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1.
本文先略述苏联与我国过去对大气环流的研究状况,及其重要性.过去研究环流偏差的问题,常以月平均高空图及地面图对准平均图的偏差状况来讨论,如苏联坡戈香(Х.П.Погосян)也是如此**.但月平均图对该月的详细环流演变过程不能表示出来.本文设计用一种环流综合图,以求表示长时期中(月或季)高空西风带内环流演变的具体情况.采用七种符号,来表示逐日各经线上环流系统的性质及气流的运动.并把西风带分为南北两部分来处理,北带从北纬50°到65°,南带从北纬35°到50°.这样在一个月内逐日西风带环流的演变,就可以在同一张图上表示出来. 相似文献
2.
本文对北半球多年月平均500毫巴图上60°N和30°N纬圈的高度和纬圈平均的经向运动动能进行了波谱分析,探讨了前3个波幅和位相角的季节变化,以及在高低纬度之间的差异。主要结果如下:1位势场的高度主要贡献,集中在准静止长波范围内,并具有明显的季节变化。2波数为1的波在高低纬度性质有显著的不同,其分界线大约在50°-60°N之间。此外,准静止的长波愈向低纬度去逐渐有向西偏移的现象。例如,在30°N上准静止的长波比60°N上要偏西(1/4)-(1/2)波长。360°N纬圈平均的经向运动动能主要部分亦集中在准静止长波范围内。虽然峰值有明显的季节变化,但最大的极值都出现在波数n=2-4之间。30°N纬圈平均的经向运动动能谱有着明显的季节变化,大致可分成如下3个类型:(1)冬季型:纬圈平均的经向运动动能谱存在着两个极值,最大的极值稳定于准静止长波范围内(n=3附近),次极植位于移动性行星波范围内(n=5-8)。(2)夏季型:纬圈平均的经向运动动能谱只有一个极值,稳定于波数为6-7的波内。(3)过渡型:纬圈平均的经向运动动能谱分布较平坦,没有稳定的极值存在。 相似文献
3.
4.
Using the SST data series in tropical ocean(20°N-20°S,50°E-80°W)during 1951-1997 to calculate its monthly mean square deviation,the work obtains results showing that interannual SST variability of the Pacific is more significant than that of the Indian Ocean.Especially near the central and eastern equatorial Pacific(165°W-90°W,6°N-6°S）。where it ranges from 2℃ to 4℃.The interannual SST variability is obvious in November and December but small in March and April.The interannual variabiltiy of “warm pool“SST is not so obvious as that of the eastern equatorial Pacific,Howerver,interannual SST variability of the Indian Ocean ranges from 1℃to 2℃ or so,being smaller than that of the Pacific,In the Indian ocean.Interannual SST variability of the Southern Hemisphere is more obvious than that of the Northern Hemisphere,According to above characterstics of interannual SST variability,the key sectors are determined. 相似文献
5.
利用近30 a中国地面气象台站1 767站的逐月降水资料、同期NOAA的扩展重建（Extended Reconstructed SST V3b）海表温度资料和NCEP/NCAR大气再分析资料,分析了2011年夏季（6—8月）东北太平洋海温异常对西南地区极端干旱事件的影响机理。结果表明：2011年夏季西南地区降水呈现极端偏少的特征,区域平均降水距平为-270 mm,小于负两倍标准差,降水负异常极小值区域主要位于滇黔桂三地交界处。2011年夏季西南地区降水极端负异常与东北太平洋海表温度异常偶极型（NorthEast Pacific SSTA Dipole,NEPD）分布存在联系。将热带东北太平洋[90°～120°W,5°～20°N]海温负/正异常、中纬度北太平洋[150°～170°W,37°～45°N]海温正/负异常定义为NEPD负/正位相。NEPD负位相事件引起了热带中东太平洋对流层低层东风异常,并通过中纬度纬向东传波列引起远东地区位势高度正异常,减弱了西太平洋副热带高压,不利于西南暖湿气流向中国西南地区输送;同时,西南地区对流层低层辐散、高层辐合,受异常下沉气流控制。上述条件共同作用造成了2011年西南地区夏季降水极端负异常。 相似文献
6.
