共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 125 毫秒
1.
塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地贴地层风沙流结构研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用微梯度集沙仪在塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地塔中地区实测的2014年7—8月贴地层输沙量梯度观测资料(观测高度区间0~5 mm、5~15 mm、15~35 mm、35~85 mm),对沙尘天气过程贴地层风沙流结构进行了研究。结果表明:(1)沙尘天气(沙尘暴和扬沙)过程中,随着风速的增大,各高度层输沙量也随之增大。沙尘暴天气中,风速7.5 m·s~(-1)时,15~35 mm处的百分含量超过5~15 mm处的百分含量,风速7.5 m·s~(-1)时,15~35 mm处的百分含量达到最大,其余各高度含量变化不明显。扬沙天气中,风速8.0 m·s~(-1)时,百分含量最大值出现在35~85 mm高度处,占48.9%,风速8.0 m·s~(-1)时,大小依次为:15~35 mm(49.5%)35~85 mm(31.7%)0~5 mm(12.7%)5~15 mm(9.2%)。(2)两种天气过程中,沙粒的平均粒径在垂直高度上均呈现先减小后增大的趋势。粒径峰值均处在125~250 um,极细砂含量最高,细砂次之。与扬沙天气相比,沙尘暴天气过程中极细砂、细砂、中砂在各高度层上的含量略微下降,粉尘含量有所升高。 相似文献
2.
提要：利用2013年春季在巴丹吉林沙漠北缘拐子湖地区的沙尘暴加强观测资料,对比分析该地区典型流动沙面晴天、扬沙和沙尘暴三种天气背景下各气象要素的变化特征及差异,同时对沙尘暴过程中近地层风沙活动特征进行分析。结果表明,随风速增加沙尘天气强度逐步提升且沙尘天气来临前风速、风向均表现出明显的调整现象,此后爆发过程中风速、风向相对稳定。随沙尘天气强度的增加气温逐渐减小且沙尘天气过程中地面呈利于沙尘起动的暖干状态,同时地面气压不断升高。悬浮的沙尘会导致拐子湖流动沙地各层地温有减小趋势,但减小程度相对较弱,使沙尘天气下各层地温仍保持良好的梯度变化和正弦型日变化趋势。拐子湖流沙地春季起沙风速为6.5m/s,输沙通量垂直分布状况在20cm左右具有明显的分段现象。地表100cm内总输沙量的50%和90%分别集中在地表20cm和56cm高度以内。观测期间整个5月地表0～100cm高度内的输沙通量为420.96kg/m。 相似文献
3.
4.
《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》2017,(2)
集沙仪作为一种风蚀研究装置,可直接和准确地测定土壤风蚀过程中的输沙量和风沙流结构。为此,一种全自动、高频率的沙尘采样器(Continuously weighing,high frequency sand trap,简称:CWHF全自动集沙仪)被设计,并通过与2 m高度风速和Sensit跃移撞击传感器的野外配合观测,对比分析其野外实地的应用性能。CWHF全自动集沙仪整体外形呈"L"状,其最大特点是集沙容器底部安装有高精度单点称重传感器,使其能够实现集沙累积值的实时高频及长时间测量。通过对沙尘暴天气背景下的相关数据进行分析,发现CWHF全自动集沙仪的累积量和输沙通量均与风速和撞击颗粒数有较好的一致性,其能够很好地捕捉沙物质的输移信息,野外应用效果良好。 相似文献
5.
《高原气象》2017,(5)
沙尘暴是干旱区常见的天气现象,沙尘暴天气过程中,边界层内气象要素发生剧烈的变化。利用WRF/Chem模式结合Shao 2004的参数化方案,模拟了发生在2010年4月24—26日的一次沙尘天气过程,通过控制沙尘气溶胶是否排放到大气中,对比分析沙尘暴过程中沙尘气溶胶对边界层中气象要素的影响。结果发现,在沙尘暴过程中,夜间在沙尘层以下,沙尘气溶胶具有加热大气的作用,使得温度升高,最大值约1.8 K,这种"保温"作用还与地表反照率有关,反照率越大"保温"作用越强;而在沙尘气溶胶层内的中上部具有降温的作用,温度降低,最大值约3 K。夜间沙尘气溶胶能够抬升边界层高度,最大达1000 m;白天则降低,可降低700 m;沙尘气溶胶导致水平风速增大约1.0 m·s-1,使垂直风速在沙尘层下增大,在沙尘层以上减小。 相似文献
6.
