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1.
拔节是冬小麦主要生育特征之一,同时也是冬小麦发育期观测比较困难的一个项目。从50年代至今一直是采用手摸、刃剖植株茎杆的方法,来观测这一发育特征,既损茎费事,又很不方便,而且手摸不易掌握,往往会产生错觉和误测,使记录失真。如何简便、准确地观测到这一特征,我积多年工作之经验,总结了以下两个方面。1、数叶片间接观测法当植株春生叶长出二叶一心,视为第一茎节露出地面的临界日期,此形态一般维持 相似文献
2.
水肥不足、弱苗、晚苗、病虫害、密度过大等,可引起玉米空秆;密度过大的地块,植株细弱,基部节间发育不良,多发生茎倒和茎折断.合理密植,合理供应水肥及因地制宜地选用良种,可减少和防止玉米空秆、倒伏. 相似文献
3.
通过分析1964—2008年万荣县麦田土壤湿度资料,发现:年平均土壤质量含水率呈0.78%/(10a)速率递减,进入21世纪水分条件较差,特别是冬小麦生育期土壤干旱严重;旬平均土壤湿度基本呈一峰一谷型分布;越冬开始前土壤湿度与越冬开始冬小麦分蘖数呈明显的反相关,春季拔节前和拔节抽穗期的土壤湿度与茎杆重呈较明显的正相关,越冬前和春季拔节前的土壤湿度与有效茎数呈明显正相关;越冬前及春季拔节前土壤湿度与全县冬小麦气象产量呈明显的正相关,扬花灌浆期土壤湿度与观测地段的气象产量呈一定的反相关。 相似文献
4.
桔枫 《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》1988,(7)
拔节是冬小麦主要生育特征之一,同时也是冬小麦发育期观测比较困难的一个项目.从50年代直今一直是采用手摸、刃剖植株茎杆的方法来观测这一发育特征,既损茎弗事,又不方便,手摸不易掌握,往往会产生错觉和误测,使记录失真.如何简便、准确地观测到这一特征,总结以下两个方面. 1.数叶片间接观测法当植株春生叶长出二叶一心,视为第一 相似文献
5.
水肥不足、弱苗、晚苗、病虫害、密度过大等，可引起玉米空忏；密度过大的地块，植株细弱，基部节间发育不良。多发生茎倒和茎折断。合理密植，合理供应水肥及因地制宜地选用良种，可减少和防止玉米空秆、倒伏。 相似文献
6.
根据湖北江夏国家农业气象观测一级站在最近几年水稻观测中实际遇到的情况以及调查发现,直播水稻已形成不推而广的迅猛发展趋势,作为农业气象观测已不可回避地会遇到直播水稻的生育进程观测问题。由于种植方式的改变,大田植株分布形式也发生了根本的变化,仅以传统的移栽水稻制定的现行《农业气象观测规范》已无法处理好直播水稻的观测问题。为此,笔者依据《农业气象观测规范》,结合实际观测经验,分析直播水稻与移栽水稻的差异以及由此引出的新问题,提出了新的观测处理方法,以供同行探讨。 相似文献
7.
近年来在牧草改良中,我县引进良种牧草——象草,栽培面积不断扩大。我们据象草多年生的特点,于1984-1985年连续进行栽培试验,探索气候条件对植株生长发育的影响。其结果如下: 一、试验概况及观测方法 试验于本局地面观测场附近的黄壤土坡 (PH6.5)进行栽培试验,用起畦开沟双行栽植法,株行距60×40公分;于1984年2月20日用种茎繁殖,按2-4节切成一段,每穴用两株种茎斜插入土2-3节,盖上8-10厘米,任其自然发芽出苗和生长发育,苗期除草松土一次。在地段内选四个观测小区,每小区连续观测10穴,共40穴,观测出 相似文献
8.
水稻植株高度(简称株高)是指水稻植株茎基部到穗尖(不包括芒长)的高度,它是表征水稻植株生态特性的重要因素之一,在生产上具有重要意义。据大量统计事实表明,任何品种对气候的适应性,最佳的栽培密度、合理的群体结构都与株高有着不可分割的联系。最适的栽培密度与株高有近乎于反比的关系。因此,育种专家们为了使栽培 相似文献
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10.
天气现象霜形成的有利条件和观测技巧 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
根据多年的地面气象观测经验和资料统计分析,对有利于形成天气现象＂霜＂的天气条件及观测环境进行综合分析,归纳总结出一些冬季观测霜的技巧。当测站受寒潮或强冷空气影响时,过程中期（云层消散1-2 d后）最易出现霜;一般情况下,干枯的草面上比生长着的草面上更易形成霜;背风处比迎风处易形成霜。观测时要重点查看背风处及低洼处的草面,尤其是干草面是否有霜形成;夜间可用手电筒照看草面,若有霜,草面上会有一些闪闪发亮的现象,再用手触摸草面,会有一种发硬的感觉。天亮后至日出前,要全面查看一遍观测场及视区内的近地物体上是否有霜,以避免日出后轻霜快速融化而漏记录霜。 相似文献
11.
