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一次超级单体分裂过程的雷达回波特征分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
2007年7月9日16—20时（北京时）在河北南部非常罕见地观测到了多个超级单体风暴在相近地点连续生成及分裂的过程。利用石家庄新乐SA型多普勒天气雷达资料、地面自动站及常规天气资料,对超级单体分裂过程及环境条件做了分析。表明这次的多个超级单体风暴是在强的对流有效位能和垂直风切变的环境条件下发生的。由于垂直风切变矢量方向随高度逆时针旋转,因此,分裂后左移的反气旋风暴得到加强,发展成为具有深厚中反气旋的左移超级单体风暴,而右移的气旋性风暴受到抑制,与理论研究结果一致。但也有不同之处,沿着地面高湿区内热力边界偏暖一侧移动的气旋性风暴没有受到明显抑制,有利的地面环境条件抵消了气旋性风暴受抑制的程度,使气旋性风暴能够持续更长的时间。该强烈发展的带有明显中反气旋的超级单体风暴具有低层钩状回波和入流缺口、中高层有界弱回波区及位于有界弱回波区之上的高层具有反射率因子核心和强烈风暴顶辐散,与经典的气旋式右移超级单体风暴的回波特征非常类似,除了是反气旋涡旋外,其回波特征与气旋式超级单体近似成镜像。风暴分裂是在单体形成不久的发展初期开始的。分裂先从中高层开始,然后迅速向下延伸。分裂后相对于0—6 km风切变矢量,左侧的单体为反气旋左移风暴,右侧的为气旋性右移风暴。 相似文献
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对我国高空气象观测业务中的平均风计算方法及其存在的问题进行了分析和探讨,提出了完全采用矢量平均风算法来求取高空规定层风的业务流程改进方案;用锡林浩特站和阳江站同球施放的RS92GPS探空仪与L波段雷达-GTS1探空仪的对比观测数据集,对20~200s时间窗口下的各种矢量平均风计算方案及其规定风层计算结果进行了分析比对,提出未来改进的L波段高空气象观测系统可以测试使用时间窗口为30~45s的矢量平均风、使得计算风层达到每150~350m高程一个,以便进一步提高与GPS测风结果的一致性、更好地满足预报服务部门对高空风垂直分辨率的应用需求。 相似文献
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Analysis of the surface temperature and wind forecast errors of the NCAR-AirDat operational CONUS 4-km WRF forecasting system 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Andrzej A. Wyszogrodzki Yubao Liu Neil Jacobs Peter Childs Yongxin Zhang Gregory Roux Thomas T. Warner 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2013,122(3-4):125-143
Investigating the characteristics of model-forecast errors using various statistical and object-oriented methods is necessary for providing useful guidance to end-users and model developers as well. To this end, the random and systematic errors (i.e., biases) of the 2-m temperature and 10-m wind predictions of the NCAR-AirDat weather research and forecasting (WRF)-based real-time four-dimensional data assimilation (RTFDDA) and forecasting system are analyzed. This system has been running operationally over a contiguous United States (CONUS) domain at a 4-km grid spacing with four forecast cycles daily from June 2009 to September 2010. In the result an exceptionally useful forecast dataset was generated and used for studying the error properties of the model forecasts, in terms of both a longer time period and a broader coverage of geographic regions than previously studied. Spatiotemporal characteristics of the errors are investigated based on the 24-h forecasts between June 2009 and April 2010, and the 72-h forecasts between May and September 2010. It was found that the biases of both wind and temperature forecasts vary greatly seasonally and diurnally, with dependency on the forecast length, station elevation, geographical location, and meteorological conditions. The temperature showed systematic cold biases during the daytime at all station elevations and warm biases during the nighttime above 1,000 m above sea level (ASL), while below 600 m ASL cold biases occurred during the nighttime. The forecasts of surface wind speed exhibited strong positive biases during the nighttime, while the negative biases were observed in the spring and summer afternoons. The surface wind speed was mostly over-predicted except for the stations located between 1,000 and 2,100 m ASL, for which negative biases were identified for most forecast cycles. The highest wind-speed errors were found over the high terrain and near sea-level stations. The wind-direction errors were relatively large at the high-terrain elevation in the Rocky and Appalachian mountain ranges and the western coastal areas and the error structure exhibited notable diurnal variability. 相似文献