对塔中气象站1996—2008年气象数据分析和野外观测试验及理论计算,结果表明:塔中地区地表沙源平均粒径约为2.88φ(136μm),属于细砂、极细砂;年平均风速均在2.5 m·s-1以下,近10年来整体呈下降趋势,风速的年变化呈单峰分布,最大值出现在6—7月,风向与起沙风向以偏东风为主;2 m高度的起沙风速约为4.1 m·s-1;年浮尘、扬沙日数呈波动式上升趋势,年沙尘暴日数呈缓慢下降趋势;年风蚀气候因子平均为28.3。 相似文献
7.
杨帆 《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》2017,11(2):66-73
集沙仪作为一种风蚀研究装置,可直接和准确的测定风沙流中的输沙量和风沙流结构。为此,我们自行设计了一种全自动、高频风沙流采样器—CWHF全自动集沙仪,并通过与2 m高度风速和Sensit跃移撞击传感器的野外配合观测,对比分析其野外实地的应用性能。CWHF全自动集沙仪整体外形呈“L”状,其最大特点是集沙容器底部安装有高精度单点称重传感器,使其能够实现集沙累积值的实时高频测量及长时间的采样任务。在野外环境中对沙尘暴天气背景下的相关数据进行分析,发现CWHF全自动集沙仪的累积量和输沙通量均与风速和撞击颗粒数间有较高的一致性,其能够很好地捕捉沙物质的输移信息,野外应用效果良好。此外,通过其估算塔中流动沙面2015年5月18日和25日两次沙尘暴天气近地表100 cm高度内,宽度为100 cm的截面上的水平输沙通量分别为101.37 kg和110.83 kg。 相似文献
8.
选取2009年3月至2010年3月期间观测到的3次典型沙尘天气过程,利用大同国家基准气候站的20m气象梯度塔的风速、气温、相对湿度的观测资料,PM10质量浓度资料以及能见度的部分观测资料,分析了近地层气象要素和PM10质量浓度的演变特征。结果表明:风速在沙尘暴、扬沙的发生、发展过程中均较大,浮尘较小。3种沙尘天气条件下,1m、2m、4m、10m高度与20m高度的风速比大致在0.48~0.84和0.41~0.79范围内,局地扬沙过程中近地层风速梯度较大。在浮尘天气过程中,观测到的近地层气温变率与同一季节的昼夜气温变率有较明显差别,反映了沙尘气溶胶的辐射强迫对局地温度变化速率的影响。在沙尘天气过程中,还观测到相对湿度与气温之间的反常变化,反映了来自于沙漠地区干燥气团的可能影响。总体上,沙尘暴、扬沙、浮尘天气条件下的PM10平均质量浓度水平存在依次递减的趋势,但是沙尘天气的PM10平均质量浓度水平并不唯一与风速大小有关,尤其是在沙尘天气持续发展的后期,随着近地面沙尘颗粒尺度谱性质的改变,PM10质量浓度会出现下降,导致能见度、风速变化与PM10质量浓度变化趋势不相一致。 相似文献
9.
10.
冷锋型和蒙古气旋型沙尘暴过程若干统计特征的对比分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用气象观测资料对2001-2010年共184次影响我国北方冷锋型和蒙古气旋型沙尘暴过程进行了对比分析.结果表明,近10年我国沙尘天气呈波动减少趋势,2001年最多,之后逐渐减少,2010年又略有增加趋势;冷锋型沙尘天气过程次数多于蒙古气旋型,分别占总次数的60％和40％,与1957-1996年相关研究相比,近10年蒙古气旋型沙尘天气过程有明显的增多趋势;两类过程基本上持续1～3天,其中,蒙古气旋型平均持续1.68天,略长于冷锋型(1.54天);表征冷锋强度的地面冷高压最大强度出现在1月,而蒙古气旋中心气压最低出现在4月;两类天气系统导致的沙尘天气过程中,绝大部分为沙尘暴过程,且分别占总次数的75％和92％,黑风暴分别占9％和19％,表明蒙古气旋型沙尘天气过程更强;两类过程中,最大风速基本在12～20m· s-1之间(占80％),且蒙古气旋型的最大风速波动小于冷锋型;冷锋型多向东和东南方向移动,且以西北-东南向为主,影响新疆、西北、华北及华东地区,蒙古气旋型则向东、东偏南和东偏北方向移动,且以向东移动为主,主要影响西北、华北及东北地区,影响范围小于冷锋型. 相似文献
11.
