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1.
《高原气象》2017,(1)
为了准确获取青藏高原理塘地区的土壤热参数,利用2006年8月27日至9月4日期间青藏高原理塘地区陆面过程试验采集的土壤温度资料,分别采用位相法、振幅法以及耦合热传导-对流法计算了0~10 cm,10~15 cm,15~20 cm三层土壤热扩散率,并用耦合热传导-对流法计算了土壤液态水通量密度。根据计算结果,以地表温度作为上边界条件,分别模拟了9月19-21日期间10 cm、15 cm和20 cm三个深度的土壤温度。对比模拟值与观测值后发现:由于考虑了土壤中液态水的动态变化,耦合热传导-对流法对各层土壤温度模拟效果最为理想,其模拟值与观测值的相关系数分别为:r10cm=0.97、r15cm=0.98、r20cm=0.99,置信度为99%。其中,对10 cm深度而言,耦合热传导-对流法模拟的土壤温度位相比实际观测值平均前移约0.21 h,土壤温度日振幅比实际值高估约0.79℃,而振幅法则平均前移约0.45 h,位相法高估土壤温度日振幅约0.96℃。 相似文献
2.
棉田土壤热通量的计算 总被引：9，自引：1，他引：8
本文在两年棉花田间试验观测的基础上,利用土壤中热传导方程模拟5cm层土壤温度的时间变化,进而推算出其它层次的土壤温度,与实测值相比,模拟均方误最大为0．14,最大温度绝对误差为0．7℃．通过对温度方程求深度上的偏导数获得土壤热通量的计算公式,计算值与实测值比较,均方误最大为0．006,效果较好。本文还通过2cm层土壤热通量与棉花冠层净辐射之间的关系,结果表明土壤热通量与冠层净辐射有着很好的相关性。 相似文献
3.
多套土壤温湿度资料在青藏高原的适用性 总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13
利用青藏高原中部和东部土壤温度和湿度观测资料,通过计算两套再分析资料(ERA-Interim和CFSR)和六套陆面模式资料(ERA/land、MERRA/land、GLDAS-NOAH、GLDAS-CLM、GLDAS-M OSAIC和GLDAS-VIC)分别与观测资料之间的平均偏差、偏差标准差、相关系数、标准差比等统计参数,结合Brunke排名法,综合评估了再分析资料和陆面模式资料中土壤温湿度数据在青藏高原的适用性。结果表明:对于土壤温度,CFSR与观测值最接近,其次是MERRA/land和GLDAS-CLM,而ERA-Interim和ERA/land与观测值相差较大;除GLDAS-CLM土壤温度比观测值偏高外,其他资料土壤温度在大部分站点比观测值偏低,其中ERA-Interim和ERA/land土壤温度比观测值偏低较多,部分站点平均偏差超过-20℃。对于非冻结期(5 10月)土壤湿度,GLDAS-CLM与观测值最接近,其次是GLDAS-NOAH或ERA-Interim;与观测值相比,CFSR、ERA-Interim和ERA/land的土壤湿度偏湿,平均偏差大部分在0.05~0.20 m3·m-3之间,而GLDAS-NOAH、GLDAS-CLM和GLDAS-M OSAIC的土壤湿度偏干。 相似文献
4.
利用水热耦合模式(Si multaneous Heat and Water,SHAW)及"全球协调加强观测计划之亚澳季风青藏高原试验(CAMP/Tibet)"中那曲地区BJ站2002年8月1日—2003年8月31日的观测资料,对青藏高原中部季节冻土区的土壤温湿特征进行了单点模拟研究。SHAW模式能较好地模拟BJ站不同深度土壤温度,模拟值与观测值的相关系数在0.97以上,平均偏差在1℃以内。随着土壤深度增加,土壤温度的模拟效果变好,100 cm以下土壤温度的观测值和模拟值基本吻合。由于净辐射和土壤热通量在冬、春季的模拟值较观测值略偏大,使得模拟的土壤温度在冬、春季也略微偏大。就模拟结果而言,60 cm以上土壤温度对降雪是比较敏感的。模拟的土壤湿度基本上能够再现土壤未冻水含量随时间的实际变化趋势,除4 cm土壤层外,其他层的模拟值与观测值差异较大。由于影响土壤湿度的因素较多及其本身具有较复杂的相态变化,陆面模式中对其进行合理的参数化仍是难点之一。 相似文献
5.
两种土壤温度算法的对比分析 总被引：8，自引：1，他引：7
为了定量理解黄土高原土壤的物理特性和过程, 为进一步提高陆面模式对该地区地表能量平衡模拟能力奠定基础, 本文利用2005年黄土高原陆面过程试验中7月22～26日期间裸土地表观测站土壤温度观测资料, 采用热传导（结合数学拟合法)、热传导－对流两种方法分别计算了该地区土壤热扩散率。本文还利用热传导－对流方法计算0.05～0.1 m浅薄土壤层的热扩散率垂直梯度与水通量密度之和, 其值介于0.80×10-6～2.43×10-6m/s之间。在此基础之上, 以0.05 m深度的土壤层为上边界, 分别利用上述两种方法模拟0.10 m深度的土壤层温度, 结果表明: 由于忽略土壤的垂直不均匀性和水分的垂直运动而只考虑热传导过程, 热传导方法不仅高估了土壤温度振幅, 而且高估了位相的延迟。而热传导－对流方法对温度振幅和位相的模拟值与实际观测值吻合较好, 白天 (北京时间08:00～20:00) 的温度模拟值相对测量值的平均误差、 标准差和归一化标准差分别为0.19 K、0.18 K和0.08%。 相似文献
6.