对杂交籼稻旱育抛载适期分析表明：３月下旬连续５ｄ平均气温〉８．６°、或４月上锡〉８．０°时,可作为该时段保温旱育秧适宜播种期的起点温度;育秧其间分阶段加强温度、水分、光照等条件调控管理是培育壮秧的重要措施;适宜抛载期以日平均气温稳定通过１６°为起点,依当年天气预报、苗情和荐口确定,正常年份平坝和丘陵川道地区杂交中籼迟熟组合为４月下旬后期至５月下旬,丘陵浅山区杂交中籼中熟组合为５月上、中旬。 相似文献
7.
利用1998—2007年上海站降水资料和NCEP逐日700 hPa再分析风场资料,通过统计分析,发现上海强降水发生日,在10～20天滤波的合成低频流场上,我国沿海30°N附近地区纬向风明显加强,浙江福建沿海地区为一致的偏南风,故定义这两个区域为影响区.通过单点相关方法,在10～20天滤波的经纬向风场上分别找到一个与影响区风速超前15～20天相关性好的关键区域:110～130°E,0°～10°N和160～140°W,45～55°N.研究表明,关键区域的10～20天低频经纬向风有明显向上海附近地区传播的趋势,并且与15～20天后上海降水有显著正相关,对上海市6—8月未来15天的降水有较好的指示作用. 相似文献
8.
使用山西省内59个测站1961-2005年月降水量、月平均气温资料和同期北半球500hPa高度、北太平洋10°S-50°N、120°E-80°W范围的海表温度等资料,首先定义了表征山西干旱程度的指数;使用三次样条函数及功率谱等统计方法分析了山西省干旱的气候特点及其前兆信号。分析结果表明,山西干旱不仅具有明显的年代际变化特征,此外还具有2年、3.5年和5.6年的显著年际变化特征。在此分析基础上对原华北多尺度组合干旱预测模型进行了改进与调整,建立了山西干旱的多尺度组合预测模型,并进行了一系列预测效果检验。2000-2005年各月、季独立样本的干旱等级预测结果表明,该预测模型对山西大部分地区的干旱具有较好的预测能力。 相似文献
9.
S. K. Satheesh K. Krishna Moorthy Y. J. Kaufman T. Takemura 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2006,91(1-4):45-62
Summary The Arabian Sea region (4° N–20° N to 50° E–78° E) has a unique weather pattern on account of the Indian monsoon and the associated
winds that reverse direction seasonally. The aerosol data, collected using ship-borne and island platforms (for 8 years from
1995 to 2002) along with MODIS (onboard TERRA satellite) data (from 2000 to 2003) have been used to evolve a comprehensive
characterisation of the spatial and temporal variation in the physical, chemical, and radiative properties of aerosols over
the Arabian Sea. The aerosol optical depth (AOD) was found to increase with latitude between the equator and 12° N. Over the
northern Arabian Sea (regions lying north of 12° N), AODs do not show significant latitudinal variations; the average aerosol
optical depth for this region was 0.29±0.12 during winter monsoon season (WMS; November to March) and 0.47±0.14 during summer
monsoon season (SMS; April/May to September). The corresponding Angstrom exponents were 0.7±0.12 and 0.3±0.08, respectively.
The low values of the exponent during SMS indicate the dominance of large aerosols (mainly dust particles >1 μm). The latitudinal
gradient in AOD in the southern Arabian Sea is larger during SMS compared to WMS.
The size distribution of aerosols shows two well-defined modes, one in the accumulation size regime and the other in the coarse
size regime. During WMS, a third mode (nucleation) also appears in the sub micron range below ∼0.1 μm. The single scattering
albedo does not show significant seasonal variations (remains within ∼0.93 to 0.98 through out the year). During WMS (SMS),
top of the atmosphere diurnally averaged aerosol forcing remains around −6.1 (−14.3)W m−2 over the northern Arabian Sea up to around 12° N and decreases southwards till it attains a value of −3.8 (−3.4)W m−2 at the equator. The surface forcing remains around −16.2(−15.2)W m−2 over the northern Arabian Sea up to 12° N and decreases southwards to a value of −5.5 (−3.5)W m−2 at the equator. Over the north Arabian Sea, instantaneous forcing (flux change) at the surface can be as high as −50 W m−2. The instantaneous forcing decreases with latitude in the southern Arabian Sea at a rate of ∼3 W m−2deg−1. 相似文献
10.