The microphysical ＂three-layer＂ model for stratiform clouds over a midlatitude location in Northwest China is investigated by combining in situ airborne Particle Measuring Systems, Inc. （PMS）, radar measurements, and the NCAR/Penn State Mesoscale Model Version 5 （MM5） simulation with a two-moment microphysics scheme. The coexistence of measured supercooled liquid water and small ice particles produces snow particles below the cloud top in the second layer. Peak number concentration and mean diameter of cloud water and raindrop appear in the third warm layer. A thin dry layer just below the melting layer is also observed. The predicted precipitation is tested by equitable threat score. The melting layer is clearly defined in the radar image and model radar reflectivity output is agreement with the observations. The model results provide features of the microphysical structure for every layer of ＂three-layer＂ model at Yan＇an station. For both observation and model simulation, the ＂three-layer＂ model explains the stratiform precipitation formation completely and comprehensively. 相似文献
12.
Trends in six indices of precipitation in China for seasons during 1961-2007 were analyzed based on daily observations at 587 stations. The trends were estimated by using Sen＇s method with Mann-Kendall＇s test for quantifying the significance. The geographical patterns of trends in the seasonal indices of extremes were similar to those of total precipitation. For winter, both total and extreme precipitation increased over nearly all of China, except for a small part of northern China. Increasing trends in extreme precipitation also occurred at many stations in southwestern China for spring and the midlower reaches of the Yangtze River and southern China for summer. For autumn, precipitation decreased in eastern China, with an increasing length of maximum dry spell, implying a drying tendency for the post-rainy season. Wetting trends have prevailed in most of western China for all seasons. The well-known ＇flood in the south and drought in the north＇ trend exists in eastern China for summer, while a nearly opposite trend pattern exist for spring. 相似文献
13.
Tides and Wind-Driven Circulation in the Tropical and Southern Atlantic Ocean:The BRAZCOAST System 
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下载免费PDF全文 The Brazilian coast is characterized by dif- ferent tidal regimes and distinct meteorological influ- ences. The northern part has larger tidal amplitudes and is permanently affected by trade winds and tropical distur- bances; the southern portion has smaller tidal amplitudes and is frequently influenced by extratropical cyclone ac- tivity. Besides these aspects, many features regarding current structure and behavior are also present, such as the equatorial system of currents, the subtropical gyre and the corresponding western boundary currents, and the Bra- zil-Malvinas confluence region. Within this context, ef- forts were made to develop the BRAZCOAST system, capable of describing the processes that determine the oceanic circulation from large to coastal scales. A cus- tomized version of the Princeton Ocean Model （POM） was implemented in a basin-scale domain covering the whole of the tropical and southern Atlantic Ocean, with 0.5° spatial resolution, as well as three nested grids with （1/12）° resolution covering the different parts of the Bra- zilian shelf, in a one-way procedure. POM was modified to include tidal potential generator terms and a par- tially-clamped boundary condition for tidal elevations. The coarse grid captured large-scale features, while the nested grids detailed local circulations affected by bathymetry and coastal restrictions. An interesting aspect at the coarse grid level was the relevance of the Weddell Sea to the location of the tidal amphidromic systems. 相似文献
14.
In May 2008, ScienceWatch.com named Advances in Atmospheric Sciences a Rising Star among Geosciences journals. According to Essential Science IndicatorsSM from Thomson Reuters, the journal＇s cur-rent citation record includes 764 papers cited a total of 1,658 times between January 1, 1998 and February 29 2008. 相似文献
15.
