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1.
采用大气辐射传输模式SES2以及2013年1月—2015年10月欧洲中期天气预报中心细网格再分析资料计算了北京地区4个观测站地面接收的短波辐射通量,分析了晴天和云天北京城郊气溶胶对总辐射的定量影响时空变化特征。结果表明:北京城区和近郊区气溶胶对总辐射的影响约为远郊区的2倍,北京南部和西部气溶胶对辐射的影响较大,晴天和云天北京城区和近郊区气溶胶对总辐射的削减值分别为146.23~180.99 W·m-2和202.11~217.02 W·m-2,晴天总辐射削减空间差异较大;秋冬季气溶胶对总辐射的影响明显大于春夏季,北京市观象台秋冬季气溶胶对总辐射的削减作用最大可达60%,较春夏季高10%~20%;北京城郊总辐射和直接辐射削减率与气溶胶光学厚度变化均呈线性关系,近地面PM2.5浓度对辐射的影响不容忽视。 相似文献
2.
East China (23.6°–38.4°N, 113.6°–122.9°E) is the largest developed region in China. Based on CO2 products retrieved from the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT), the spatial and temporal distributions of CO2 mixing ratios in East China during 2014–17 are discussed, and the retrieved CO2 from AIRS (Atmospheric Infrared Sounder) and OCO-2 (Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2), as well as WLG (Waliguan) background station observations, are compared with those of GOSAT. The annual CO2 retrieved from GOSAT in East China ranged from 398.96 ± 0.24 ppm in 2014 to 407.39 ± 0.20 ppm in 2017, with a growth rate of 2.82 ± 0.15 ppm yr?1, which were higher than in other regions of China. The seasonal cycle presented a maximum in spring and a minimum in summer or autumn. Higher values were mainly concentrated in the coastal areas of Zhejiang Province, and lower values were concentrated in Jiangxi and the north of Fujian Province. CO2 observed in Fujian and parts of Jiangxi increased by less than 1.0 ppm during 2014–15, but enhanced significantly by more than 5.0 ppm during 2015–16, perhaps influenced by local emissions and global impacts. We calculated year-to-year CO2 enhancements in the Yangtze River Delta region during 2014–17 that were relatively low and stable, due to the region’s carbon emissions control and reduction policies. The annual and seasonal amplitudes of CO2 retrieved from AIRS were lower than those from GOSAT in East China, probably owing to the CO2 retrieved from AIRS better reflecting the characteristics of the mid-troposphere, while GOSAT is more representative of near-surface CO2. The spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of CO2 retrieved from OCO-2 were close to those from GOSAT in East China. 相似文献
3.
利用瓦里关和上甸子大气本底站观测的月平均CO2浓度数据对GOSAT卫星反演的CO2浓度数据进行验证,结果表明GOSAT产品与台站观测数据有较好的一致性.利用2009年6月—2011年5月GOSAT反演的CO2浓度数据,分析了江苏地区CO2浓度的时空变化特征,结果表明:1)975 hPa高度层CO2浓度高于850 hPa高度层,CO2浓度的水平变化要小于垂直变化;2)在季节变化上,CO2浓度冬季最高,夏季最低,这可能与植被光合作用的强弱变化有关;比较前后两年的CO2浓度数据,夏季和秋季的增速较快,冬季和春季的增速较慢;3)在日变化上,发现徐州和南京站02时CO2浓度最高,14时CO2浓度最低,这可能也与植被光合作用的强弱有关. 相似文献
4.
红外高光谱资料模拟大气廓线反演对云的敏感性 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
用不同云顶高度和不同有效云量时的星载红外高光谱观测值,模拟大气温湿垂直廓线反演对云参数的敏感性。用特征向量统计反演法按照云顶高度和有效云量分类反演了大气温湿廓线,统计了不同云高（200,300,500,700和850hPa）及云高有50hPa误差时温度、水汽混合比反演的均方根误差随有效云量的变化。结果表明,随着有效云量的增大,云顶以下各高度层上的温度、水汽混合比反演误差都明显增大。云高有50hPa误差较准确已知而言,温度和水汽混合比的反演误差增大,但温度反演对云高误差的敏感性比水汽反演要高。 相似文献
5.
