共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
In the summer of 2005, one negative lightning flash was artificially triggered in Shandong Province (117°48′ E, 37°42′N), middle latitude region of eastern China. The flash included 10 return strokes, and the geometric mean value of the current peak was 11.9 kA (the average value was 12.6 kA) with a maximum of 21.0 kA and a minimum of 6.6 kA, similar to the subsequent return strokes in natural lightning. The geometric mean value of half peak width was 39 μs (the average value was 40 μs), which was much larger than the usual result. Based on the Diendorfer and Uman (DU) model, the return-stroke current waveforms and charge distribution along the lightning channel are discussed. The simulated current waveforms, being divided into breakdown and corona current components, are in agreement with the optical measurements when the two different discharge time constants are properly chosen. 相似文献
2.
山东人工引发雷电综合观测实验及回击电流特征 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
山东人工引发雷电实验 （SHATLE) 自2005年开始, 六年来共成功引发负极性雷电22次, 包含大电流回击过程88次, 实验获取了包括雷电放电通道底部电流、近距离电磁场、 高速摄像等在内的高质量同步观测资料。对36次实测回击电流的统计分析表明, 回击峰值电流的几何平均值为12.1 kA, 最大值为41.6 kA, 最小值为4.4 kA。回击电流波形的半峰值宽度范围在1～68 μs之间, 电流10%～90%峰值的上升时间几何平均值为1.9 μs, 中和电荷量为0.86 C, 作用积分（action integral, 或称比能量) 为2.6 ×103A2?s。人工触发闪电峰值电流约16.5 kA的回击在30 m处产生的电场变化可达56.0 kV/m, 60 m处的磁场几何平均值为52 μT。一些强烈的M分量可以具有与回击相当的电流峰值和中和电荷量。人工引雷初始阶段上行正先导的发展速度约为0.96×105 m/s。 相似文献
3.
The global electrical circuit, which maintains a potential of about 280 kV between the earth and the ionosphere, is thought to be driven mainly by thunderstorms and lightning. However, very few in situ measurements of electrical current above thunderstorms have been successfully obtained. In this paper, we present dc to very low frequency electric fields and atmospheric conductivity measured in the stratosphere (30–35 km altitude) above an active thunderstorm in southeastern Brazil. From these measurements, we estimate the mean quasi-static conduction current during the storm period to be 2.5 ± 1.25 A. Additionally, we examine the transient conduction currents following a large positive cloud-to-ground (+ CG) lightning flash and typical − CG flashes. We find that the majority of the total current is attributed to the quasi-static thundercloud charge, rather than lightning, which supports the classical Wilson model for the global electrical circuit. 相似文献
4.
广东野外雷电综合观测试验十年进展 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
雷电野外科学试验是认识雷电发生、发展物理过程及其致灾机理的重要途径,也是开展真实雷电电磁环境下雷电防护技术测试的重要方式。自2006年开始,中国气象科学研究院和广东省气象局在广州野外雷电试验基地,持续合作开展了雷电野外综合观测试验,在人工触发闪电和自然闪电物理过程及其雷电防护技术测试试验等方面取得了若干研究结果。十年期间共成功触发闪电94次,回击电流峰值最大值为42 kA,平均值为16 kA;分析给出了自然闪电预击穿过程电场变化脉冲特征类型和差异;观测发现高建筑物上行连接先导可达几百米甚至超过1 km,其发展速度可达106 m/s量级,下行先导与上行连接先导的连接呈多样性;雷电防护技术测试试验表明人工触发闪电近距离电磁场耦合在架空线路上的感应电压达到千伏量级,多回击、长连续电流和地电位抬升是造成浪涌保护器(SPD)损害的主要因素;闪电定位系统探测性能的评估结果显示粤港澳闪电定位系统的闪电和回击的探测效率分别为96%和89%,定位误差算术平均值为532 m,回击电流强度的估算值约为真实值的0.63倍。 相似文献
5.
The characteristics of cloud-to-ground lightning activity in hailstorms over northern China 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The characteristics of cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning for ten hailstorms in Shandong Province of China were analyzed statistically. It is found that the hailstorms in this study present dominant positive CG flashes during periods of falling hail. One specific hailstorm on 16 June 2006 was studied in detail using the data from a CG lightning location network, Doppler radar and cloud images. Comparison between the brightness temperature of cloud-top and CG flash locations indicated that most flashes occurred in the region with temperatures lower than − 40 °C, while dense positive CG flashes occurred in the range between − 40 °C and − 50 °C. Negative CG flashes occurred mostly in the relative weak radar echo region, and positive CG flashes were distributed in the strong echo region especially with a large gradient of echo intensity. CG flashes tended to occur in the cloud region with reflectivity between 25 dBZ and 35 dBZ. Comparison between the wind field retrieved from Doppler radar and the location of CG flashes indicated that the flashes were located in the convergent region at lower to middle levels. 相似文献
6.
