共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 156 毫秒
1.
利用开鲁气象站1954—2011年逐日降水量数据,分析了近58a降水量和降水日数的年、季变化趋势和气候倾向率以及4—10月不同等级降水日数和降水量的比例。结果表明:(1)开鲁58a平均年降水量为332.5mm,年平均降水日数64d,占全年总日数的17.5%,日降水量强度仅5.2mm;(2)年降水量与降水日数呈显著的正相关关系,降水日数多,降水量则多;(3)近58a年降水日数和降水量均呈显著的减少变化趋势,降水日数减少1.8d/10a,降水量减少13.2mm/10a;特别是1999—2011年日降水强度明显减小,年平均降水量仅277.5mm,比前45a平均减少了2成,春夏季干旱突出;(4)降水量和降水日数季节分配不均,夏季降水量占全年的70.3%,雨季集中,旱季明显;(5)作物生长季(4—10月)降水量级少,有效降水日数少,因此,发生干旱的概率高,特别是季节连旱,不利于作物的生长发育,严重制约着农牧业生产的发展。 相似文献
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利用河西张掖试验站2005年11月—2006年10月的陆面过程观测资料,研究了河西中部干旱区土壤温度、土壤湿度、降水量、地表反照率、地表辐射分量和土壤热通量等物理量的年变化和日变化特征及其影响机制,分析了土壤湿度与降水量的相关关系、地表反照率与降水量及土壤湿度的相关关系。结果表明:干旱荒漠地区土壤温度对太阳加热的响应比较迅速,而且年较差和日较差也比较大。地表层土壤主要受蒸发和降水的影响,土壤湿度变化响应得较快,而深层土壤湿度基本不受地表影响,在冬季土壤湿度变化对降水的响应要滞后1~2个月。降水量与5 cm土壤湿度的相关最好,与深层50cm的土壤湿度相关最差。地表反照率的起伏变化与降水过程对应的比较好,反照率的谷值正好对应降水过程比较集中的时段。地表反照率随土壤湿度的增大是减小的,两者的相关系数达到了0.7346。干旱荒漠区辐射分量年变化幅度普遍比较大,年平均日变化特征表现为非常典型而平滑的日循环形态。土壤冬季向大气输出热量而夏季转变为大气向土壤输入热量,且输入的热量要大于输出。随着季节变化,土壤热通量的日最大值冬季出现最晚、夏季最早,与20 cm土壤温度的变化趋势基本一致。 相似文献
3.
利用吉林省西部10个自动土壤水分观测站数据与人工取土烘干法实测土壤湿度数据,制作吉林省西部土壤墒情监测及干旱预报模型.结果表明:不同气候背景下在作物不同生育期、土壤不同深度、不同初始湿度下的土壤湿度的变化趋势大致相同,但在相同的无降水日数或降水量时,不同台站不同深度的土壤湿度变化率却有一定的差异.各站农田土壤初始湿度越大,无降水时初期墒情下降速率越明显;而土壤湿度初始值越低,则失墒速率越慢.土壤不同深度均是开始时间失墒较快,后期变化逐渐趋于减弱状态.土壤深度越深则水分变化速率越缓,降水量越大,0～50 cm土壤湿度变化曲线整体越接近一致,直到从上而下几层土壤湿度全部达到饱和.通过对2017—2019年吉林省西部玉米农田土壤湿度预报结果和实测值进行对比检验,基于自动土壤水分观测数据的吉林省西部干旱模型预报的准确率超过80％. 相似文献
4.
