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1.
山西近50 a初霜冻的气候变化特征及其周期分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
初霜冻日的变化对农业生产的布局和耕作模式具有一定的影响。利用山西62个气象观测站点1961-2010年的逐年初霜冻日及逐日最低地温资料,应用统计学方法分析了山西初霜冻日的变化特征,结果表明:1)山西近50 a平均初霜冻日的时间分布总体为推后趋势,且具有明显的年代际特征,20世纪70年代、90年代初霜冻日提早显著,20世纪60年代、80年代和21世纪初霜冻日明显推后。2)山西近50 a平均初霜冻日的空间分布为"5级阶梯"型分布,从9月中旬到11月上旬,自北向南相继出现初霜冻。3)M-K突变检验表明,山西近50 a平均初霜冻日在1989年发生了一次显著的气候突变。4)山西近50 a初霜冻日变化趋势的分布具有明显的区域特征,大部分地区初霜冻日有推后的趋势,但南部和中南部的部分地区初霜冻日有提前的趋势。5)Morlet小波分析结果表明,山西的初霜冻、轻微初霜冻、中度初霜冻和重度初霜冻发生的主周期分别为5 a、2 a、5 a、6 a;目前山西正处在初霜冻和轻微初霜冻的推后期、中度初霜冻和重度初霜冻的提前期。 相似文献
2.
山西近50a初霜冻的气候变化特征及其周期分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
初霜冻13的变化对农业生产的布局和耕作模式具有一定的影响。利用山西62个气象观测站点1961－2010年的逐年初霜冻日及逐日最低地温资料,应用统计学方法分析了山西初霜冻日的变化特征,结果表明：1）山西近50a平均初霜冻日的时间分布总体为推后趋势,且具有明显的年代际特征,20世纪70年代、90年代初霜冻日提早显著,20世纪60年代、80年代和21世纪初霜冻日明显推后。2）山西近50a平均初霜冻日的空间分布为“5级阶梯”型分布,从9月中旬到11月上旬,自北向南相继出现初霜冻。3）M—K突变检验表明,山西近50a平均初霜冻日在1989年发生了一次显著的气候突变。4）山西近50a初霜冻日变化趋势的分布具有明显的区域特征,大部分地区初霜冻日有推后的趋势,但南部和中南部的部分地区初霜冻日有提前的趋势。5）Morlet小波分析结果表明,山西的初霜冻、轻微初霜冻、中度初霜冻和重度初霜冻发生的主周期分别为5a、2a、5a、6a;目前山西正处在初霜冻和轻微初霜冻的推后期、中度初霜冻和重度初霜冻的提前期。 相似文献
3.
浙南春茶早春霜冻的时空分布特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用1971—2015年浙南7县(市、区)早春(2—4月)逐日气温观测资料,根据茶叶早春霜冻的气象灾害指标,采用多尺度趋势方法分别从空间、时间分析浙南茶叶早春霜冻的气候变化特征,并利用Mann-Kendall检验验证浙南茶叶早春霜冻的变化趋势和突变转折。结果表明:浙南茶叶早春霜冻发生次数较高,年均发生天数为16.8天,其中2月发生早春霜冻的可能性最高,且以轻度和重度霜冻为主。早春霜冻的空间分布结构由东南面向西北面递增,青田县发生早春霜冻的可能性最低,缙云县发生的可能性最高。茶叶早春霜冻日数的长期变化趋势表现为显著减少,且极端最低气温上升趋势明显,即浙南茶叶早春出现低温霜冻的可能性减小。浙南茶叶早春霜冻减少发生的突变点在20世纪80—90年代,且在21世纪初减少趋势最为显著。 相似文献
4.