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利用气象观测站小时雨量、不同探测手段得到的高空风资料，对2016年7月19—20日华北特大暴雨过程中河北南部降雨不同阶段水平风的垂直变化特征进行分析。结果表明：（1）在河北南部，太行山沿山一带到山前平原、平原东部分布着两片短时强降雨区，而前者强度更强，体现了地形迎风坡对降雨的增幅作用。（2）本次过程中，三种探测手段计算的深层垂直风切变具有一致的变化规律。西部山区和山前平原降雨显著增强阶段，环境风维持强深层垂直风切变，相应的u风差也显著增强，利于迎风坡降雨增强；降雨结束时，深层垂直风切变为弱垂直风切变。（3）强降雨阶段，水平风垂直切变矢量基本上呈现单一方向顺时针切变，且低层风垂直切变较大；降雨结束阶段，水平风垂直切变矢量方向变化复杂。（4）太行山脉高度以下的东风不断增强，最大东风分量达到8～28 m?s-1，利于山区和山前降雨的增强。 相似文献
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E. S. Nesterov Z. K. Abuzyarov G. A. Grigor’eva I. N. Davidan V. I. Dymov T. A. Pasechnik 《Russian Meteorology and Hydrology》2011,36(10):669-676
An estimate of the computation accuracy of wind waves is obtained on the basis of three mathematical models used for the diagnosis and forecast of wind waves at the Hydrometcenter of Russia, US National Weather Service, and European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts. The accuracy estimation was carried out for the whole year 2006 by means of the comparison of model computations based on different wind fields with hourly instrumental observations of waves at 16 buoys in the North Atlantic. The computation accuracy was estimated on the basis of six statistical characteristics. Besides, the estimates for various wave height ranges for months and seasons of the year are made for all buoys and grouped into three geographical areas: the coasts of the United States, Canada, and Great Britain. The essential differences are revealed in the accuracy of model-based computation of waves in the areas of the ocean with different wind wave regimes, in different seasons of the year, and within various wave height ranges. The obtained results indicate the necessity to improve the present-day methods of diagnosis and forecast of wind waves. 相似文献
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Abstract The Canadian Atmospheric Environment Service (A ES) Long‐ Range Transport (LRT) model has been used in the Canada‐United States Memorandum of Intent programme to compute transfer matrices in order to quantify the source‐receptor relationships between emission regions and selected receptor sites. Four‐day backward trajectories were computed from the selected sites for the year 1978 and were started from the 925‐mb level(～600 m). The Lagrangian concentration / deposition model computed sulphur concentrations and depositions for 9 receptor sites using an emissions inventory divided into 15 Canadian and25 United States emission regions. The 40×9 source‐receptor matrices show that the greatest impact on a receptor site usually results from an emission region close to the site although the regions giving the greatest impact for air concentration and wet deposition are not necessarily identical. In addition, the matrices show the impacts of all the emission regions on all of the receptor sites ranked by the magnitudes of the matrix elements. The per cent contribution from each emission region at each receptor site is shown as well as the overall per cent contributions from both Canada and the United States. These matrices are an attempt to quantify source‐receptor relationships in Canada and the United States for assessing emission control strategies. The uncertainties associated with the matrices are being studied. 相似文献