青藏高原土壤湿度分布特征及其对长江中下游6、7月降水的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《高原气象》2017,(3)
采用美国气候预测中心1961—2014年逐月土壤湿度资料以及国家气象信息中心降水格点数据,分析了青藏高原土壤湿度的时空分布特征,以及高原春季土壤湿度对长江中下游6、7月降水的影响。结果表明:青藏高原年和不同季节的土壤湿度空间分布特征基本一致,均呈现从东南向西北减少的趋势。区域平均的土壤湿度显示出高原土壤春季最为干燥,秋季和夏季较为湿润的分布特征;近50年来青藏高原大部的年、季节土壤湿度均呈缓慢增加趋势,年、季土壤湿度从20世纪60年代至90年代基本上呈减少趋势,21世纪00年代开始则呈缓慢增加趋势。青藏高原春季土壤湿度与长江中下游降水量基本呈负相关关系。通过信度检验的负相关区在6月位于高原东北部和西南部,7月位于高原南部,且高原西北部分区域春季土壤湿度与7月降水量存在显著正相关。高原春季土壤湿度通过对高原地表温度的作用,进而影响到高原热力特征、大气环流以及长江中下游降水的分布特征。 相似文献
5.
小麦生育关键期对降水的需求 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
利用驻马店市1981-2007年的气象观测资料、冬小麦生长季内墒情观测资料和作物观测资料,分析了驻马店市冬小麦在不同生育期和不同土壤湿度条件下所需降水量,结果表明:播种期内,土壤重量含水率＞16%(＜6%)时,10月降水量＞15 mm(＞45 mm)即可保证小麦顺利播种和一播全苗;10月土壤重量含水率＞17%(＜10%)时,11月降水量＞10 mm(＞45 mm),可满足越冬需要;正常年份不必浇灌返青水,2月上旬降水量＜5 mm,需浇返青水;拔节-孕穗期,土壤重量含水率13%-15%(＜13%)时,3月下旬至4月上旬降水量＞45 mm(＞70 mm),可保证小麦孕穗需要;开花灌浆期,土壤重量含水率以15%-20%为宜,降水不宜＞25 mm. 相似文献
6.
高寒草原不同量级降水对干旱解除的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
基于2017年3月1日至10月31日逐日每10 min降水量和土壤体积含水率试验数据,分析不同降水量级不同处理对土壤体积含水率的影响,结果表明:(1)小雨仅能提高0～10 cm土壤墒情,且在遮挡率超过30%时,效果明显减弱,同时地表植被覆盖能在一定程度上提高降水利用率。(2)在土壤底墒较差条件下,中雨能改善对照区、遮挡率20%和30%处理下0～10 cm土壤体积含水率;在土壤底墒较好条件下,中雨能有效补充对照区、遮挡率20%、30%和40%处理下0～30 cm土壤水分。(3)大雨条件下,在对照区、遮挡率20%、30%、40%和60%处理下,0～20 cm土壤体积含水率均有明显增加,在20～30 cm土壤层对照区、遮挡率20%、30%、40%处理下增加亦比较明显,大雨能完全解除0～30 cm土壤干旱。(4)短时强降水对土壤水分的补偿十分有限。暴雨对提高0～20 cm土壤体积含水率非常明显,但对提高20～30 cm土壤水分含量不及大雨效果明显。(5)在对照区,0～10 cm、10～20 cm和20～30 cm土层有效降水量阈值分别为2. 5、7. 0和10. 0 mm。(6)特旱、重旱、中旱和轻旱条件下,0～10 cm土层干旱解除所需的最小降水量分别为21. 5、11. 7、5. 0、1. 4 mm,10～20 cm土层所需的最小降水量分别为32. 9、18. 6、8. 6、2. 7 mm。 相似文献
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8.
选取汉中市2018-07-01和2019-08-09两次暴雨过程中新一代天气雷达数据产品的组合反射率因子和自动雨量计逐小时降水资料,建立随时空变化的动态Z-R关系,获得雷达估算降水场,分析其空间分布特征,并对不同等级降水的估算能力进行了分析。结果表明：（1）动态Z-R关系定量降水估算在两次暴雨中表现良好,能很好地反映地面降水的分布特征,对于30 mm/h以下量级降水,实测降水量和估算降水量的面积和落区均表现一致,其中20～30 mm/h短时强降水估算面积最准确,但对于30 mm/h以上量级降水,估算面积减小,值偏弱,无法反映出降水最大值落区。（2）随着降水量级增大,估算的绝对误差也同步增大。具体表现为小雨量级有明显的高估,中雨及中雨以上量级则有不同程度的低估。从相对误差来看,大雨和暴雨量级的降水估算精度高,估算值能反映真实值。 相似文献
9.