Intracloud (IC) and cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning flashes produce transient changes in the electric field (E) above a thundercloud which drive transient currents in the global electric circuit (GEC). Using in-cloud and above-cloud E data from balloons, ground-based E data, and Lightning Mapping Array data, the above-cloud charge transfers due to lightning transients are estimated for five IC and five CG flashes from four thunderstorms that occurred above the mountains in New Mexico, USA, in 1999. For the five CG flashes (which transferred − 4 to − 13 C to the ground), the transient currents moved + 1 to + 5 C of charge upward from cloudtop toward the ionosphere, with an average transient charge transfer of about 35% of the charge transferred to ground. For the five IC flashes (which neutralized 6 to 21 C inside the cloud), the transient currents moved − 0.7 to − 3 C upward, with an average transient charge transfer of about 12% of the lightning charge. Estimates for three thunderstorms indicate that the transient currents made only a small GEC contribution compared to the quasi-stationary Wilson currents because of the offsetting effects of IC and CG flashes in these storms. However, storms with extreme characteristics, such as high flash rates or predominance of one flash type, may make a significant GEC contribution via lightning transients. 相似文献
7.
人工触发闪电通道的发光特征 总被引：6，自引：13，他引：6
利用成像率为１０００幅／秒的高速数字化摄像系统在３８０ｍ的极近距离对人工触发闪电通道的发光特征进行了观测的研究。人工引发闪电除了采用的火箭地带接地导线的触发方式外还发展导线下端不接地的空中触发闪电的新技术。结果表明,闪电通道的发光截面基本上呈对称型。 相似文献
8.
Study of the total lightning activity in a hailstorm 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Joan Montany Serge Soula Nicolau Pineda Oscar van der Velde Pere Clapers Glria Sol Joan Bech D. Romero 《Atmospheric Research》2009,91(2-4):430-437
A thunderstorm that developed over northeastern Spain on 16 June 2006 is analyzed. This severe thunderstorm produced hailstones as large as 40 mm and had a lifetime of 3 h and 30 min. Radar cross-sections show strong vertical development with cloud echo tops reaching an altitude of 13 km. The specific characteristics of the lightning activity of this storm were: (i) a large amount (81%) of negative cloud-to-ground (−CG) flashes with very low peak currents (< 10 kA in absolute value), (ii) a very large proportion of intra-cloud (IC) flashes with an IC/CG ratio reaching about 400, (iii) a large number of “short” IC flashes (with only 1-VHF source according to SAFIR detection), (iv) a large increase of the −CG flash rate and of the CG proportion near the end of the storm. The rate of −CG flashes with a low peak current were observed to evolve similarly to the rates of IC flashes. Most of them have been assumed to be IC flashes misclassified by the Spanish Lightning Detection Network (SLDN). They have been filtered as it is usually done for misclassified +CG flashes. After this filtering, CG flash rates remained very low (< 1 min− 1) with +CG flashes sometimes dominant. All the particular lightning activity characteristics similar to those observed in the Severe Thunderstorm Electrification and Precipitation Study (STEPS) campaigns support the hypothesis that this thunderstorm could have had an inverted-polarity or complex charge structure. The maximum IC flash rate (67 min− 1) peaked 24 min before the presence of reflectivity higher than 60 dBZ. The IC activity abruptly decreased during the period when reflectivity was dramatically increasing. The time of maximum reflectivity observed by radar was consistent with the times of reported hail at the ground. 相似文献
9.
基于三维时域有限差分数值算法（3D-FDTD）建立了雷击高建筑物电磁场传播模型,研究了负地闪击中不同高度建筑物时回击垂直电场、角向磁场以及水平电场沿地表的传播规律。模拟结果表明:建筑物的高度对雷电电场峰值的影响显著,如当建筑物高度从100 m增加至600 m时,在距离d=100 m位置的垂直电场峰值减小了63%,水平电场正极性峰值的增加比例为84%、负极性峰值的绝对值增加比例高达130%;观测位置不变时,角向磁场峰值和水平电场正极性峰值均会随着建筑物高度的增加而增大;对于距离d=100 m,300 m时,垂直电场的峰值随着建筑物高度的增加而减小,而d=500 m时,垂直电场峰值随着建筑物高度的增加呈现出先增大后减小的趋势;此外,建筑物高度会影响垂直电场峰值对距离的敏感程度,建筑物越低（高）,相应的垂直电场峰值随着观测距离增大衰减越快（慢）。该文研究结果能够为现代化城市中高建筑物附近线缆、室外设备等的雷电防护方案设计提供参考。 相似文献
10.
