreased DTR over the TP. In particular, the increased low-level cloud cover tends to induce the radiative cooling/warming during daytime/nighttime, and the increased water vapor helps to decrease the DTR through the stronger radiative warming during nighttime than daytime. Contributions from the changes in all radiative processes(over-2?C) are compensated for by those from the stronger decreased surface sensible heat flux during daytime than during nighttime(approximately 2.5?C), but are co-contributed by the changes in atmospheric dynamics(approximately-0.4?C) and the stronger increased latent heat flux during daytime(approximately-0.8?C). In contrast, the increased DTR over southeastern China is mainly contributed by the changes in cloud, water vapor and atmospheric dynamics. The changes in surface heat fluxes have resulted in a decrease in DTR over southeastern China.  相似文献   

12.
The effects of sea surface temperature(SST) and its diurnal variation on diurnal variation of rainfall are examined in this study by analyzing a series of equilibrium cloud-resolving model experiments which are imposed with zero large-scale vertical velocity.The grid rainfall simulation data are categorized into eight rainfall types based on rainfall processes including water vapor convergence/divergence,local atmospheric drying/moistening,and hydrometeor loss/convergence or gain/divergence.The rainfall contributions of the rainfall types with water vapor convergence are insensitive to the increase in SST from 27°C to 29°C during the nighttime,whereas they are decreased during the daytime.The rainfall contributions of the rainfall types with water vapor convergence are decreased as the SST increases from 29°C to 31°C but the decreases are larger during the nighttime than during the daytime.The rainfall contributions of the rainfall types with water vapor convergence are decreased by the inclusion of diurnal variation of SST with diurnal difference of 1°C during the nighttime,but the decreases are significantly slowed down as the diurnal difference of SST increases from 1°C to 2°C.The rainfall contributions of the rainfall types with water vapor convergence are insensitive to the inclusion of diurnal variation of SST during the daytime.  相似文献   

13.
We developed a simple, single-layer urban canopy model, and comparedit to both multi-layer and slab models. Our single-layer model has thefollowing features: (a) It is a column model of energy and momentumexchange between an urban surface and the atmosphere, (b) it includesthe influence of street canyons, which are parameterized to representthe urban geometry, (c) it includes shadowing from buildings andreflection of radiation, and (d) it estimates both the surfacetemperatures of, and heat fluxes from, three surface types: roof, wall,and road. In the simulation of the single-layer model, the roof washottest during the daytime, but coolest from midnight to early morning.This is consistent with output from the multi-layer model and fieldobservations at a residential area on a clear, summer day. The diurnalvariation of the energy budget from the single-layer model agrees wellwith that from the multi-layer model. Our single-layer model'sperformance is nearly that of a multi-layer model for studyingmesoscale heat islands. Nevertheless, it is simply parameterized,and thus easily included in larger-scale atmospheric models. The slabmodel has the largest nighttime cooling rate of the three models. Toovercome this, it needs more adjustments than for the canopy models.  相似文献   

14.
人为热对城市边界层结构影响研究   总被引:17,自引:8,他引:17       下载免费PDF全文
蒋维楣  陈燕 《大气科学》2007,31(1):37-47
为研究不同人为热源引入方案对城市边界层结构模拟性能的影响,以杭州地区为例,在区域边界层模式(RBLM)中引入一种新人为热源处理方案,即对城市中的人为热排放分层考虑,将低层的人为热源加入地表能量平衡方程,将高层人为热源分布与建筑物高度和密度联系起来,加入热量方程中,同时考虑了人为热源强度的日变化。数值试验结果表明,这是一种比较合理的处理方案。人为热源引入方案对城市边界层结构的影响表现在:气温、湍流动能增加,并通过湍流交换输送到较高层大气;大气不稳定度增加,混合层高度最高抬升了400 m;城市地区上升速度增加,热岛环流加强;白天人为热源一般为太阳辐射的10%~20%,对地气交换的影响较小。夜间没有了太阳辐射能量,对地气交换的影响比日间更明显;冬季低层湍流活动加强,湍能约增加40%,大气层结稳定度降低。  相似文献   

15.
The study examines the potential of urban roofs to reduce the urban heat island (UHI) effect by changing their reflectivity and implementing vegetation (green roofs) using the example of the City of Vienna. The urban modelling simulations are performed based on high-resolution orography and land use data, climatological observations, surface albedo values from satellite imagery and registry of the green roof potential in Vienna. The modelling results show that a moderate increase in reflectivity of roofs (up to 0.45) reduces the mean summer temperatures in the densely built-up environment by approximately 0.25 °C. Applying high reflectivity materials (roof albedo up to 0.7) leads to average cooling in densely built-up area of approximately 0.5 °C. The green roofs yield a heat load reduction in similar order of magnitude as the high reflectivity materials. However, only 45 % of roof area in Vienna is suitable for greening and the green roof potential mostly applies to industrial areas in city outskirts and is therefore not sufficient for substantial reduction of the UHI effect, particularly in the city centre which has the highest heat load. The strongest cooling effect can be achieved by combining the green roofs with high reflectivity materials. In this case, using 50 or 100 % of the green roof potential and applying high reflectivity materials on the remaining surfaces have a similar cooling effect.  相似文献   

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