In recent studies, proxy XCH4 retrievals from the Japanese Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT) have been used to constrain top-down estimation of CH4 emissions. Still, the resulting interannual variations often show significant discrepancies over some of the most important CH4 source regions, such as China and Tropical South America, by causes yet to be determined. This study compares monthly CH4 flux estimates from two parallel assimilations of GOSAT XCH4 retrievals from 2010 to 2019 based on the same Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF) framework but with the global chemistry transport model (GEOS-Chem v12.5) being run at two different spatial resolutions of 4° × 5° (R4, lon × lat) and 2° × 2.5° (R2, lon × lat) to investigate the effects of resolution-related model errors on the derived long-term global and regional CH4 emission trends. We found that the mean annual global methane emission for the 2010s is 573.04 Tg yr –1 for the inversion using the R4 model, which becomes about 4.4 Tg yr –1 less (568.63 Tg yr –1) when a finer R2 model is used, though both are well within the ensemble range of the 22 top-down results (2008–17) included in the current Global Carbon Project (from 550 Tg yr –1 to 594 Tg yr –1). Compared to the R2 model, the inversion based on the R4 tends to overestimate tropical emissions (by 13.3 Tg yr –1), which is accompanied by a general underestimation (by 8.9 Tg yr –1) in the extratropics. Such a dipole reflects differences in tropical–mid-latitude air exchange in relation to the model’s convective and advective schemes at different resolutions. The two inversions show a rather consistent long-term CH4 emission trend at the global scale and over most of the continents, suggesting that the observed rapid increase in atmospheric methane can largely be attributed to the emission growth from North Africa (1.79 Tg yr –2 for R4 and 1.29 Tg yr –2 for R2) and South America Temperate (1.08 Tg yr –2 for R4 and 1.21 Tg yr –2 for R2) during the first half of the 2010s, and from Eurasia Boreal (1.46 Tg yr –2 for R4 and 1.63 Tg yr –2 for R2) and Tropical South America (1.72 Tg yr–2 for R4 and 1.43 Tg yr –2 for R2) over 2015–19. In the meantime, emissions in Europe have shown a consistent decrease over the past decade. However, the growth rates by the two parallel inversions show significant discrepancies over Eurasia Temperate, South America Temperate, and South Africa, which are also the places where recent GOSAT inversions usually disagree with one other. 相似文献
6.
Xiaocong Wang Yimin Liu Qing Bao Zaizhi Wang 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2012,110(1-2):1-10
The sensitivity of climate to an increase in sea surface temperature (SST) and CO2, as well as cloud feedback processes, is analyzed through a series of aquaplanet experiments listed in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project. Rainfall is strengthened in a +4K anomaly SST experiment due to the enhanced surface evaporation; while in a quadruple CO2 experiment, precipitation and total cloud cover are appreciably weakened. In both the +4K and quadruple CO2 (4xCO2) experiments, the Hadley cell is impaired, with an increase in moderate subsidence and a decrease in the frequency of strong convective activity. Regarding cloud radiation forcing (CRF), the analysis technique of Bony et al. (Climate Dynamics, 22:71–86, 2004) is used to sort cloud variables by dynamic regimes using the 500-hPa vertical velocity in tropical areas (30°S–30°N). Results show that the tropically averaged CRF change is negative and is dominated mainly by the thermodynamic component. Within convective regimes, the behavior of longwave CRF is different in the +4K and 4xCO2 experiments, with positive and negative changes, respectively. The globally averaged CRF also reveals a negative change in both aquaplanet and Earthlike experiments, implying that clouds may play a role in decelerating global warming. The calculated climate sensitivity demonstrates that our results are close to those obtained from other models, with 0.384 and 0.584?Km2?W?1 for aquaplanet and Earthlike experiments, respectively. 相似文献
7.