《陕西气象》2020,(5)
选取汉中市2018-07-01和2019-08-09两次暴雨过程中新一代天气雷达数据产品的组合反射率因子和自动雨量计逐小时降水资料,建立随时空变化的动态Z-R关系,获得雷达估算降水场,分析其空间分布特征,并对不同等级降水的估算能力进行了分析。结果表明:(1)动态Z-R关系定量降水估算在两次暴雨中表现良好,能很好地反映地面降水的分布特征,对于30 mm/h以下量级降水,实测降水量和估算降水量的面积和落区均表现一致,其中20～30 mm/h短时强降水估算面积最准确,但对于30 mm/h以上量级降水,估算面积减小,值偏弱,无法反映出降水最大值落区。(2)随着降水量级增大,估算的绝对误差也同步增大。具体表现为小雨量级有明显的高估,中雨及中雨以上量级则有不同程度的低估。从相对误差来看,大雨和暴雨量级的降水估算精度高,估算值能反映真实值。 相似文献
10.
《干旱气象》2016,(6)
利用内蒙古锡林浩特气象站2013—2015年生长季自动土壤水分逐时观测数据及逐日降水量数据,分析北方典型草原降雨过程前后各层土壤水分的变化特征。结果表明,随着雨量的增加,各层土壤水分变化规律不同。0—10 cm、10—20 cm土层土壤水分增量与降雨量之间存在二项式回归关系,要使这两层土壤水分稳定增加,至少分别需要约10.0 mm、17.0 mm的降雨量;25.5 mm的降雨过程才能引起20—30 cm土层土壤水分的稳定增加;29.0 mm以上的降雨过程能使30—40 cm土层的土壤水分稳定增加;极端降水过程(70.2 mm)能引起40 cm以下土层土壤水分的稳定增加。对5.0 mm以上降水过程的统计分析表明,随着土层的加深,各层平均土壤水分增量呈减少趋势,60 cm以下土层土壤水分受天然降水的影响较小。 相似文献
11.
基于2008~2019年青海地质灾害的灾情记录和CLDAS融合数据,分析青海高原滑坡、泥石流和崩塌等气象地质灾害的时空分布,研究诱发气象地质灾害的降水量和土壤湿度变化特征,确定了灾害预警条件。结果表明:近12a青海高原气象地质灾害共发生了23次,灾害易发区在西宁市、海南州、黄南州和玉树州,7月是气象地质灾害发生次数最多的月份。有效降水量和土壤湿度是气象地质灾害的重要影响因子,灾害预警条件为:当天及前一天有效降水量之和达到10mm或持续有效降水量达到18mm,并同时满足0~10cm和10~40cm的土壤体积含水量差值≤0.03mm3/mm3或其中一个深度的土壤体积含水量≥0.27mm3/mm3。 相似文献
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13.
利用1960～2007年古田水库的雨量资料和入库流量资料,采用非随机化试验方案,根据水库流域面雨量、入库流量和径流系数的变化开展蓄水型人工增雨效果检验。结果表明,在水库流域开展科学的蓄水型人工增雨,使1350km2水库流域面雨量增加18.87%,绝对增加22.4mm,总降水量增加3024万m3,径流系数提高9.31%,入库流量增加29.95%,绝对增加5.17m3/s,总入库流量增加1359.395万m3。改善了水库流域生态环境,提高了地表土壤的湿润度,使径流系数增大,使得入库流量相对增值比水库流域面雨量相对增值大。蓄水型人工增雨的经济效益大于"抗旱型"人工增雨。 相似文献
14.