Summary The purpose of this study is to analyze the atmospheric circulation patterns associated to extreme frost episodes which affect the extensive region known as the Wet Pampas in the center-south of South America during the 1961–1990 period. The years with an extreme frequency of generalized frost are identified by selecting the cases beyond one standard deviation above and below the average of the corresponding period. Two groups were formed: one for the years with events above the average (+s) and the other with those below the average (−s). The years of generalized frosts were separated into the periods from May to September, June to August and individual months.From the comparison between the composite of the two groups (+s and −s), it was possible to determine that the anomaly fields are opposite in almost all the periods studied. In the seasonal composites of generalized frosts below average, the circulation field presented a barotropic structure with an anomalous cyclonic persistence over the south-west of South America and a weak subtropical jet over the continent. On the other hand, the structure and evolution of the systems that produce generalized frosts in extremely cold winters were analyzed by calculating the composites of the daily fields from these episodes. The results showed that the incursion of cold air in the lower levels begins with a migratory anticyclone moving from the south-east Pacific to the south of the continent and a deepening of an anomalous low pressure center over the south-east of the Argentine Atlantic coast. Both systems cause cold, dry air advection from the south, with a reduction in temperature over the center and eastern parts of the country. The development of a mid-latitude wave was observed at higher levels with a large-amplitude trough over South America extending to tropical latitudes and a progressive amplification from another trough located upstream in the Pacific Ocean.The analysis of the different periods confirmed the relationship between the intensification of the subtropical jet in South America and the higher frequency of generalized frosts. The intensification of the jet may be related to an amplification of the pressure gradient in the region due to the increase in Rossby wave activity. 相似文献
5.
Spring frosts are feared by farmers, fruit growers, and wine growers as they can cause significant damage to crops when they occur during the development of the plants. In the second half of April 2017, following a very warm period that had caused premature vegetation growth, a cold air mass from the Arctic penetrated central and western Europe, causing severe damage to natural and cultivated vegetation over broad areas. Here, we analyze how exceptional this event was in Switzerland and Germany in relation to the accumulated growing degree days (GDD), used as a proxy for plant phenology advancement. Although this damaging frost was not the latest on record in terms of calendar days, our results show that it was, in some regions, unprecedented in relation to the accumulated warmth during the preceding period, at least since the beginning of instrumental temperature records (1864). Our results also highlight how global warming has considerably increased the number of days with mean temperature above 5 °C in late winter and early spring, especially since 1970 (+?16.8?±?4.7 °C days decade?1). However, in spite of earlier spring phenology due to climate warming, our results suggest that the risk of damaging frost events to vegetation has remained unchanged over the last 150 years in lowlands of Switzerland and Germany, due to the concurring earlier occurrence of the last potentially damaging frosts (about ??20 days since 1864). Our analyses reveal therefore that the April 2017 damaging frost was a true outlier in terms of risk of frost damage to plants. 相似文献
6.
V. F. Loginov V. S. Mikutskii G. P. Kuznetsov 《Russian Meteorology and Hydrology》2007,32(10):651-657
Methods of studying May frosts, their time dynamics, and spatial structure in Belarus are considered. The territory of Belarus was divided into western and eastern parts with the help of methods of multivariate statistical analysis, proceeding from the dynamics of a number of frost days in May. Before 1985, the number of frost days prevailed in the western part, while after 1985, in eastern Belarus. A quasi-twelve-year cyclicity is established in the dynamics of a difference between a number of frost days in May in the east and west of the country 相似文献
7.
利用焉耆盆地3个气象站1961-2014年的初终霜冻日、无霜期资料,采用线性倾向估计法、多项式趋势、M-K检测等统计方法,分析焉耆盆地54a来霜冻气候变化特征。结果表明：(1)焉耆盆地平均初、终霜冻整体均呈显著线性后推趋势,平均分别后推了3d和21d,终霜冻推后速率大于初霜冻,无霜期呈缩短趋势,平均缩短了18d,具有明显的年代际特征。(2)平均初、终霜冻及无霜期分别于1987年、1985年、1967年发生了气候突变,初、终霜冻均表现为由提前转为明显推迟,无霜期表现为由延长转为缩短.(3)焉耆盆地特早、偏早初霜冻发生频率分别为7%和22%,发生在60年代到90年代,特晚、偏晚终霜冻发生频率分别为4%和11%,多发生在70年代和90年代,21世纪各出现一次。(4)终霜日显著推后,无霜期缩短,是今后焉耆盆地农业生产结构优化关注的重点。 相似文献
8.