在国家气候中心全球大气环流模式BCC_AGCM2.0中引入一组基于CloudSat/CALIPSO卫星观测的、能够体现真实时空变化特征的云垂直重叠参数（抗相关厚度,Lcf）数据,以减小由云的重叠描述造成的辐射场的不确定性。对比了采用时空变化的云重叠参数和采用恒定云重叠参数的气候模拟结果,发现无论在全球还是东亚区域,采用基于卫星观测的云重叠参数对模拟的总云量都有一定程度的改进。采用时空变化的云重叠参数后,冬、夏两季全球平均总云量与云和地球的辐射能量系统（CERES）卫星资料的误差都减少了1.6%,其中热带对流区域总云量的正偏差和副热带地区总云量的负偏差都明显减少,这些有助于正确模拟不同区域间的能量收支差异。在东亚区域,采用时空变化的云重叠参数后,冬、夏两季的东亚区域平均总云量与CERES卫星资料的误差分别减少了1.8%和1.4%。综上所述,基于CloudSat/CALIPSO卫星资料计算得到的Lcf有助于改进大气环流模式对总云量的模拟,从而提高模式对辐射场的模拟精度。 相似文献
8.
星载双频云雷达的云微物理参数反演算法研究 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
使用星载雷达模拟器输出的模拟数据,为星载双频云雷达选择了最佳的频点组合,并开展了双频联合反演云微物理参数的算法研究。结果表明:（1）在位于大气窗口的6组频点组合中,94/220 GHz的组合对滴谱参数的微小变化较为敏感,有利于进行双频的联合反演。综合考虑不同频点的探测能力、衰减以及工业部门的制造水平后,认为94/220 GHz可以作为未来星载双频测云雷达的探测频点。（2）双频反演中最核心的双波长比（DWR）和体积中值直径（D0）的关系与冰晶粒子密度相关。当密度随着粒子直径变化时,DWR随着D0单调递增,当粒子密度固定不变时,DWR-D0曲线可能会出现非单调变化,从而使得固定密度时的反演比变密度时更加复杂。（3）后向迭代的双频反演算法同样适用于94/220 GHz进行云微物理参数的反演,并且对模拟数据的反演精度较高。此外,反演精度受到系统噪声以及定标精度的影响,为了满足反演精度的要求,系统噪声和定标误差应该控制在1 dBz以内。 相似文献
9.
Broadband solar irradiance data obtained in the spectral range 400–940 nm at Kwangju, South Korea from 1999–2000 have been analyzed to investigate the effects of cloud cover and atmospheric optical depth on solar radiation components. Results from measurements indicate that the percentage of direct and diffuse horizontal components of solar irradiance depend largely on total optical depth (TOD) and cloud cover. During summer and spring, the percentages of diffuse solar irradiance relative to the global irradiance were 5.0% and 4.9% as compared to 2.2% and 3.0% during winter and autumn. The diffuse solar irradiance is higher than the direct in spring and summer by 24.2%, and 40.6%, respectively, which may largely be attributed to the attenuation (scattering) of radiation by heavy dust pollution and large cloud amount. In cloud-free conditions with cloud cover ≤2/10, the fraction of the direct and diffuse components were 66.0% and 34.0%, respectively, with a mean daily global irradiance value of 7.92±2.91 MJ m−2 day−1. However, under cloudy conditions (with cloud cover ≥8/10), the diffuse and direct fractions were 97.9% and 2.2% of the global component, respectively. The annual mean TOD under cloudless conditions (cloud cover≤2/10) yields 0.74±0.33 and increased to as much as 3.15±0.67 under cloudy conditions with cloud amount ≥8/10. An empirical formula is derived for estimating the diffuse and direct components of horizontal solar irradiance by considering the total atmospheric optical depth (TOD). Results from statistical models are shown for the estimation of solar irradiance components as a function of TOD with sufficient accuracy as indicated by low standard error for each solar zenith angle (SZA). 相似文献
10.
云检测是卫星资料同化的重要前处理步骤,无论是晴空资料同化还是有云资料同化,都需要准确地区分有云和晴空资料。由于陆地地表发射率的多变性和微波能穿透部分云类的特点,微波湿度计资料在陆地上空的云检测研究一直是难点。利用快速辐射传输模式（CRTM）分析了不同云类条件下FY-3C微波湿度计（MWHS-Ⅱ）各通道亮温的通道间变率特征,根据MWHS-Ⅱ亮温通道间变率随云高以及云中液态水含量的增大而减小的特点,提出了一个基于亮温通道变率的MWHS-Ⅱ陆地资料云检测方法。与已有的云产品比较结果表明:新的云检测算法能有效地剔除大部分受云影响的资料,剔除后的晴空资料观测和模拟偏差更好地符合高斯分布。新方法对过冷水云、冰云、重叠云的检测能力较强,正确检测率可以达到80%,对卷云以及高度较低的水云的检测能力相对较弱。新方法能有效利用MWHS-Ⅱ观测资料自身完成云检测,在MWHS-Ⅱ资料同化中有很好的应用前景。 相似文献
11.