Serge Soula Oscar van der Velde Joan Montany Torsten Neubert Olivier Chanrion Michal Ganot 《Atmospheric Research》2009,91(2-4):514-528
During the summers of 2003 to 2006 sprites were observed over thunderstorms in France by cameras on mountain tops in Southern France. The observations were part of a larger coordinated effort, the EuroSprite campaigns, with data collected simultaneously from other sources including the French radar network for precipitation structure, Meteosat with images of cloud top temperature and the Météorage network for detection of cloud-to-ground (CG) flash activity. In this paper two storms are analyzed, each producing 27 sprite events. Both storms were identified as Mesoscale Convective Systems (MCS) with a trailing stratiform configuration (ST) and reaching a maximum cloud area of ~ 120,000 km2. Most of the sprites were produced while the stratiform area was clearly developed and during periods of substantial increase of rainfall in regions with radar reflectivity between 30 and 40 dBZ. The sprite-producing periods followed a maximum in the CG lightning activity and were characterized by a low CG flash rate with a high proportion of + CG flashes, typically around 50%. All sprites were associated with + CGs except one which was observed after a − CG as detected by the Météorage network. This − CG was estimated to have − 800 C km charge moment change. The peak current of sprite-producing + CG (SP + CG) flashes was twice the average value of + CGs and close to 60 kA with little variation between the periods of sprite activity. The SP + CG flashes were further characterized by short time intervals before a subsequent CG flash (median value < 0.5 s) and with clusters of several CG flashes which suggest that SP + CG flashes often are part of multi-CG flash processes. One case of a lightning process associated with a sprite consisted of 7 CG flashes. 相似文献
11.
地面电晕离子对空中引雷始发过程的影响 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
利用已建立的“地面电晕离子的演化模式”对甘肃省平凉地区一次雷暴过程的空中电荷密度和环境电场的演化情况进行了模拟,发现地面尖端产生的电晕离子如果不被俘获便可在１ｍｉｎ左右内到达５００ｍ的高度上。对空中引雷火箭发射前的空中电场分析表明,引雷成功的关键除有足够长的导线以使导线两端的电场产生畸变外,另一个重要的条件是火箭－导线系统顶端能处于强的环境电场中以满足顶部流光的产生和持续传输。另外,低空较强的环境电场对火箭－导线系统下端下行流光的发展和空气间隙的击穿有重要的促进作用。一次空中引雷触发高度上的电场大于５０．０ｋＶ／ｍ,火箭－导线系统下行正流光持续传输的电场值为１９．０ｋＶ／ｍ,放电过程首先起始于火箭－导线系统下端正流光的产生。根据多年的实验资料,建议实际引雷试验时,以５００ｍ高度上的电场为参考来决定火箭的发射时刻,北方雷暴大于５０ｋＶ／ｍ,南方雷暴大于２５ｋＶ／ｍ。 相似文献
12.
广州高建筑物雷电观测站光电同步观测系统于2017年6月16日记录到一次峰值电流达+141 kA的单回击正地闪触发两个并发上行闪电过程。利用高速摄像、普通摄像和电场变化数据分析了触发型上行闪电的始发特征和机理。结果表明:正地闪回击后约0.8 ms内,在距正地闪接地点约3.9 km的广州塔（高600 m）和4.1 km的东塔（高530 m）分别有上行闪电始发。正地闪回击过程中和大量正电荷以及之后可能有云内负先导朝高塔方向快速伸展造成塔顶局部区域的电场发生突变是两个上行闪电激发的原因。两个上行闪电在353 ms内发生7次回击,其中6次在广州塔上,仅1次在东塔上,且广州塔回击峰值电流平均值（-21.4 kA）约为东塔回击峰值电流（-7.3 kA）的3倍,表明广州塔上行闪电通道可能比东塔上行闪电通道伸展至分布范围更广、电荷量（或电荷密度）更大的负电荷区。两个上行闪电先导的二维速率变化范围为9.4×104~1.8×106 m·s-1,平均值为6.9×105 m·s-1。 相似文献
13.