Although Brazil is predominantly a tropical country, frosts are observed with relative high frequency in the Center-Southern states of the country, affecting mainly agriculture, forestry, and human activities. Therefore, information about the frost climatology is of high importance for planning of these activities. Based on that, the aims of the present study were to develop monthly meteorological (F MET) and agronomic (F AGR) frost day models, based on minimum shelter air temperature (T MN), in order to characterize the temporal and spatial frost days variability in Center-Southern Brazil. Daily minimum air temperature data from 244 weather stations distributed across the study area were used, being 195 for developing the models and 49 for validating them. Multivariate regression models were obtained to estimate the monthly T MN, once the frost day models were based on this variable. All T MN regression models were statistically significant (p < 0.001), presenting adjusted R 2 between 0.69 and 0.90. Center-Southern Brazil is mainly hit by frosts from mid-fall (April) to mid-spring (October). The period from November to March is considered as frost-free, being very rare a frost day within that period. Monthly F MET and F AGR presented significant sigmoidal relationships with T MN (p < 0.0001), with adjusted R 2 above of 0.82. The residuals of the frost day models were random, which means that the sigmoidal models performed quite well for interpreting the frost day variability throughout the study area. The highlands of Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul, São Paulo, and Minas Gerais had in average more than 25 and 13 frosts per year, respectively, for F MET and F AGR. The F MET and F AGR maps developed in this study for Center-Southern Brazil is a useful tool for farmers, foresters, and researchers, since they contribute to reduce frost spatial and temporal uncertainty, helping in planning project for strategic purposes. Furthermore, the monthly F MET and F AGR maps for this Brazilian region are the first zoning of these variables for the country. 相似文献
9.
R.L. Davis 《大气与海洋》2013,51(2):169-176
Abstract A topoclimatic classification was developed to map the frequency of damaging spring radiation frosts to six deciduous fruit varieties at a scale of 1:25,000. The methodology utilizes night‐time temperatures from climatological stations operated by the Atmospheric Environment Service (aes) ofEnvironment Canada, as well as night‐time temperatures from a temporary network of standard climate stations and mobile temperature surveys. Maps of the deviation of minimum temperature from the local aes climate station, and of spring frost risk for each fruit variety are produced. 相似文献
10.
Data are presented on losses from frosts in the Southern Federal Region of Russia. Problems are considered of optimization
for radiation frost protection, based on production of artificial smoke layers and fogs. Studies of infrared radiation attenuation
by aerosol of different dispersion and simulation of aerosol turbulent diffusion show that, within the atmospheric transmittance
window, a sufficient greenhouse effect can be provided by an artificial aerosol layer, containing not less than 1011m−2 aerosol particles of 1.5–2 μm size. An estimate is presented of economical expediency of the optimized methods for the radiation
frost protection. 相似文献
11.
在地面气象观测业务中通常采用人工观测的方式来判断结露、结霜现象的发生,人工观测主观性强,观测频次少,工作效率低,不能全面、连续反映结露、结霜过程的特征。本文介绍了一种结露、结霜自动化观测装置,装置工作原理是电容传感器在高湿和低湿情况下电容变化较大,通过测量电容变化引起的频率变化,然后由识别软件来判断结露现象的发生,再结合温度信息以及结冰信息就可以判断结霜现象的发生,从而实现了结露、结霜的自动化观测。通过大量的结露、结霜的对比试验表明露、霜自动化观测装置能够比较准确地识别结露、结霜过程的发生,能够推广到台站业务使用。 相似文献
12.