This paper describes a new quality control (QC) scheme for microwave humidity sounder (MHS) data assimilation. It consists of a cloud detection step and an O–B (i.e., differences of brightness temperatures between observations and model simulations) check. Over ocean, cloud detection can be carried out based on two MHS window channels and two Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A (AMSU-A) window channels, which can be used for obtaining cloud ice water path (IWP) and liquid water path (LWP), respectively. Over land, cloud detection of microwave data becomes much more challenging due to a much larger emission contribution from land surface than that from cloud. The current MHS cloud detection over land employs an O–B based method, which could fail to identify cloudy radiances when there is mismatch between actual clouds and model clouds. In this study, a new MHS observation based index is developed for identifying MHS cloudy radiances over land. The new land index for cloud detection exploits the large variability of brightness temperature observations among MHS channels over different clouds. It is shown that those MHS cloudy radiances that were otherwise missed by the current O–B based QC method can be successfully identified by the new land index. An O–B check can then be employed to the remaining data after cloud detection to remove additional outliers with model simulations deviated greatly from observations. It is shown that MHS channel correlations are significantly reduced by the newly proposed QC scheme. 相似文献
12.
Minimizing the future impacts of climate change requires reducing the greenhouse gas (GHG) load in the atmosphere. Anthropogenic emissions include many types of GHG’s as well as particulates such as black carbon and sulfate aerosols, each of which has a different effect on the atmosphere, and a different atmospheric lifetime. Several recent studies have advocated for the importance of short timescales when comparing the climate impact of different climate pollutants, placing a high relative value on short-lived pollutants, such as methane (CH4) and black carbon (BC) versus carbon dioxide (CO2). These studies have generated confusion over how to value changes in temperature that occur over short versus long timescales. We show the temperature changes that result from exchanging CO2 for CH4 using a variety of commonly suggested metrics to illustrate the trade-offs involved in potential carbon trading mechanisms that place a high value on CH4 emissions. Reducing CH4 emissions today would lead to a climate cooling of approximately ~0.5 °C, but this value will not change greatly if we delay reducing CH4 emissions by years or decades. This is not true for CO2, for which the climate is influenced by cumulative emissions. Any delay in reducing CO2 emissions is likely to lead to higher cumulative emissions, and more warming. The exact warming resulting from this delay depends on the trajectory of future CO2 emissions but using one business-as usual-projection we estimate an increase of 3/4 °C for every 15-year delay in CO2 mitigation. Overvaluing the influence of CH4 emissions on climate could easily result in our “locking” the earth into a warmer temperature trajectory, one that is temporarily masked by the short-term cooling effects of the CH4 reductions, but then persists for many generations. 相似文献
13.
Sijie CHEN Shuaibo WANG Lin SU Changzhe DONG Ju KE Zhuofan ZHENG Chonghui CHENG Bowen TONG Dong LIU 《大气科学进展》2020,37(4):387-398
A method to tighten the cloud screening thresholds based on local conditions is used to provide more stringent schemes for Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2(OCO-2)cloud screening algorithms.Cloud screening strategies are essential to remove scenes with significant cloud and/or aerosol contamination from OCO-2 observations,which helps to save on the data processing cost and ensure high quality retrievals of the column-averaged CO2 dry air mole fraction(XCO2).Based on the radiance measurements in the 0.76μm O2A band,1.61μm(weak),and 2.06μm(strong)CO2 bands,the current combination of the A-Band Preprocessor(ABP)algorithm and Iterative Maximum A Posteriori(IMAP)Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy(DOAS)Preprocessor(IDP)algorithm passes around 20%-25%of all soundings,which means that some contaminated scenes also pass the screening process.In this work,three independent pairs of threshold parameters used in the ABP and IDP algorithms are sufficiently tuned until the overall pass rate is close to the monthly clear-sky fraction from the MODIS cloud mask.The tightened thresholds are applied to observations over land surfaces in Europe and Japan in 2016.The results show improvement of agreement and positive predictive value compared to the collocated MODIS cloud mask,especially in summer and fall.In addition,analysis indicates that XCO2 retrievals with more stringent thresholds are in closer agreement with measurements from collocated Total Carbon Column Observing Network(TCCON)sites. 相似文献
14.