中国南北方雷暴及人工触发闪电电特性对比分析 总被引：13，自引：17，他引：13
通过对我国南北方雷暴及人工触发闪电电特性的对比分析，发现南北方雷暴及人工触发闪是电特性有很大差异。北方雷暴电荷结构呈三极性，人工触发闪电是在地面电场为正的情况下成功的。主要由连续电流和双极性电流脉冲组成，最大放电电流为１ｋＡ，中和电葆量只有几库仑；南方雷暴则为偶极性，触发闪电由连续电流和我次回击组成，电流峰值在于１０ｋＡ。触发闪电时地面电场均为负极性，其中在４ｋＶ／ｍ以上；触发高度在北方最低为２６ 相似文献
14.
Stacy A. Fleenor Christopher J. Biagi Kenneth L. Cummins E. Philip Krider Xuan-Min Shao 《Atmospheric Research》2009,91(2-4):333-352
In July 2005, a field campaign was conducted in the Central Great Plains to obtain 60-field/s video imagery of lightning in correlation with reports from the U.S. National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN) and broadband electric field waveforms from the Los Alamos Sferic Array (LASA). A total of 342 GPS time-stamped cloud-to-ground (CG) flashes were recorded in 17 different sessions, and 311 (91%) of these were correlated with reports from the NLDN. Only 6 of the 17 recording sessions were dominated by flashes that lowered negative charge to ground, and 11 were dominated by positive CG flashes. A total of 103 flashes recorded on video were correlated with at least one NLDN report of negative CG strokes, 204 video flashes were correlated with one or two positive stroke reports, and 4 had bipolar reports. In this paper, we will give distributions of the estimated peak current, Ip, as reported by the NLDN, of negative and positive first strokes that were recorded on video, the multiplicity of strokes that were recorded on video, and the number of ground contacts per flash that were resolved on video. 41 (40%) of the negative flashes produced just a single-stroke on video, and 62 (60%) showed two or more strokes. The observed multiplicity of negative flashes averaged 2.83, which becomes about 3.14 after correcting for the finite time-resolution of the video camera. 195 (96%) of the positive flashes produced just a single-stroke on video, and 9 (4%) showed two strokes; therefore, the observed multiplicity of positive flashes averaged 1.04. Five out of 9 (56%) of the positive subsequent strokes re-illuminated a previous channel, and 4 out of 9 (44%) created a new ground contact. Simultaneous video, LASA, and NLDN measurements also allowed us to examine the classification of NLDN reports during 3 single-cell storms (one negative and two positive). Based on the LASA waveforms, a total of 204 out of 376 (54%) NLDN reports of CG strokes were determined to be for cloud pulses. The misclassified negative reports had |Ip| values ranging from 3.8 kA to 29.7 kA, but only 58 (24%) of these had |Ip| > 10 kA, and only one misclassified positive report had Ip > 20 kA. Radar analyses showed that most of the negative and positive CG strokes that were recorded on video were produced within or near the convective cores of storms. The radar imagery also showed that single-cell storms tended to produce one polarity of CG flashes at a time, and that such storms could switch rapidly from negative to positive CG flashes when the reflectivity was near maximum. Multiple-cell storms produced both negative and positive flashes over a broad region, but each polarity tended to cluster near regions of high-reflectivity. 相似文献
15.
北京与兰州地区的地闪特征 总被引：10，自引：8，他引：10
利用闪电定位系统(LLS)在兰州地区和北京地区探测到的共两万多个地闪资料,对两地的正、负地闪特征进行了对比。分析发现兰州地区的正闪比例是北京地区正闪比例的5倍多。北京地区的正闪平均强度近似为负闪的3倍,而兰州地区的正闪强度只有负闪的2.2倍。无论正闪还是负闪,两地的地闪强度均是稳定的正态分布,并且与雷暴本身的特征无关,从而可用DF强度来作雷暴临近的估计。两地的正、负地闪的回击数均按指数规律下降,不过北京地区的多次回击较兰州地区的多次回击要多。两地的闪电频数都在下午后期出现峰值,但北京地区的闪电频数最大值和最小值都较兰州地区早1小时出现。 通过试验找到了地闪定向仪显示数与闪电辐射电场和放电电流的关系,扩大了地闪定向仪的利用率。 相似文献
16.