2018年5月江苏极端降水事件发生前副热带高压异常及原因分析 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
本文利用NCEP/NCAR提供的2.5°×2.5°全球再分析数据,以2018年5月江苏两次极端降水事件发生前副高异常变化为研究对象,根据全型涡度方程定量计算了凝结潜热分布不均引起的涡源对副高迅速演变的诱发作用。研究发现,120°E处500 hPa 5月第1候副高脊线多年平均位置位于16°N附近,而2018年同期120°E的脊线则位于19°N附近,呈明显偏北的状态。2018年5月第1候东亚500 hPa位势高度距平场表现出南高北低的形态,有利于我国华东地区成为暖湿空气和干冷空气的交汇区,构成了江苏5月两次极端降水过程的有利环流背景。与对流层中层环流异常对应的是,同期115°~125°E之间850 hPa上8 g·kg-1等比湿线位于28°N附近,较多年气候态偏北15°,强降水区内同期850 hPa比湿较往年偏多2~4 g·kg-1,相应距平百分率可达50%~75%。且110°~120°E之间θse的340 K等值线5月第1候多年气候态位于13°N以南,但2018年同期却偏北至25°N附近,暖湿气团北进有利于强降水的发生。副高西伸北抬前,副高主体西侧和北侧均有凝结潜热加热区存在,说明潜热加热与副高演变关系密切。垂直剖面表明600 hPa为凝结潜热加热中心,向上加热率随高度减小,因此500 hPa处潜热加热率垂直梯度为负,使得500 hPa成为负涡源所在。因凝结潜热分布不均产生的负涡源,1~2 d便可形成与副高自身十分接近的负涡度值,足以诱发副高突变,该时间尺度与副高真实演变时间相符。负涡源中与凝结潜热垂直分布不均相关的部分起主要作用,而与凝结潜热水平分布不均相关的部分同时期产生的负涡度最多仅为前者的1/3左右,对副高突然西伸的作用较小。与凝结潜热相关的负涡源作为引发西太平洋副高异变的可能原因,其与副高的关系仍需进一步研究。 相似文献
11.
关于确定东亚夏季风强度指数的探讨 总被引：8，自引：2，他引：8
文中利用作者曾定义的东亚夏季风在中国东北地区 (12 2 .5°E ,4 0°N)的建立标准 ,根据相同的方法 ,分别计算了沿 112 .5 ,117.5 ,和 12 2 .5°E上 ,2 0°N及以北每隔 5个纬度东亚夏季风建立、持续和撤退时间 (候 ) ,将某年持续和多年平均持续候数相比的标准化值 ,定义为一种沿某一经圈上某一纬度的东亚夏季风强度指数ISMΦ,还分析了该指数与中国夏季降水量场和 5 0 0hPa高度场的相关。结果表明 :(1)沿 117.5°E经度上 ,东亚夏季风在 2 0 ,2 5 ,30 ,35 ,和 4 0°N建立的平均日期分别为 2 7.2 6 ,2 8.5 4 ,34.4 3,37.12和 37.6 5 (候 ) ,撤退平均日期分别为 5 4 .4 4 ,5 3.6 9,5 1.85 ,4 8和 4 6 .76 (候 ) ,其中 117.5°E ,2 0°N代表南海的中北部 ,文中确定的该区夏季风建立、撤退日期分别为 2 7.2 6 (候 )和 5 4 .4 4 (候 ) ,与国内学者公认的 5月 4候 (2 8候 )和 10月 1候 (5 5候 )相当吻合 ;(2 )沿 112 .5°E、117.5°E和12 2 .5°E的同一纬度上 ,东亚夏季风建立的平均日期并不相同 ,西边先于东边建立 ,每隔 5个经度 ,相差约 1～ 2候 ,而撤退的平均日期 (30°N及以北 )分布则相反 ,东边先撤退 ;(3)沿 117.5°E ,30°N和 35°N的ISMΦ和沿 12 2 .5°E ,4 0°N的ISMΦ均与中国华北和东北地区大部 7～ 相似文献
12.