利用2007—2016年国际卫星云气候计划（International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project,ISCCP）、云和地球辐射能量系统（Clouds and the Earth''s Radiant Energy System,CERES）和中分辨率成像光谱仪（Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer,MODIS）卫星反演云产品,对比分析了不同数据反演的中国地区云系结构的宏微观特征,并采用复合评价指标定量评估了不同数据之间时间和空间上的一致性。结果表明：三套卫星数据都能较好地反演出中国地区总云量呈南高北低、东高西低、夏高冬低的分布特征,但通过比较时间技巧（Temporal Skill,ST）及空间技巧（Spatial Skill,SS）复合评价指标及其各项分量发现,与MODIS相比,CERES与ISCCP数据反演的总云量时间序列演变特征明显更为一致,且其评分均有南方优于北方,夏季优于冬季的特征;进一步分析不同高度云量的ST评分发现,CERES和ISCCP两套数据在南方地区的总云量差异主要来自于低云量的绝对偏差,而北方地区的偏差则同时存在于低云和中云;对比分析MODIS和CERES反演的云滴有效半径发现,高云对应的冰相云一致性较高,而中低云相对应的液相云的偏差则有夏季高于冬季的规律。针对夏季液相和冰相云滴粒径及概率密度分析则表明,相比CERES数据,MODIS对夏季液水和冰水粒子的有效半径在不同地区均有不同程度的高估,液（冰）水谱宽则更宽（窄）。 相似文献
15.
Convective and Stratiform Cloud Rainfall Estimation from Geostationary Satellite Data 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
The Bayes Decision (BD) method was used to distinguish the corrective and stratiform components of cloud sys-tems from GMS-4 satellite data. A technique originally developed by Adler and Negri (1988, hereafter abbreviated AN) was improved for estimating the convective and stratiform cloud precipitation areas and rates of cloud systems from GMS satellite imagery. It has been applied to a tropical cyclonic cloud cluster observed over east coast area of China on September 23, 1992, which brought about flood disaster in that region. Overlaid 6-hour surface rainfall ob-servations show that the rainfall areas and amounts match with results from improved AN technique. The successful application of the Adler and Negri’s technique to convective and stratiform clouds provides encouragement for the use of this method over large region of mid-latitude China where radar data are not fully covered. 相似文献
16.
R.K.R. Vupputuri 《大气与海洋》2013,51(4):359-374
Abstract A coupled 1‐D radiative‐convective and photochemical diffusion model is used to study the influence of ozone photochemistry on changes in the vertical temperature structure and surface climate resulting from the doubling of atmospheric CO2, N2O, CH4 and increased stratospheric aerosols owing to the El Chichón volcanic eruption. It is found when CO2 alone is doubled, that the total ozone column increases by nearly 6% and the resulting increase in the solar heating contributes a smaller temperature decrease in the stratosphere (up to 4 K near the stratopause level). When the concentration of CO2, N2O and CH4 are simultaneously doubled, the total ozone column amount increases by only 2.5% resulting in a reduced temperature recovery in the stratosphere. Additional results concerning the effect of the interaction of ozone photochemistry with the stratospheric aerosol cloud produced by the El Chichón eruption show that it leads to a reduction in stratospheric ozone, which in turn has the effect of increasing the cooling at the surface and above the cloud centre while causing a slight warming below in the lower stratosphere. 相似文献
17.