利用四川省145个气象台站1981～2013年连续人工观测资料,对34种天气现象发生日数和概率进行统计。结果表明:除极光外,四川省共观测到33种天气现象,露和轻雾日平均发生频率大于40%;雨和阵雨日平均发生频率大于20%;结冰、霜和雷暴日平均发生频率大于10%。露、霜、结冰、雷暴、闪电、大风、积雪、雨、阵雨、雨夹雪、雪11种天气全省各站均有发生,而雨凇、雪暴、吹雪、龙卷仅在个别站点发生。液态降水、雾、轻雾、霾、浮尘、烟幕、露均是盆地内多于高原,而混合降水、固态降水、扬沙、沙尘暴、吹雪、雪暴、雷暴、霜、大风、结冰、积雪、冰针、龙卷、尘卷风则是川西高原多于盆地。 相似文献
13.
利用全国576个台站1961—2010年天气现象观测资料,对34种天气现象年平均发生频率、昼夜分布特征、代表性天气现象和区域代表站天气现象的发生情况等进行了统计分析。结果表明:雨、露、结冰、阵雨、轻雾、霜、雷暴天气现象的年平均发生频率较高,极光、龙卷、雪暴等天气现象的年平均发生频率极低。近年来,雾的发生呈缓慢下降趋势,轻雾呈缓慢上升趋势,霾在2000年后快速发展,且发生地点逐步扩大。天气现象的发生具有一定的地域性,但各地多发天气现象的前20种基本相似,仅发生频率排序不同。 相似文献
14.
Summary ?Over large parts of the Northern Hemisphere’s continents temperature has been increasing during the last century. Particularly
minimum temperatures show a more pronounced increase than maximum temperatures. Not only the phenological seasons, but also
the potentially plant damaging late frost events are governed by the atmosphere. In case of a rise of minimum temperatures
one would expect phenological phases and spring late frost events to occur earlier. In this work the question is elucidated
whether plant phenology shifts at a higher or lower rate towards earlier occurrences than potential plant damaging events,
like spring late frost events. Frost events based on the last occurrence of daily minimum temperatures below a certain threshold
have been moving faster to earlier occurrence dates than phenological phases during the last decades at 50 climate stations
in Central Europe. Trend values of frost time series range around −0.2 days/year and of phenological time series are between
−0.2 and 0.0 days/year over the period from 1951–1997. ‘Corylus avellana beginning of pollination’ is the only one of the 13 phases considered here with a lower trend value of −0.28 days/year. Early
phases are more adapted to below zero temperatures and therefore follow more closely the temperature variability. Later phases
seem to have more reason to be concerned about possible late frost events and react more cautiously towards higher spring
temperatures and earlier last frost dates. The risk of late frost damage for plants should have been lower during the last
decade as compared to the previous decades.
Received June 28, 2002; accepted July 18, 2002 相似文献
15.
2019年3—5月利用人工霜冻模拟箱进行枸杞现蕾期、初花期和盛花期霜冻指标试验,模拟-8~-1℃、持续1~6 h的32组不同低温和持续时间处理组合,根据室内霜冻模拟试验冻后观测结果,将受冻症状划分为3个级别,并统计每个级别的受冻率,制定霜冻等级判断标准,建立基于低温、持续时间、受冻级别和受冻率的霜冻指标;利用2018年3—5月13个点次的大田霜冻试验结果和25个枸杞种植区自然霜冻调查结果验证霜冻指标。结果表明:枸杞霜冻与低温及其持续时间密切相关,温度越低、持续时间越长,霜冻越重;现蕾期抗冻性最强,初花期抗冻性明显较现蕾期弱,盛花期一定程度上较初花期弱。利用霜冻指标判断的结果与实际灾害情况符合率较高,具有较强的实用性,可作为枸杞花期不同阶段的霜冻灾害预报及评估依据。 相似文献
16.
17.
Based on previous observational studies of the mean atmospheric circulation leading to generalized frosts (GF) in central
Southern South America, it is possible to establish a hypothesis that specific large scale patterns are associated to the
frequency of occurrence of these events through the propagation of Rossby waves remotely excited. This hypothesis is tested
here through a teleconnection analysis for austral winters which present an extreme frequency of occurrence of GF in southeastern
South America, particularly over the Wet Pampa area in Argentina. Rossby wave propagation regions are identified for two basic
states given by the composition of winters with maximum and minimum frequency of GF occurrence, during the 1961–1990 period.