Shouraseni Sen Roy Rezaul Mahmood Arturo I. Quintanar Astrid Gonzalez 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2011,104(1-2):193-207
There is a lack of observed data-based studies examining the role of enhanced soil moisture conditions (due to irrigation) on the prevailing precipitation. Therefore, in the present study, we have examined the impacts of the Green Revolution (GR) related expansion of irrigation and changes in dry season (the rabi (November to May) and the zaid (March to June)) precipitation in India. The results for some regions indicated decreasing and increasing trend in precipitation during the pre- and post-GR periods, respectively. For example, in eastern Madhya Pradesh, the pre- and post-GR precipitation trends for the zaid season were ?0.45 and 2.40?mm?year?1, respectively. On the other hand, some regions reported lower rate of decline in precipitation during the post-GR period. This paper suggests that both positive and lower declining trend during the post-GR period were linked to increased precipitation due to the introduction of irrigation. The study has found up to 69?mm (121%) increase in total amount of precipitation for growing seasons during the post-GR period. Moreover, a 175% increase in average precipitation was also recorded. All irrigated regions show a notable increase in precipitation during post-GR growing seasons. It was found that differences in growing season average precipitation between the pre- and post-GR periods were statistically significant for most of the regions. For further verification of results, the MM5 and Noah land surface model were applied. These applications show changes in precipitation and various precipitation controlling factors due to changes in soil moisture. 相似文献
15.
Interactions between soil moisture, evapotranspiration (ET), atmospheric moisture fluxes and precipitation are complex. It is difficult to attribute the variations of one variable to another. In this study, we investigate the influence of atmospheric moisture fluxes and land surface soil moisture on local precipitation, with a focus on the southern United States (U.S.), a region with a strong humidity gradient and intense moisture fluxes. Experiments with the Weather Research and Forecasting model show that the variation of moisture flux convergence (MFC) is more important than that of soil moisture for precipitation variation over the southern U.S. Further analyses decompose the precipitation change into several contributing factors and show that MFC affects precipitation both directly through changing moisture inflow (wet areas) and indirectly by changing the precipitation efficiency (transitional zones). Soil moisture affects precipitation mainly by changing the precipitation efficiency, and secondly through direct surface ET contribution. The greatest soil moisture effects are over transitional zones. MFC is more important for the probability of heavier rainfall; soil moisture has much weaker impact on rainfall probability and its roles are similar for the probability of intermediate-to-heavy rainfall (>10 mm day?1). Although MFC is more important than soil moisture for precipitation over most regions, the impact of soil moisture could be large over certain transitional regions. At the submonthly time scale, the African Sahel appears to be the only major region where soil moisture has a greater impact than MFC on precipitation. This study provides guidance to understanding and further investigation of the roles of local land surface processes and large-scale circulations on precipitation. 相似文献
16.
利用四川省雅安市1951~2008年逐日降水资料和1969~2000年逐小时降水资料,统计分析了青藏高原东侧雅安地区4个典型旱年和4个典型涝年的降水量、降水频率的多时间尺度变化特征。结果表明,雅安旱年的平均年降水量为1242.9mm,涝年的平均年降水量比旱年多1010mm。旱年汛期降水量占旱年降水总量的70.4%,涝年汛期降水量超出旱年一倍,且占涝年降水总量的81.1%。旱、涝年降水量的季节变化明显,且涝年的季节差异更加显著;雨强与降水量的季节变化相似,夏季达到最大,且旱、涝年年雨强和汛期雨强的差异很明显;旱、涝年之间的雨日差异要小的多,季节差异也不突出。旱、涝年降水量和雨日的最大值、最小值出现月份不同,旱年降水量7月最多、1月最少,而涝年降水量8月最多、12月最少。另外,旱、涝年白天、夜间的月降水量和月雨日最大值出现时间不同,并且不同降水强度,旱、涝年降水量和雨日的逐月变化也有较大差异;旱、涝年降水日变化与夜雨特征都突出,但夜间降水量和频次远远大于白天。旱、涝年降水量和频次的最大值、最小值出现时间有差异,旱年最大小时降水量在01时,最小在14时。涝年夜间小时降水量为双峰结构,最大小时降水量在23时,另一最大值在03时,最小在16时。旱年和涝年最大小时降水频次均出现在00时,最小分别出现在14时和15时。并且,降水量和频次从谷值到峰值的增加速率超过了从峰值到谷值的衰减速率;进一步分析发现,随着降水强度的增加,其夜间降水量越容易出现多峰值的波动,且旱、涝年夜间降水量和频次的差值也越明显。其中,旱年中雨和大雨降水量和频次高于涝年,但涝年暴雨降水量和频次远高于旱年。 相似文献
17.