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Carole J. Hahn 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1981,21(2):231-245
Diurnal wind variations are examined at the Boulder Atmospheric Observatory which is located 25 km east of the foothills of the Rocky Mountains. Data were obtained from a 300-m tower which was instrumented at eight levels and operated almost continuously for three weeks during September 1978. Observations on clear days, for which the diurnal heating and cooling of the local terrain slopes can be expected to affect the winds, show that daytime winds tend to be easterly (upslope) throughout the 300-m depth. At night, a temperature inversion typically develops to about 100 m. Below this level, the nocturnal flow tends to be downslope; above the inversion, a distinctly different regime of flow develops. A diurnal wind oscillation, characterized by strong southerly flow beginning near sunset and ending near midnight, occurred in the upper layer on 25% of the days during the study period. Rapid clockwise rotation of the wind vector occurred during the period of increased wind speed. This oscillation occurred only on days when the synoptic-scale geostrophic wind was southerly. It is suggested that this non-steady state behavior is an inertial oscillation affected by the diurnally varying temperature gradients and local topography. 相似文献
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Based on the annual frequency data of tropical cyclones from 1960 to 2005 and by the polynomial fit and statistical analysis, this work has discovered that TC activity in the 46a exhibits significant decadal- scale variability. It has two high frequency periods (HFP) and two low frequency periods (LFP). Significant differences in the number of TCs between HFP and LFP are found in active TC seasons from July to October. Differences of large-scale circulation during HFP and LFP have been investigated with NCEP/NOAA data for the season. In HFP, the condition includes not only higher sea surface temperature,lower sea level pressure, larger divergence of upper air, larger relative vorticity at low levels and smaller vertical shear, but also 500-hPa wind vector being more available for TC activity and moving to western North Pacific, the position of the subtropical anticyclone over the western Pacific shifting more northward,and South Asian Anticyclone at 100-hPa being much smaller than that in LFP. The precipitation of western North Pacific has no clear influence on TC activity. 相似文献
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利用美国NCEP/NCAR风场再分析资料和云南高空、地面、高山风塔实测风资料,对云南地区的大气风场特征进行了分析。结果表明,云南对流层中低层大气风场常年盛行偏西气流,风向稳定,尤以西南风最多,冬-春-夏-秋四季风场变化特征明显。腾冲、思茅高空盛行风向以西风为主。云南除滇东北、滇东南和局地地形影响外,大部分地区近地面全年以盛行西南风为主。山区全年盛行风向以西南风为主。云南近地面年平均风速1.9m/s,北部大于南部,东部大于西部,冬春季风大,夏秋季风小,风速日变化特征显著。昆明地区大气边界层存在逆温现象,冬季突出,夏季微弱,秋冬春季频率高,夏季频率低。云南空气污染具有干湿季分布特点,1-5月为主要污染时段,冬春季节存在西南和东北两条污染传输通道。 相似文献