Alfred H. Woodcock 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1975,9(1):63-68
The flight performance of Herring Gulls relative to specific atmosphere and ocean conditions over the western North Atlantic indicates that large groups of gulls are able, through cooperative flight maneuvers, to induce ascending convective flow (thermals) in which they make extended soaring flights. These group flights in gull-induced thermals are limited to winds of 0 to ~ 1 m s?1 and to sea-minus-air temperature differences (δT) of ~3 to 6?C. As wind speed increases from ~ 2 to 5 m s?1, thermals are naturally induced, and the minimum δT required for soaring is inversely related to wind speed. At higher winds (~5 to 13 ms?1), the minimum positive δT and minimum wind speed required for thermal soaring are directly related, thus indicating an apparent maximum efficiency for the natural production of thermals at wind speeds of about 5 m s?1 and δT of 1 to 2 ?C. 相似文献
12.
Silke Zank 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1980,19(2):223-233
The relationship between satellite-derived low-level cloud motion, surface wind and geostrophic wind vectors is examined using GATE data. In the trades, surface wind speeds can be derived from cloud motion vectors by the linear relation: V = 0.62 V
s + 1.9 m s–1 with a mean scatter of ±1.3 m s–1. The correlation coefficient between surface and satellite wind speed is 0.25. Considering baroclinicity, i.e., the influence of the thermal wind, the correlation coefficient does not increase, because of the uncertainty of the thermal wind vectors. The ratios of surface to geostrophic wind speed and surface to satellite wind speed are 0.7 and 0.8, respectively, with a statistical uncertainty of ±0.3. Calculations of the ratio of surface to geostrophic wind speed on the basis of the resistance law yield V/V
g = 0.8 ± 0.2, in agreement with experimental results. The mean angle difference between the surface and the satellite wind vectors amounts to - 18 °, taking into account baroclinicity. This value is in good agreement with the mean ageostrophic angle - 25 °. 相似文献
13.
将2012年5月21日-8月16日广东省湛江市东海岛气象观测站内脉冲激光风廓线仪WINDCUBE V2与气象站内的100 m测风塔进行同步观测试验,在经过观测数据同步性调整、有效性检验和代表性样本筛选基础上,分大小风和有无降雨天气过程,对杯式测风仪、超声风速仪与激光风廓线仪的同步测风数据进行比较,结果显示:脉冲激光风廓线仪与杯式测风仪测量水平风参数的相关性较好,10 min平均风速、风向的线性拟合度均大于0.99,3 s阵风风速的拟合度大于0.96,湍流强度的拟合度大于0.67,风速标准差的拟合度大于0.79;大风情况下,激光风廓线仪对风参数的测量效果更佳。无降雨情况下,激光风廓线仪的测量效果较降雨时略好,10 min降水量小于15 mm的降雨对这款激光风廓线仪的风速、风向、湍流强度、3 s阵风风速的测量没有显著影响,对风速标准差有一定影响。当水平风速增大和有降雨时,激光风廓线仪对垂直速度的测量效果欠佳。该对比分析可为激光风廓线仪观测数据的可靠性提供参考。 相似文献
14.