近五年东亚夏季自然天气季节的划分及夏季特征的初步探讨 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：6
本文根据1951—1955年五年高空和地面的资料,对夏季过程进行了分析,得到下面几点结果: 1.在东亚地区的四个主要经度带上以65°,120°和140°经度带的500毫巴强西风中心的位置和强度变化,对东亚自然天气季节的划分是最良好的指标。东经65°经度带上南边低纬度强西风的消失是梅雨期开始前的征兆。东经140°经度带上强西风在北纬40°以南消失时是夏季开始的征兆。和它相关联的过程是东亚高空大槽的消失和太平洋副热带高压带北移至30°—40°纬度带间,这个期间平均是在7月13日左右,也是江南梅雨结束的时候。故梅雨是夏季以前的盛行过程,它和500毫巴强西风区或锋区是有密切的联系的。 2.东经140°经度带上500毫巴强西风在北纬30°—40°重现时,是夏季结束秋季开始的征兆,和它相关连的天气过程是在该经度带上高空大槽重新建立,地面大陆冷高压从新地岛东部向东南下达华北地区。这个时间平均是在9月5日左右。故东亚夏季的长度平均仅55日。 3.从500毫巴强西风在各经度带上出现的情况来看,一般是西部比东部消失得早,出现得迟,不如冬季那样先在上游首先建立,在春夏之交这种相反的演变,似非地形的分支可以解释的。 4.在夏季自然天气季节所出现的盛行天气过程主要是表现在太平洋副热带高压随上游气压场的不同,及其和 相似文献
13.
东亚地区几种气象标量场的大尺度统计结构特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文的目的,在于对东亚地区几种气象标量场的大尺度统计结构特征提供观测事实和描述。文中利用我国二十六个站1958—1960三年的探空资料,计算了500毫巴高度场、700毫巴温度场、露点场以及温度露点差场的方差、协方差、相关函数和结构函数。发现在我国高度场和温度场的协方差函数与二维各向同性假设相差甚远。湿度场的协方差函数在长江下游江淮地区以及夏半年在华北地区近似于各向同性。高度场和温度场的相关函数在35°N以北能较好地满足各向同性假定;在35°N以南,随着纬度的降低各向异性越来越明显;在长江以南相关函数的等值线系统呈椭圆形,长轴的方向和副热带急流的走向相一致。湿度场相关函数等值线系统的水平尺度比温压场的小得多,各向同性假定的适用距离也小得多,但随纬度没有明显变化。最后我们对相关函数和结构函数的观测数据用适当的数学表达式进行了拟合,用列表的形式给出了各种拟合参数。 相似文献
14.
关於海陆分布对大气环流的影响,有两派意见.一派著重於热力的影响,另一派则着重於动力的影响.对海洋而言,在冬季大陆可以看作冷源,在夏季则好似一热源.由於海洋上与大陆上受热不同的结果,冬季在西伯利亚可长期维持着一强大高压.关於冬夏季风的产生,一般也都认为是由於海陆受热不同的效果. 相似文献
15.
B. Alijani 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2002,72(1-2):41-54
Summary In order to explore the spatial and temporal variations of 500 hPa flow patterns and their relationship with the climate
of Iran, monthly mean geopotential heights for the region 0° E to 70° E and 20° N to 50° N, at 5 degree resolution, were analysed.
The study period covered the winter months October to March during the period 1961–90. The monthly height of the 500 hPa level
was averaged along each meridian from 25° N to 45° N. The height of the mean monthly pressure pattern was mapped against the
study years. The results showed that the characteristics of the 500 hPa flow pattern varied over monthly and annual time scales.
Principal Component Analysis, with S-mode and Varimax rotation, was also used to reduce the gridded data to 5 (6 in October)
significant factors. The factor scores for each month were then correlated with monthly Z-scores of precipitation and temperature
anomalies over Iran. The results showed that troughs and ridges located close to Iran had more influence on the climate of
Iran. Two troughs were identified and named the Caspian and Syrian troughs.
Received April 12, 2001 Revised July 24, 2001 相似文献
16.
C. V. Singh 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2006,84(4):207-211
Summary In this study, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) has been used to identify the major modes of the outgoing long-wave radiation
data for the period (1979–2002) during the Indian monsoon period (June–September), using seasonal mean values over the Indian
region covering 143 grid points (5° N–35° N and 70° E–95° E at 2.5° Longitude–Latitude intervals. The five principal components
explain up to 98.0% of the total variance. The first principal component explains 60% of the total variance with a pronounced
variation in the outgoing long-wave radiation over the region 10° N to 25° N. It appears that the major reason for the monsoon
variability is the intensity and associated fluctuations in the two major semi-permanent seasonal systems. This is largely
indicative of strong seasonal shift of the major area of cloudiness associated with convergence zone. The second principal
component explaining 20% of the total variance exhibits higher positive component loadings along 25° N and east of 80° E.