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利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和中尺度天气模式MM5对2010年1月14—19日沈阳大气污染天气系统进行模拟分析。对此次天气过程的地面和高空气压场、地面至高空各高度层随时间变化的水平风场及垂直剖面风场、垂直方向温度廓线等气象要素进行分析和模拟,描述大气污染中天气系统的变化过程,分析造成大气污染的气象要素变化。结果表明：此次污染天气过程对应地面场为长白山高压、地形槽环流型;500 hPa高空天气形势为两槽一脊,地面风场主要受高压辐散气流控制;地面至高空不同高度的水平风场均有偏南风切变和偏西风切变,垂直剖面风场对应有下沉气流,地面至高空的温度廓线出现明显的逆温。这些气象条件共同造成了持续污染天气。而500 hPa位势高度场持续长时间两槽一脊的环流形势,是造成长时间污染天气的主要原因。 相似文献
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卫星反演海面风场资料能够弥补海上气象测风资料缺乏的不足,对近海风能资源评估具有重要意义。通过ASCAT(Advanced Scatterometer)风速数据与美国及中国近海岸浮标测风资料的对比分析,结果表明,ASCAT风速的均方根误差为1.27 m·s-1。比较利用近海岸浮标逐小时风速及与其相匹配ASCAT瞬时风速计算的各项风能参数,得出ASCAT与浮标的平均风速和风功率密度的残差分别在±0.5 m·s-1和±50 W·m-2以内,该残差占浮标计算结果的比例分别在±8%和±12%以内。使用ASCAT风速资料拟合的Weibull分布函数与浮标的结果较吻合。因此,ASCAT风速资料也能够为海上风能资源评估提供有用的风能参数信息。最后使用ASCAT瞬时风速数据分析了中国近海10 m及70 m高度处的风能资源的空间分布特征,结果表明,台湾海峡平均风速和风功率密度最大。 相似文献
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用多项式拟合和统计分析的方法对1960～2005年西北太平洋台风年频数资料进行分析表明：台风活动存在明显的年代际变化，46a间台风活动存在两个高频期和两个低频期，高低频期台风频数的差异主要集中在7～10月（称为台风活跃季），利用台风活跃季的NCEP／NOAA资料对影响台风年代际变化的大尺度环流因子进行分析，结果表明：与低频期相比，在台风生成的高频期出现了较高的海表温度、较低的海平面气压、较大的高层散度和低层相对涡度、较小的垂直风切变，而且500hPa风场利于台风的生成和向西北太平洋移动。西太平洋副热带高压偏北，100hPa南亚高压偏弱。西北太平洋海盆的总降水量的年代际变化与台风的年代际变化关系不明显。 相似文献
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数值模拟青藏高原东北边缘冰雹云形成的中尺度环境——个例研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
运用中尺度数值模式MM5,对2003年7月6~8日甘肃南部发生的一次典型区域性冰雹过程进行了数值模拟,并用模拟资料分析了大中尺度环流背景和局地对流单体群特征的演变。结果表明,模式MM5较好地模拟了这次冰雹天气过程和中尺度系统发生发展的特征;低层偏南暖湿气流和中高层西北气流为本次降雹过程提供了环流背景,地形等局地因素是本次冰雹天气发生的重要条件;对流单体主要在海拔较高的山脊处生成,并向低海拔地区移动传播,传播的速度和方向主要与地形和中高层风速风向有关。 相似文献
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Mesoscale Structure of Rainstorm Retrieved from Dual-Doppler Radar Observations Using the 4DVAR Assimilation Technique 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1 
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下载免费PDF全文 The four-dimensional variational (4DVAR) data assimilation method was applied to dual-Doppler radar data about two Meiyu rainstorms observed during CHeRES (China Heavy Rain Experiment and Study). The purpose of this study is to examine the performance of the 4DVAR technique in retrieving rainstorm mesoscale structure and to reveal the feature of rainstorm mesoscale structure. Results demonstrated that the 4DVAR assimilation method was able to retrieve the detailed structure of wind, thermodynamics, and microphysics fields from dual-Doppler radar observations. The retrieved wind fields agreed with the dual-Doppler synthesized winds and were accurate. The distributions of the retrieved perturbation pressure, perturbation temperature, and microphysics fields were also reasonable through the examination of their physical consistency. Both of the two heavy rainfalls were caused by merging cloud processes. The wind shear and convergence lines at middle and lower levels were their primary dynamical characteristics. The convective system was often related to low-level convergence and upper-level divergence coupled with up-drafts. During its mature stage, the convective system was characterized by low pressure at lower level and high pressure at upper level, associated with warmer at middle level and colder at lower and upper levels than the environment. However, a region of cooling and high pressure occurred in the lower and middle levels compared to warming and low pressure in the upper level during its dissipating stage. The water vapor, cloud water, and rainwater corresponded to the convergence, the updraft and the intensive reflectivity, respectively. 相似文献