利用陆面过程模式CLM3.5对黄河源区若尔盖站进行了一年的数值模拟试验,通过比较土壤温度、土壤含水量的观测值与模拟值,检验了该模式在黄河源季节性冻土地区的模拟能力。结果表明,模式对土壤温度的模拟,非冻结期较好,深层土壤温度稍偏高;冻结期模拟值偏低,冻结深度偏大。对土壤含水量的模拟,在冻融期出现了较大偏差,含水量骤降(冻结)、骤增(消融)的时间均较观测提前。模式土壤热传导参数化方案中的土壤基质热导率计算偏大是造成土壤温、湿度偏差的主要原因。将Johansen土壤基质热导率方案替换了原模式参数化方案后,模拟结果有一定的改进,土壤温度暖舌、冷舌的模拟深度显著减小,冻结期土壤温度模拟偏低的现象也得到了改进,土壤含水量骤降、骤增的时间与观测更为接近。 相似文献
7.
土壤水分的垂直运动对黄土高原糜田土壤温度的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
利用2005年8月21—23日黄土高原塬区地表过程野外试验加密观测土壤温度数据,通过耦合热传导对流方法计算得到糜田0.05～0.1 m浅薄土壤层的热扩散率为2.950×10^-7～3.015×10^-7m^2.s^-1,液态水通量密度为1.738×10^-6～2.197×10^-6m^3.s^-1.m^-2。在此基础之上,利用耦合热传导对流方程和传统热传导方法对土壤温度进行模拟,结果表明：由于传统热传导方法没有考虑土壤水分的垂直运动,模拟振幅偏大0.4 K、位相后移0.140 7 rad,与观测值的协方差分别为2.99、2.14;耦合热传导对流方法模拟振幅与观测值的协方差为2.13,模拟结果较理想。 相似文献
8.
利用简单的土壤热传导方程建立模型,并结合小波变换方法,分析了2004年6月22日～8月18日金塔绿洲附近观测的戈壁土壤温度序列,重点关注地下10 cm的土壤温度变化.结果表明,在观测时段土壤温度除了有明显的日变化外,还存在周期为准4天和准两周的波动.利用滑动相关分析后发现,太阳向下短波辐射强度与土壤温度日变化能量存在显著的正相关,这与利用土壤热传导模型分析土壤日变化振幅年变化的相关研究的结论一致.太阳向下短波辐射强度与准4天周期波动实部分量在降水前后存在负相关关系.比较观测时段土壤温度准4天波动能量与同时期的天空温度,发现准4天波动可能与持续增强的云逆辐射有关.通过分析降水前后土壤温度、土壤含水量的变化,发现二者的日变化在降水后与降水前相比,振幅增大,位相前移.这一结果可以用土壤热扩散率在一定范围内随土壤含水量增大而增大得到解释.最后利用回归分析发现T10的准两周波动可能与更大范围的大气环流场异常有关. 相似文献
9.
青藏高原西部土壤热量的传输及其参数化方案 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0
青藏高原土壤热通量虽然在热源强度或热量平衡总量中所占比例不大,但它是地面热量平衡方程闭合的一个重要因子。以1997年9月至1998年12月青藏高原西部改则和狮泉河两个自动气象站(AWS)连续观测的地下2.5 cm和7.5 cm深度的土壤热通量,分析了浅层土壤热通量、土壤温度梯度和土壤热储存量的月变化和季节变化特征,并对一整年的这3个量进行了日变化的合成分析。进一步利用土壤热通量与同期不同深度土壤温度进行了拟合分析,得出了高原西部利用地温计算土壤热通量的参数化公式。 相似文献
10.
《高原气象》2015,(4)
利用2012年7-9月微气象蒸发观测实验的观测资料和陆面模式CLM4.0,对荒漠草原过渡带快速变化的陆面过程进行了单点数值模拟试验,通过比较模拟值与观测值来检验模式的模拟能力。结果表明:(1)CLM4.0模式能较好地模拟下垫面快速变化的辐射通量、湍流通量、土壤温度及土壤含水量的变化特征,但模拟值较观测值还存在一定偏差。在干旱及湿润地表状况下,CLM4.0模式模拟的反射辐射与观测值的偏差较小,而草地地表时模拟值较观测值偏高;CLM4.0模式较好地模拟了地表长波辐射的变化趋势,但是在正午和夜间偏差较大。(2)CLM4.0模式模拟的湍流通量与观测值之间的相关系数达0.85以上,但模拟值较观测值偏高。(3)CLM4.0模式模拟的土壤温度及含水量较观测值偏小,且对强降水引起的土壤含水量的变化过程的模拟性能较差。发展适用于干旱荒漠草原过渡带的土壤孔隙度参数化方案,进而通过改善土壤热导率、导水率的模拟有助于提高该类下垫面土壤温度及土壤含水量的模拟性能。 相似文献
11.
The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics. 相似文献
12.
Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms. 相似文献
13.
Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d. 相似文献
14.
Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region. 相似文献
15.
Fei LIU Chen XING Jinbao LI Bin WANG Jing CHAI Chaochao GAO Gang HUANG Jian LIU Deliang CHEN 《大气科学进展》2020,37(7):663-670
正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment. 相似文献
16.
Yuepeng PAN Mengna GU Yuexin HE Dianming WU Chunyan LIU Linlin SONG Shili TIAN Xuemei Lü Yang SUN Tao SONG Wendell W. WALTERS Xuejun LIU Nicholas A. MARTIN Qianqian ZHANG Yunting FANG Valerio FERRACCI Yuesi WANG 《大气科学进展》2020,37(9):933-938
正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on 相似文献
17.
Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter. 相似文献
18.
《大气和海洋科学快报》2013,(1):67
正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted 相似文献
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《大气和海洋科学快报》2014,(5):F0003-F0003
AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome. 相似文献