Integration of Multi-source Measurements to Monitor Dust over North China：A Case Study 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The aerosol optical depth （AOD） data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer （MODIS） aboard Satellite Aqua, along with the altitude-resolved aerosol subtypes product from the Cloud-Aerosol LIdar with Orthogonal Polarization （CALIOP）, as well as surface PM 10 measurements, were utilized to investigate the dust activities common in springtime of northern China. Specifically, a dust storm episode that occurred over the North China Plain （NCP） during 17-21 March 2010 was identified. The PM 10 concentration at Beijing （39.8 °N, 116.47 °E） reached the peak value of 283 μgm -3 on 20 March 2010 from the background value of 15 μg m-3 measured on 17 March 2010, then dropped to 176 μgm-3 on 21 March 2010. Analysis of the CALIOP aerosol subtypes product showed that numerous large dust plumes floated over northern China, downwind of main desert source regions, and were lifted to altitudes as high as 3.5 km during this time period. The MODIS AOD data provided spatial distributions of dust load, broadly consistent with ground-level PM 10 , especially in cloud free areas. However, inconsistency between the MODIS AOD and surface PM 10 measurements under cloudy conditions did exist, further highlighting the unique capability of the CALIOP lidar. CALIOP can penetrate the cloud layer to give unambiguous and altitude-resolved dust measurements, albeit a relatively long revisit period （16 days） and narrower swath （90 m）. A back trajectory simulation using the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory （HYSPLIT） model was performed, and it was found that the sand-dust storm originated from the Gobi Desert on 18 March 2010 travelled approxi-mately 1200-1500 km day-1 eastward and passed over the NCP on 19 March 2010, in good agreement with previous findings. In addition, the multi-sensor measurements integrated with the HYSPLIT model output formed a three-dimensional view of the transport pathway for this dust episode, indicating that this episode was largely associated with the desert source regions to the northwest of the NCP. The results imply the importance of integration of multi-sensor measurements for clarifying the overall structure of dust events over northern China. 相似文献
16.
MM5 Simulations of the China Regional Climate During the LGM. Ⅱ： Influence of Change of Land Area,Vegetation, and Large-scale Circulation Background 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Using a regional climate model MM5 nested to an atmospheric global climate model CCM3, a series of simulations and sensitivity experiments have been performed to investigate the relative LGM climate response to changes of land-sea distribution, vegetation, and large-scale circulation background over China. Model results show that compared with the present climate, the fluctuations of sea-land distribution in eastern Asia during the LGM result in the temperature decrease in winter and increase in summer. It has significant impact on the temperature and precipitation in the east coastal region of China. The impact on precipitation in the east coastal region of China is the most significant one, with 25%-50% decrease in the total precipitation change during the LGM. On the other hand, the changes in sea-land distribution have less influence on the climate of inland and western part of China. During the LGM, significant changes in vegetation result in temperature alternating with winter increase and summer decrease, but differences in the annual mean temperature are minor. During the LGM, the global climate, i.e., the large-scale circulation background has changed significantly. These changes have significant influences on temperature and precipitation over China. They result in considerable temperature decreases in this area, and direct the primary patterns and characteristics of temperature changes. Results display that, northeastern China has the greatest temperature decrease, and the temperature decrease in the Tibetan Plateau is larger than in the eastern part of China located at the same latitude. Moreover, the change of large-scale circulation background also controls the pattern of precipitation change. Results also show that, most of the changes in precipitation over western and northeastern parts of China are the consequences of changing large-scale circulation background, of which 50%-75% of precipitation changes over northern and eastern China are the results of changes in large-scale circulation backgrou 相似文献
17.
Climatological patterns in wind fluctuations on time scales of 1-10 h are analyzed at a meteorological mast at the Yangmeishan wind farm, Yunnan Province, China, using a 2-yr time series of 10-min wind speed ob- servations. For analyzing the spectral properties of non- stationary wind fluctuations in mountain terrain, the Hil- bert-Huang transform （HHT） is applied to investigate climatological patterns between wind variability and sev- eral variables including time of year, time of day, wind direction, and pressure tendency. Compared with that for offshore sites, the wind variability at Yangmeishan wind farm has a more distinct diurnal cycle, but the seasonal discrepancies and the differences according to directions are not distinct, and the synoptic influences on wind vari- ability are weaker. There is enhanced variability in spring and winter compared with summer and autumn. For flow from the main direction sector, the maximum wind vari- ability is observed in spring. And the severe wind fluctua- tions are more common when the pressure tendency is rising. 相似文献
18.
The Soil Moisture and Net Primary Production Affected by CO_2 and Climate Change Using a Coupled Model 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 In this paper, a coupled model was used to estimate the responses of soil moisture and net primary production of vegetation （NPP） to increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration and climate change. The analysis uses three experiments simulated by the second-generation Earth System Model （CanESM2） of the Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis （CCCma）, which are part of the phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project （CMIP5）. The authors focus on the magnitude and evolution of responses in soil moisture and NPP using simulations modeled by CanESM, in which the individual effects of increasing CO2 concentration and climate change and their combined effect are separately accounted for. When considering only the single effect of climate change, the soil moisture and NPP have a linear trend of 0.03 kg m^-2 yr^-1 and-0.14 gC m^- 2 yr^-2, respec- tively. However, such a reduction in the global NPP results from the decrease of NPP at lower latitudes and in the Southern Hemisphere, although increased NPP has been shown in high northern latitudes. The largest negative trend is located in the Amazon basin at -1.79 gC m^-2 yr^-2. For the individual effect of increasing CO2 concentration, both soil moisture and NPP show increases, with an elevated linear trend of 0.02 kg m^-2 yr^-1 and 0.84 gC m^-2 yr^-2, respectively. Most regions show an increasing NPP, except Alaska. For the combined effect of increasing atmospheric CO2 and climate change, the increased soil moisture and NPP exhibit a linear trend of 0.04 kg m^2 yr^-1 and 0.83 gC m^2 yr^-2 at a global scale. In the Amazon basin, the higher reduction in soil moisture is illustrated by the model, with a linear trend of-0.39 kg m^-2 yr^-1, for the combined effect. Such a change in soil moisture is caused by a weakened Walker circulation simulated by this coupled model, compared with the single effect of increasing CO2 concentration （experiment M2）, and a consequence of the reduction in NPP is also shown in this area, with a linear trend of- 相似文献
19.