The formation mechanism of the nocturnal urban boundary layer (UBL), especially in the winter nighttime, was investigated based on the extensive field observations conducted during November 1984 in Sapporo, Japan. A strong, elevated inversion formed over the Sapporo urban area and the inversion base height was approximately twice the average building height. Velocity fluctuations
u, w and Reynolds stress % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaa0aaaeaaca% WG1bWaaWbaaSqabeaacaaIXaaaaGGaaOGae8hiaaIaam4DamaaCaaa% leqabaGaaGymaaaaaaaaaa!3A9C!\[\overline {u^1 w^1 } \] had nearly uniform profiles within the nocturnal UBL and decreased with height above the UBL. On the other hand, temperature fluctuations
t
, and heat fluxes % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaa0aaaeaaca% WG1bWaaWbaaSqabeaacaaIXaaaaGGaaOGae8hiaaIaeqiUde3aaWba% aSqabeaacaaIXaaaaaaaaaa!3B56!\[\overline {u^1 \theta ^1 } \] and % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaa0aaaeaaca% WG3bWaaWbaaSqabeaacaaIXaaaaGGaaOGae8hiaaIaeqiUde3aaWba% aSqabeaacaaIXaaaaaaaaaa!3B58!\[\overline {w^1 \theta ^1 } \] had peaks at the inversion base and small values within the nocturnal UBL. The turbulent kinetic energy budget showed that the turbulent transport term and shear generation from urban canopy elements are important in the nocturnal UBL development; the role of the buoyancy term is small. The turbulence data analysis and application of a simple advective model showed that the mechanism of UBL formation may be controlled by the downward transport of sensible heat from the elevated inversion caused by mechanically-generated turbulence.Nomenclature
g
accelaration due to gravity, m s-2
-
k
turbulent kinetic energy, m2 s-1
-
K
m
eddy viscosity, m2 s-1
-
L
Monin-Obukhov lenght, m
-
p
pressure, Kg m-2
-
U, V, W
mean wind speed in the downwind, crosswind, and vertical directions, respectively, m s-1
-
u
1, w
1
wind speed fluctuation in the downwind and vertical direction, respectively, m s-1
-
u
1
friction velocity, m s-1
- % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaa0aaaeaaca% WG1bWaaWbaaSqabeaacaaIXaaaaGGaaOGae8hiaaIaam4DamaaCaaa% leqabaGaaGymaaaaaaaaaa!3A9C!\[\overline {u^1 w^1 } \]
momentum flux, m2s-2
- % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaa0aaaeaaca% WG1bWaaWbaaSqabeaacaaIXaaaaGGaaOGae8hiaaIaam4DamaaCaaa% leqabaGaaGymaaaaaaaaaa!3A9C!\[\overline {u^1 \theta^1 } \]
sensible heat flux, m2s-1°C
-
WD
wind direction, deg
-
WS
wind speed, m s-1
-
z
altitude, m
-
Z
h
inversion base height, m
-
Z
j
wind maximum height, m
-
Z
t
inversion top height, m
-
T
u-r
heat island intensity, °C
-
temperature lapse rate at rural site, °C m-1
-
energy dissipation rate, m2s-3
-
1
Potential temperature fluctuation, °C
-
*
scaling temperature, (=-% MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaa0aaaeaaca% WG1bWaaWbaaSqabeaacaaIXaaaaGGaaOGae8hiaaIaeqiUde3aaWba% aSqabeaacaaIXaaaaaaaaaa!3B56!\[\overline {u^1 \theta ^1 } \]/u*) °C
-
mean potential temperature fluctuation, K
-
density of air, Kgm-3
-
K
von Kármán constant (=0.4)
- u, v, w
standard deviation of wind speed in the downwind, crosswind, and vertical directions, respectively, m s-1
-
standard diviation of temperature, °C 相似文献
15.
Inland and Offshore Propagation Speeds of a Sea Breeze from Simulations and Measurements 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Klara Finkele 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1998,87(2):307-329
The inland and offshore propagation speeds of a sea breeze circulation cell are simulated using a three-dimensional hydrostatic model within a terrain-following coordinate system. The model includes a third-order semi-Lagrangian advection scheme, which compares well in a one-dimensional stand-alone test with the more complex Bott and Smolarkiewicz advection schemes. Two turbulence schemes are available: a local scheme by Louis (1979) and a modified non-local scheme based on Zhang and Anthes (1982). Both compare well with higher-order closure schemes using the Wangara data set for Day 33–34 (Clark et al., 1971).Two-dimensional cross-sections derived from airborne sea breeze measurements (Finkele et al. 1995) constitute the basis for comparison with two-dimensional numerical model results. The offshore sea breeze propagation speed is defined as the speed at which the seaward extent of the sea breeze grows offshore. On a study day, the offshore sea breeze propagation speed, from both measurements and model, is -3.4 m s-1. The measured inland propagation speed of the sea breeze decreased somewhat during the day. The model results show a fairly uniform inland propagation speed of 1.6 m s-1 which corresponds to the average measured value. The offshore sea breeze propagation speed is about twice the inland propagation speed for this particular case study, from both the model and measurements.The influence of the offshore geostrophic wind on the sea breeze evolution, offshore extent and inland penetration are investigated. For moderate offshore geostrophic winds (-5.0 m s-1), the offshore and inland propagation speeds are non-uniform. The offshore extent in moderate geostrophic wind conditions is similar to the offshore extent in light wind conditions (-2.5 m s-1). The inland extent is greater in light offshore geostrophic winds than in moderate ones. This suggests that the offshore extent of the sea breeze is less sensitive to the offshore geostrophic wind than its inland extent. However, these results hold only if it is possible to define an inland propagation speed. For stronger offshore geostrophic winds (-7.5 m s-1), the sea breeze is completely offshore and the inland propagation speed is ill-defined. 相似文献
16.