三维全闪探测已经成为了深入认识闪电物理机制和雷暴电活动规律的重要手段。中国气象局雷电野外科学试验基地(CMA_FEBLS)自主研发了低频电场探测阵列(LFEDA), 并持续开展了针对广东地区雷暴全闪电活动的综合观测试验, 在精细化三维定位算法和基于三维全闪数据的闪电放电过程研究方面取得了若干研究结果。(1) LFEDA具备雷暴电活动的无死时间捕获能力、优于百米的定位精度和一定的通道定位能力。(2)发展了基于简单脉冲特征的三维全闪定位算法, 并进一步将经验模态分解及衍生方法引入到闪电信号处理中, 提高了定位的精细化水平; 发展了融合到达时差和时间反转技术的定位方法, 提升了抗干扰能力、降低了对站网的要求。(3)实现了典型放电事件的电流波形反演, 获得了窄偶极性放电事件(NBE)、初始击穿脉冲(IBP)和爆发式脉冲簇(RBPs)的放电特征; 研究发现绝大多数闪电始发于IBP, 而作为始发的NBE则具有更大的孤立性、更大的相对幅度和更快的发展速度。(4)发现随着起始放电高度增加, 初始阶段持续时间和步长增加, 发展速度和脉冲丰度下降; 始发于强对流区时始发阶段通常有更大的速度和脉冲丰度。 相似文献
17.
为研究天津地区雷电流幅值特征,选取2008—2018年ADTD闪电定位数据,研究分析了雷电流幅值时间分布特征和累积概率分布特征。结果表明:天津地区11 a间共计发生闪电106474次,负闪占比89.26%,远高于正闪;雷电流幅值主要集中在2—100 kA,占闪电总数的97.76%,160—200 kA范围内的闪电次数较少,平均正闪电流强度明显大于负闪电流强度;雷电流强度季节特征较为显著,正闪雷电流强度呈双峰分布,负闪雷电流强度分布较为平均,春季正闪活动频繁,秋季次之,夏季负闪频发,冬季雷电活动发生较少,以正闪居多;雷电流高于25 kA时,正闪电流幅值累积概率显著高于负闪,低于25 kA时,负闪电流幅值累积概率高于正闪。负闪电流幅值的累积概率分布与总闪更为接近,与正闪分布差异显著,闪电总数电流累计概率分布主要受负闪影响。通过对比分析发现IEEE工作组(电气与电子工程师协会)推荐的累积概率分布函数更适合于天津地区,特别是雷电流幅值在25—55 kA范围内时,累积概率与推荐公式基本相同。将天津地区雷电流幅值累积概率公式尝试应用于雷电灾害风险评估中,可为精准确定雷电灾害风险评估参数P_(B)取值,精确计算雷击建筑物损失风险提供参考。 相似文献
18.
19.
一次“晴天霹雳”致死事件分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
对2017年广州从化地区一次"晴朗"天气下的闪电致死事件进行调查分析发现,这次事件是闪电首先击中一棵大树,然后击中附近人员头顶致死。根据目击者描述的时间和位置,利用闪电低频电场变化探测阵列的定位数据和广东电力等系统的雷电定位数据,结合广州番禺雷达观测资料,确定此事件是由一次含有7次回击的地闪过程的首次回击造成,其电流峰值强度为-30.9 kA。闪电起始于13.0 km高度的云内,经约600 ms云内发展过程后闪电通道从云体延伸出来,云砧区边缘（0 dBz）到回击点水平距离约300 m,降水区边缘（18 dBz）到回击点水平距离约1.8 km。使用雷击现场等效电路模型,计算旁络闪击空气击穿场强可击穿空气与人头部连接为通路,根据电路分流原理,如果雷电流击中13 m高的大树后流经到"跳点"（树干上方1/4）处后,则有13.2 kA雷电流直接闪击到受害者身上,同时还承受了78.3 kV跨步电压伤害,而距离雷击点10 m远的目击者仅承受1.3 kV跨步电压。 相似文献
20.
西藏高原闪电特性时空分布特征 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用2009年6月至2011年5月西藏高原闪电监测系统的闪电监测资料,分析了高原闪电分布的时空特征,结果表明:高原的闪电平均强度为61.89 kA,负闪占闪电总数的78.2％,平均强度55.97 kA,正闪占21.8％,平均强度83.14 kA;雨季前的闪电中主要为正闪,正闪占73％;而雨季期间的闪电中,正闪仅占闪电总数的9％;闪电频次的日变化特征呈单峰型分布,主要集中在15:00-21:00这段午后至夜间的时段内,且在17:00达到峰值,与午后至夜间这段时间为强对流发生条件较好的时段相一致,03:00至12:00左右是高原闪电低发时段;闪电的高发地区为那曲地区中东部、昌都地区西部、日喀则地区东部及山南地区,其中负闪有两个强中心,分别位于那曲地区的嘉黎县和山南地区的朗卡子县,而在南部的错那县也为正闪强中心;闪电强度表现为冬季高、夏季低,各月的闪电平均强度均在50 kA以上;拟合出高原地区的总闪、正闪和负闪的雷电流强度累积概率方程,拟合率均达0.99以上. 相似文献