Results of a CLM4 Land Surface Simulation over China Using a Multisource Integrated Land Cover Dataset 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 In this study, the high-accuracy multisource integrated Chinese land cover （MICLCover） dataset was used in version 4 of the Community Land Model （CLM4） to assess how the new land cover information affected land surface simulation over China. Compared to the default land cover dataset in CLM4, the MICL data indicated lower values for bare soil （14.6% reduction）, nee- dleleaf tree （3.6%）, and broadleaf tree （1.9%）; higher values for shrub cover （1.8% increase）, grassland （9.9%）, cropland （5.0%）, glaciers （0.5%）, lakes （1.6%）, and wetland （1.1%）; and unchanged for urban areas. Two comparative CLM4 simulations were conducted for the 33-yr period from 1972 to 2004, one using the MICL dataset and the other using the default dataset. The results revealed that the MICL data produced a 0.3% lower mean annual surface albedo over China than the original data. The largest contributor to the reduced value was semiarid regions （2.1% reduction）. The MICL-data albedo value agreed more closely with observations （MODIS broad- band black-sky albedo products） over arid and semiarid regions than for the original data to some extent. The simulated average sensible heat flux over China increased by only 0.1 W m 2 owing to the reduced values in arid and semiarid regions, as opposed to increases in humid and semihumid regions, while an increased latent heat flux of I W m-2 was reflected in almost identical changes over the whole region. In addition, the mean annual runoff simulated by CLM4 using MICL data decreased by 6.8 mm yr-1, primarily due to large simulated decreases in humid regions. 相似文献
20.
The Unprecedented Freezing Disaster in January 2008 in Southern China and Its Possible Association with the Global Warming 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 The unprecedented disaster of low temperature and persistent rain, snow, and ice storms, causing widespread freezing in the Yangtze River Basin and southern China in January 2008, is not a local or regional event, but a part of the chain events of large-scale low temperature and snow storms in the same period in Asia. The severity and impacts of the southern China 2008 freezing disaster were the most significant among others. This disastrous event was characterized by three major features： （1） snowfall, freezing rain, and rainfall, the three forms of precipitation, coexisted with freezing rain being the dominant producer responsible for the disaster; （2） low temperature, rain and snow, and freezing rain exhibited extremely great intensity, with record-breaking measurements observed for eight meteorological variables based on the statistics made by China National Climate Center and the provincial meteorological services in the Yangtze River Basin and southern China; （3） the disastrous weathers persisted for an exceptionally long time period, unrecorded before in the meteorological observation history of China.
The southern China 2008 freezing disaster may be resulted from multiple different factors that superimpose on and interlink with one another at the right time and place. Among them, the La Nina situation is a climate background that provided conducive conditions for the intrusions of cold air into southern China; the persistent anomaly of the atmospheric circulation in Eurasia is the direct cause for a succession of cold air incursions into southern China; and the northward transport of warm and moist airflows from the Bay of Bengal and South China Sea finally warranted the formation of the freezing rain and snow storms and their prolonged dominance in the southern areas of China.
A preliminary discussion of a possible association of this disastrous event with the global warming is presented. This event may be viewed as a short-term regional perturbation to the global warming. There is no 相似文献
The southern China 2008 freezing disaster may be resulted from multiple different factors that superimpose on and interlink with one another at the right time and place. Among them, the La Nina situation is a climate background that provided conducive conditions for the intrusions of cold air into southern China; the persistent anomaly of the atmospheric circulation in Eurasia is the direct cause for a succession of cold air incursions into southern China; and the northward transport of warm and moist airflows from the Bay of Bengal and South China Sea finally warranted the formation of the freezing rain and snow storms and their prolonged dominance in the southern areas of China.
A preliminary discussion of a possible association of this disastrous event with the global warming is presented. This event may be viewed as a short-term regional perturbation to the global warming. There is no 相似文献