An Analysis Of Secondary Circulations And Their Effects Caused By Small-Scale Surface Inhomogeneities Using Large-Eddy Simulation 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4
A parallelized large-eddy simulation model has been used to investigate the effects of two-dimensional, discontinuous, small-scale surface heterogeneities on the turbulence structure of the convective boundary layer.Heterogeneities had a typical size of about the boundary-layer heightzi. They were produced by a surface sensible heat flux pattern ofchessboard-type and of strong amplitude as typical, e.g., for the marginalice zone. The major objectives of this study were to determinethe effects of such strong amplitude heat flux variations and to specify theinfluence of different speeds and directions of the background wind.Special emphasis has been given to investigate the secondary circulations induced by the heterogeneities by means of three-dimensional phase averages.Compared with earlier studies of continuous inhomogeneities, the same sizeddiscontinuous inhomogeneities in this study show similar but stronger effects.Significant changes compared with uniform surface heating are only observedwhen the scale of the inhomogeneities is increased to zi. Especially the vertical energy transport is much more vigorous and even the mean emperature profile shows a positive lapse rate within the whole mixed layer. However, the effects are not directly caused by the different shape of the inhomogeneities but can mainly be attributed to the large amplitude of the imposed heat flux,as it is typical for the partially ice covered sea during cold air outbreaks.The structure of the secondary flow is found to be very sensitive to the wavelength and shape of the inhomogeneities as well as to the heatflux amplitude, wind speed and wind direction. The main controlling parameter is the near-surface temperature distribution and the related horizontal pressure gradient perpendicular to the main flow direction. The secondary flow varies from a direct circulation with updraughts mainly above the centre of the heated regions to a more indirect circulation with updraughts beneath the centre and downdraughts above it. For background winds larger than 2.5 m s–1 a roll-like circulation pattern is observed.From previous findings it has often been stated that moderate backgroundwinds of 5 m s–1 eliminate all impacts of surface inhomogeneitiesthat could potentially be produced in realistic landscapes. However, this studyshows that the effects caused by increasing the wind speed stronglydepend on the wind direction relative to the orientation of theinhomogeneities. Secondary circulations remain strong, even for abackground wind of 7.5 m s–1, when the wind direction is orientatedalong one of the two diagonals of the chessboard pattern. On the otherhand, the effects of inhomogeneities are considerably reduced, even undera modest background wind of 2.5 m s–1, if the wind direction isturned by 45°. Mechanisms for the different flow regimesare discussed. 相似文献
17.
Well-developed low speed and high temperature streaks in association with the alignment of convection cells are observed in a large-eddy-simulation (LES) generated strongly sheared convective boundary-layer flow, which is driven by a geostrophic wind speed of 15 m s-1 and a surface kinematic heat flux of 0.05 K m s-1. Vortices that drive streaky structures are identified through an eigenvalue method (lambda;2method) near the surface. These vortices are highly elongated along the quasi-streamwise direction alternating sign of the x-component of vorticity (x). By conditional sampling of fully developed vortices, a statistically significant coherent structure is educed. The educed vortex is elongated to the streamwise direction with the elevation angle of about 17° above the horizontal surface. However, the horizontal tilting is not clearly demonstrated in the present simulation. Fluctuation fields in the domain of the educed vortex show the existence of a low speed and high temperature streak as a direct consequence of momentum and heat transport by vortical motions. The strong ejection(upward transport of low momentum or high temperature)occurring at the higher level than that of the strong sweep (downward transport of high momentum and low temperature) can be explained from the spatial distribution of the fluctuationfields of velocity and temperature. The contribution of ejection to the Reynolds stress at z/h1 = 0.18 is about 75%, which is slightly greater than that (70% at z/h1 = 0.173) for the neutrally stratified atmospheric boundary layer. Ejection is also found to be dominant for the turbulent heat flux. 相似文献
18.