The possible reason for this could be the synoptic systems such as monsoon depression/lows over the north bay and trough/vortices
off the west-coast in the Arabian sea. 相似文献
17.
Summary Anomalously wet and dry months in the Mediterranean basin were identified during the period 1860–1990 from observations at
five stations located along the west-east axis of the Mediterranean basin (Barcelona, Florence, Malta, Athens and Jerusalem),
supplemented by data from Madrid and Lisbon. Wet and dry months were characterized by hydric indices (HI) based on values
of the standardized precipitation anomalies. Different patterns of anomalously wet and dry months were qualitatively identified
on the basis of the spatial distributions of the hydric indices. The standardized sea level pressure values at 56 grid points
in the domain 35° N–65° N, 30° W–40° E, for each of the anomalously wet and dry months, were subjected to T-mode Principal
Component Analysis.
The mean hydric indices associated with each principal component in each season are arranged in four distinct different spatial
distributions for wet months and in three for dry months as following: (a) Mediterranean wide distribution of positive/negative
anomalies; (b1) Strong positive anomalies to the west, but weaker to eastern Mediterranean; (b2) Strong negative anomalies
to the west, but weaker or normal to the east; (c1) Strong positive anomalies to the west and to the east and weaker ones
to the central Mediterranean; (c2) Negative anomalies to the west and east, but weaker, or normal, or positive to the central
Mediterranean; (d) Relatively strong positive anomalies to the east and weaker ones to the western Mediterranean.
Finally, monthly mean charts of standardized anomaly and mean sea level pressure are presented for each principalcomponent
in each season. These charts are used to interpret the spatial distribution of the positive and negative precipitation anomalies
in terms of mean circulation over the domain.
Received December 10, 1998 Revised June 14, 1999 相似文献
18.
应用欧洲中期预报中心的FGGEⅢ-b个客观分析资料计算了1979年7月热带大气的动能平衡。热带环流系统的动能主要集中在定常涡旋部分。对流层下层,105°E和150°E为两半球间瞬变涡旋的通道。对流层上层,瞬变涡旋的通道和洋中槽相联系,位于150°E和30°W附近。 索马里急流是对流层下层制造动能的主要环流系统。对流层上层,南亚东风急流入口区制造动能,出口区破坏动能,其动能收支与中纬度西风急流相似。 非洲-阿拉伯海季风区和孟加拉湾—南海季风区的动能平衡很不相同。动能的垂直输送可能在季风环流中很重要。 相似文献
19.
Raphael E. Okoola 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2000,73(3-4):177-187
Summary Climatological statistics of extreme temperature events over Kenya are established from the analysis of daily and monthly
maximum temperatures for a representative station (Nairobi Dagoretti Corner) over the period 1956–1997.
The months of June to August were shown to be the coldest with a mean monthly maximum temperature of less than 22 °C. Seasonal
(June to August) mean maximum temperature was 21.5 °C. Using this seasonal mean temperature for the period 1967–1997 delineated
1968 as the coldest year in this series and 1983 as the warmest year.
Spectral analysis of the seasonal data, for both the coldest and the warmest years, revealed that the major periods were the
quasi-biweekly (10 days) and the Intraseasonal Oscillations (23 days). Secondary peaks occurred at periods of 4–6 and 2.5–3.5
days.
A temperature threshold of 16.7 °C during July was used to define cold air outbreaks over Nairobi. This threshold temperature
of 16.7 °C was obtained from the mean July maximum temperature (20.9 °C) minus two standard deviations. Notable trends include
a decrease in the frequency of station-days, between 1956 and 1997, with temperatures less than 16.7 °C during July.
Surface pressure patterns indicate that the origin of the cold air is near latitude 25° S and to the east of mainland South
Africa. The cold air near 25° S is advected northwards ahead of the surface pressure ridge.
Received July 19, 1999 Revised January 11, 2000 相似文献