The stationary wavenumber K
s
indicates the regions where the Rossby wave propagation is permitted and those where it will be inhibited (K
s
= 0), highlighting the importance of the jets as waveguides. Nevertheless, differences exist between both basic states analyzed.
These differences indicate that the locations for wave generation and its later evolution are conditioned by the basic state.
Results are validated through a baroclinic model, which simulates the Rossby wave patterns responsible for the teleconnection.
Numerical experiments confirm that the principal wave activity takes place inside the subtropical and polar jets. In particular,
for the basic state with maximum frequency of GF occurrence, the wave trains propagating inside the subtropical and polar
waveguides merge just before entering the continent, as shown by the observations prior to the occurrence of GF events. This
configuration favors the development of an intense south wind anomaly with large meridional extension which results in the
intensification of anticyclonic circulation in southern South America. A conceptual model is presented to summarise all these
results. 相似文献
18.
1961-2014年中国内陆农业区异常初、终霜日时空变化及其与环流因子的关系 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
利用中国内陆1961年以来734个气象台站0 cm地表最低温度作为初、终霜日的参考指标,运用概率密度函数方法定义了不同等级的霜冻指数,重点分析了全球气候状态转变后中国农业区初、终霜日稳定性,异常初、终霜日时空变化特征,以及环流因子变化对初、终霜日的影响。结果显示:（1）青藏高原地区在20世纪90年代之后初霜日明显推后、终霜日明显提前,无霜期明显延长;四川盆地东部、华南地区南部部分站点在20世纪90年代之后霜期缩短明显,出现低频率无霜年份,无霜日站点相对有所增多,出现向北扩展趋势,20世纪90年代之后扩展趋势明显。（2）20世纪80年代初、终霜日相对于其他时段稳定性最强,20世纪90年代稳定性最低,气候状态转变之后青藏高原和新疆南部地区初、终霜日稳定性较强区域面积明显增大;空间上四川盆地东部和华南区初、终霜日稳定性最低,其他区域初、终霜日稳定性相对较低,华南区霜日不稳定区分布范围在21世纪最初10年之后有所减小,稳定区北移明显。（3）异常初、终霜日发生频率:偏早初霜日>偏晚终霜日>特早初霜日>特晚终霜日,气候状态转变前后异常初、终霜日发生频率较高,20世纪90年代偏早初霜日高频率覆盖地区范围最大,其次是20世纪70年代偏早初霜日,气候状态的转变对异常初、终霜日的发生影响较大。（4）各农业区初霜日的推迟、终霜日的提前与极涡缩小、副热带高压北移有直接关系;极涡与副热带高压的位置、强度、面积变化对中国农业区初、终霜日多年气候状态的转变有一定的驱动作用。 相似文献
19.
20.
基于作物模型灾损识别的黄淮区域冬小麦晚霜冻风险评估 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
利用近50年黄淮地区54个农业气象观测站的作物观测资料和气象资料,结合人工移动式霜箱试验结果,研究了WOFOST作物模型中增加晚霜冻影响的处理技术,揭示了晚霜冻对冬小麦各生长量的影响结果。利用修改后的作物模型提取晚霜冻灾损评估技术,建立以晚霜冻的危险性、暴露性和脆弱性为风险因子的风险评估模型,开展黄淮区域晚霜冻风险评估。结果表明,黄淮区域冬小麦晚霜冻风险分布呈西高东低分布,高风险地区主要分布在黄淮区域的河南西部、西南部、西北部及东部永城、沈丘一带。其中,黄淮西部的高风险主要是由晚霜冻高灾损引起的,河南西南部的高风险是由晚霜冻的高频率引起的,其西北部和东部的高风险则是由晚霜冻的高频率和高灾损共同引起的。 相似文献