A model is developed to simulate the potential temperature and the height of the mixed layer under advection conditions. It includes analytic expressions for the effects of mixed-layer conditions upwind of the interface between two different surfaces on the development of the mixed layer downwind from the interface. Model performance is evaluated against tethersonde data obtained on two summer days during sea breeze flow in Vancouver, Canada. It is found that the mixed-layer height and temperature over the ocean has a small but noticeable effect on the development of the mixed layer observed 10 km inland from the coast. For these two clear days, the subsidence velocity at the inversion base capping the mixed layer is estimated to be about 30 mm s–1 from late morning to late afternoon. When the effects of subsidence are included in the model, the mixed-layer height is considerably underpredicted, while the prediction for the mean potential temperature in the mixed layer is considerably improved. Good predictions for both height and temperature can be obtained when values for the heat entrainment ratio,c, 0.44 and 0.68 for these two days respectively for the period from 1000 to 1300 LAT, were used. These values are estimated using an equation including the additional effects on heat entrainment due to the mechanical mixing caused by wind shear at the top of the mixed layer and surface friction. The contribution of wind shear to entrainment was equal to, or greater than, that from buoyant convection resulting from the surface heat flux. Strong wind shear occurred near the top of the mixed layer between the lower level inland flow and the return flow aloft in the sea breeze circulation.Symbols
c
entrainment parameter for sensible heat
-
c
p
specific heat of air at constant pressure, 1010 J kg–1 K–1
-
d
1
the thickness of velocity shear at the mixed-layer top, m
-
Q
H
surface sensible heat flux, W m–2
-
u
m
mean mixed-layer wind speed, m s–1
-
u
*
friction velocity at the surface, m s–1
-
w
subsidence velocity, m s–1
-
W
subsidence warming,oC s–1
-
w
e
entrainment velocity, m s–1
-
w
*
convection velocity in the mixed layer, m s–1
-
x
downwind horizontal distance from the water-land interface, m
-
y
dummy variable forx, m
-
Z
height above the surface, m
-
Z
i
height of capping inversion, m
-
Z
m
mixed-layer depth, i.e.,Z
i–Zs, m
-
Z
s
height of the surface layer, m
-
lapse rate of potential temperature aboveZ
i, K m–1
-
potential temperature step atZ
i, K
- u
h
velocity step change at the mixed-layer top
-
m
mean mixed-layer potential temperature, K 相似文献
19.
Observation of wind shear during evening transition and an estimation of submicron aerosol concentrations in Beijing using a Doppler wind lidar 
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下载免费PDF全文 Yong Chen Junling An Xiquan Wang Yele Sun Zifa Wang Jing Duan 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》2017,31(2):350-362
The wind speed and direction measured over six months by a Doppler wind lidar (Windcube-8) were compared with wind cup anemometers mounted on the 325-m Beijing meteorological tower (BMT). Five mountain–plain wind cases characterized by wind direction shear were selected based on the high-frequency (1.1 s) wind profile of the Windcube-8 and analyzed with 1-h mesoscale surface weather charts. Also analyzed was the relationship between in-situ PM1 (aerodynamic diameter ≤ 1 μm) concentrations measured at 260 m on BMT and the carrier-to-noise ratio (CNR) of the co-located Windcube-8. The results showed that the 10-min averaged wind speed and direction were highly correlated (R = 0.96–0.99) at three matched levels (80, 140, and 200 m). The evening transition duration was 1–3 h, with an average wind speed of 1 m s–1 at 80 m above the ground. In addition, there was a zero horizontal-wind-speed zone along the wind direction shear line, and in one case, the wind speed was characterized by a Kelvin–Helmholtz gravity wave. The variability of the PM1 concentrations was captured by the CNR of the Windcube-8 in a fair weather period without the long-range transport of dust. 相似文献