Simulated Spatial Distribution and Seasonal Variation of Atmospheric Methane over China: Contributions from Key Sources简 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
We used the global atmospheric chemical transport model,GEOS-Chem,to simulate the spatial distribution and seasonal variation of surface-layer methane （CH4） in 2004,and quantify the impacts of individual domestic sources and foreign transport on CH4 concentrations over China.Simulated surface-layer CH4 concentrations over China exhibit maximum concentrations in summer and minimum concentrations in spring.The annual mean CH4 concentrations range from 1800 ppb over western China to 2300 ppb over the more populated eastern China.Foreign emissions were found to have large impacts on CH4 concentrations over China,contributing to about 85％ of the CH4 concentrations over western China and about 80％ of those over eastern China.The tagged simulation results showed that coal mining,livestock,and waste are the dominant domestic contributors to CH4 concentrations over China,accounting for 36％,18％,and 16％,respectively,of the annual and national mean increase in CH4 concentration from all domestic emissions.Emissions from rice cultivation were found to make the largest contributions to CH4 concentrations over China in the summer,which is the key factor that leads to the maximum seasonal mean CH4 concentrations in summer. 相似文献
18.
A cloud-detection algorithm for METEOSAT first generation data has been developed. The algorithm utilizes solely infrared data from the METEOSAT thermal infrared window channel at around 11.5 μm. The developed algorithm estimates an assumed clear-sky brightness temperature from time series analysis on pixel bases. Land-/sea-depending dynamic thresholds are then utilized discriminating the infrared images in cloudy, undecided, and cloud free pixels. The cloud-detection algorithm has been validated against synoptic observations. The developed cloud-detection scheme has been applied to 10 years (1992–2001) of METEOSAT data, extracting cloud coverage statistics for the Baltic Sea catchment area. These have been compared to corresponding cloud coverage statistics derived from the BALTIMOS coupled model system. Building overall averaged values of the cloud coverage in the period from 1999 to 2001 gives results with very good agreement between simulation and observation: the total METEOSAT-derived cloud coverage amounts to 0.65 compared to 0.63 for BALTIMOS. In contrast, large discrepancies in the phase of the diurnal cycle of cloud coverage have been observed. A significant trend in total cloud amount was observed neither from the model nor from the satellite. 相似文献
19.
This research examines the influence of cloud on the cataract effective UV (UVCat) irradiances on a horizontal plane over an extended period of 12months that included the range of cloud conditions, solar zenith angle (SZA) and ozone conditions experienced over that time. The data were collected at five minute intervals. Cloud modification factors were determined from the influence of clouds on the global broadband solar radiation and these were applied to the cloud free cataract effective UV to evaluate the UVCat irradiances on a horizontal plane for all cloud conditions. A comparison of the measured and calculated UVCat irradiances for the 2004 data set in the range of SZA of 70° or less provided an R2 value of 0.85. The data in the first 6months of 2005 for an SZA of 70° or less that were at a different time to that when the technique was developed provided an R2 value of 0.83 for the comparison of the measured and calculated UVCat irradiances. 相似文献
20.
Eun-Han Kwon Byung-Ju Sohn Johannes Schmetz Philip Watts 《Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences》2010,46(1):11-19
Several methods of determining the height of opaque clouds over the tropics were compared using geostationary satellite measurements. The possible use of ozone channel measurements around the 9.7-μm ozone absorption band was examined in conjunction with the infrared window (IRW; 10.8 μm), H2O (6.3 μm), and CO2 (13.4 μm) channels, which are generally used for the assignment of cloud heights. Cloud top heights were retrieved from Meteosat-8 measurements with the aid of radiative transfer calculations using reanalysis data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) as inputs. By using cloud top heights from collocated CloudSat observations as a reference, cloud top heights were determined from the one-channel radiance, two-channel brightness temperature difference (BTD), and two-channel radiance ratio methods, and the respective results were then compared for clouds with geometrical thicknesses of > 4 km. Overall, the retrievals from the CO2-IRW ratio and O3-CO2 ratio methods are in substantial agreement with CloudSat observations, while the other methods either underestimate cloud top heights or demonstrate a lower ratio of successful height assignment. The O3-CO2 ratio method appears to be less practical than the CO2-IRW ratio method because it requires two absorption channels. Our comparison also shows that the BTD between the ozone and IRW channels yields information that is similar to that of the IRW channel alone. It further shows that the O3-IRW combination is not appropriate for the two-channel radiance ratio method. These results suggest that the inclusion of the ozone channel in BTD and ratio methods may not offer any significant improvement in convective cloud height retrieval over the tropics. In conclusion, the CO2-IRW ratio method appears to provide the most accurate retrievals for opaque clouds. 相似文献