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G. C. Efthimiou D. Hertwig S. Andronopoulos J. G. Bartzis O. Coceal 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2017,163(2):179-201
Wind fields in the atmospheric surface layer (ASL) are highly three-dimensional and characterized by strong spatial and temporal variability. For various applications such as wind-comfort assessments and structural design, an understanding of potentially hazardous wind extremes is important. Statistical models are designed to facilitate conclusions about the occurrence probability of wind speeds based on the knowledge of low-order flow statistics. Being particularly interested in the upper tail regions we show that the statistical behaviour of near-surface wind speeds is adequately represented by the Beta distribution. By using the properties of the Beta probability density function in combination with a model for estimating extreme values based on readily available turbulence statistics, it is demonstrated that this novel modelling approach reliably predicts the upper margins of encountered wind speeds. The model’s basic parameter is derived from three substantially different calibrating datasets of flow in the ASL originating from boundary-layer wind-tunnel measurements and direct numerical simulation. Evaluating the model based on independent field observations of near-surface wind speeds shows a high level of agreement between the statistically modelled horizontal wind speeds and measurements. The results show that, based on knowledge of only a few simple flow statistics (mean wind speed, wind-speed fluctuations and integral time scales), the occurrence probability of velocity magnitudes at arbitrary flow locations in the ASL can be estimated with a high degree of confidence. 相似文献
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“09.4.15”渤海和山东强风过程的动力学诊断分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
2009年4月15日,渤海和山东大部出现了一次强风天气过程。本次过程具有强度大、持续时间短、强风在渤海及山东附近显著加强等特点。为探讨强风的成因,根据常规观测资料以及NCEP分析资料进行了诊断分析。结果表明,本次强风过程是在低层冷锋、高层低涡横槽影响下产生的。冷空气向南推进过程中,冷平流中心由高层向低层传播,850 hPa以下冷平流不断加强,使冷锋不断增强。冷空气到达渤海湾后,锋前的强暖平流与锋后的强冷平流造成低空锋区进一步增强。冷锋次级环流的下沉运动与地面正变压中心对应,变压梯度风与大尺度气压梯度风共同造成强风过程,而强风中的阵风可能与次级环流的强烈脉动有关。 相似文献
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利用常规观测资料、济南多普勒雷达资料、FY-2G资料和加密自动站等资料分析了2016年6月14日一次在华北冷涡背景下发生的超级单体风暴生成及分裂过程,对超级单体分裂过程的雷达回波特征和环境条件进行了详细的分析。结果表明,超级单体风暴发生在地面中尺度辐合线附近,中层短波槽前,高空有中空急流的环境下,触发的对流云团向偏东方向移动中,在不稳定层结和较强的垂直风切变作用下,对流风暴发生分裂且右移性对流风暴发展加强。风暴分裂后环境风左侧的风暴单体并没有受到明显抑制,中尺度辐合线附近的露点锋生抵消了反气旋性风暴的受抑制程度,使反气旋性风暴能有所加强并持续更长的时间。环境风右侧的风暴单体发展加强,且持续时间长达2 h。风暴分裂是在单体发展的初期开始,分裂先从中高层开始,然后向下延伸,分裂后相对于环境风方向,左侧单体为反气旋性左移风暴,右侧为气旋性右移风暴。气旋性右移风暴强烈发展为具有低层的入流缺口、中高层的弱回波区及风暴顶的强辐散,与经典超级单体风暴回波特征类似。分裂后右移风暴伴有深厚持久的中气旋,其起源于中层4～5 km,然后向上和向下发展,最强旋转出现在高层,旋转速度达29 m/s,这与典型超级单体内中气旋都是中层旋转最强有所不同。 相似文献
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利用常规观测资料、NCEP再分析资料、自动站资料和卫星云图资料,对2010年7月16-19日台风远距离影响下的川陕大暴雨天气过程从对流涡度矢量进行诊断分析.结果表明:高θε区位于西南涡偏南侧暖湿气流端,大暴雨区即位于此处;大暴雨中心等θε线随高度近于垂直分布,θε高值区呈“漏斗”状结构,从低层到对流层顶均为90％的相对湿度.东北—西南向的倾斜高空急流加强了急流入口区右侧的高层辐散,造成大暴雨区强而深厚的垂直上升运动.强降水中心低层为东南风,中层为西南风,高层为西北风,对流不稳定性很大;西风分量u在中层垂直切变较大,南风分量v在中高层垂直切变较大.大暴雨出现在对流涡度矢量(CVV)垂直分量和气柱云水量二者大值重合区. 相似文献