Trends and scales of observed soil moisture variations in China 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
A new soil moisture dataset from direct gravimetric measurements within the top 50-cm soil layers at 178 soil moisture stations in China covering the period 1981-1998 are used to study the long-term and seasonal trends of soil moisture variations, as well as estimate the temporal and spatial scales of soil moisture for different soil layers. Additional datasets of precipitation and temperature difference between land surface and air (TDSA) are analyzed to gain further insight into the changes of soil moisture. There are increasing trends for the top 10 cm, but decreasing trends for the top 50 cm of soil layers in most regions. Trends in precipitation appear to dominantly influence trends in soil moisture in both cases. Seasonal variation of soil moisture is mainly controlled by precipitation and evaporation, and in some regions can be affected by snow cover in winter. Timescales of soil moisture variation are roughly 1-3 months and increase with soil depth. Further influences of TDSA and precipitation on soil moisture in surface layers, rather than in deeper layers, cause this phenomenon. Seasonal variations of temporal scales for soil moisture are region-dependent and consistent in both layer depths. Spatial scales of soil moisture range from 200-600 km, with topography also having an affect on these. Spatial scales of soil moisture in plains are larger than in mountainous areas. In the former, the spatial scale of soil moisture follows the spatial patterns of precipitation and evaporation, whereas in the latter, the spatial scale is controlled by topography. 相似文献
18.
This study provides a detailed analysis of the mid-Holocene to present-day precipitation change in the Asian monsoon region. We compare for the first time results of high resolution climate model simulations with a standardised set of mid-Holocene moisture reconstructions. Changes in the simulated summer monsoon characteristics (onset, withdrawal, length and associated rainfall) and the mechanisms causing the Holocene precipitation changes are investigated. According to the model, most parts of the Indian subcontinent received more precipitation (up to 5 mm/day) at mid-Holocene than at present-day. This is related to a stronger Indian summer monsoon accompanied by an intensified vertically integrated moisture flux convergence. The East Asian monsoon region exhibits local inhomogeneities in the simulated annual precipitation signal. The sign of this signal depends on the balance of decreased pre-monsoon and increased monsoon precipitation at mid-Holocene compared to present-day. Hence, rainfall changes in the East Asian monsoon domain are not solely associated with modifications in the summer monsoon circulation but also depend on changes in the mid-latitudinal westerly wind system that dominates the circulation during the pre-monsoon season. The proxy-based climate reconstructions confirm the regional dissimilarities in the annual precipitation signal and agree well with the model results. Our results highlight the importance of including the pre-monsoon season in climate studies of the Asian monsoon system and point out the complex response of this system to the Holocene insolation forcing. The comparison with a coarse climate model simulation reveals that this complex response can only be resolved in high resolution simulations. 相似文献
19.
Changhai Liu Jimy Dudhia Mitchell W. Moncrieff 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2010,107(1-2):9-15
This paper presents a case study of the impact of land surface treatment on warm season precipitation simulations at convection-permitting grid resolution. Two surface schemes are tested: Dudhia’s five-layer soil model (FLSM) and the Noah land-surface model (NLSM). The experimentation case involves a 1-week episode of active summertime convection over the central United States. The overall precipitation features, such as the diurnal regeneration of zonally propagating rainfall episodes and the spatial distribution of accumulative rainfall, are adequately replicated by the two parameterizations. In comparison, NLSM produces roughly 12% more and broader rainfall than FLSM. This differential rainfall amount is consistent with the differential surface moisture fluxes between the two schemes, whereas the precipitation feedback plays a negligible role. It is also found that FLSM generates comparatively stronger sensible heat transports from the land surface and thus a warmer temperature near the surface. 相似文献