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Several questions concerning the general circulation for which satisfactory answers are not yet available are discussed. The focus is on the zonal mean heat balance, since problems in our understanding of this balance are a fundamental limitation on our ability to model climate and climate change. The questions are: How strong is the atmosphere's poleward heat transport? What are the relative roles of large-scale eddies and small-scale convection in stabilizing the mid-latitude atmosphere? What are the dynamical mechanisms that maintain the time mean zonal mean state in mid-latitudes? Some suggestions for addressing these questions are given. 相似文献
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多普勒雷达PPI资料在数值模式MM5中的应用 总被引:1,自引:2,他引:1
利用多普勒天气雷达观测的回波强度资料,估测大气的湿度值。假定回波强度大于4 0dBz的区域,相对湿度为1 0 0 % ,小于2 0dBz的区域相对湿度为90 % ,2 0~4 0dBz区域的相对湿度按线性变化求取。对应各点的温度值由MM5控制试验得出。然后通过迭代处理,求出对应各点的露点温度,通过以上步骤把雷达观测的回波强度值转换为模式中直接使用的物理变量,用于模式计算。为了验证该方法的可行性,进行了模拟试验,个例选用2 0 0 1年7月1 3日安徽全椒暴雨过程。背景场采用T2 1 3资料,加上常规探空,地面资料,通过分析形成控制试验的初始场。将安徽合肥新一代天气雷达观测的回波强度按上述方法加入到MM5中,形成敏感试验的初始场。水平网格为1 0 3×1 0 3,格距为1 0km ,垂直分33层,中心位置为31 0 0°N、1 1 7 6 6°E。试验结果表明,加入雷达资料后降水中心位置预报有明显改进。说明上述方法是可行的。 相似文献
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石家庄市强暴雨的气候特征和环流形势分析 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:2
利用统计学方法对石家庄及各市(县)建站以来的强暴雨过程进行气候分析。普查了59次强暴雨个例的历史天气图,将强暴雨过程分成8个类型,归纳出各型强暴雨的发生时段和落区;找出各型的典型形势场特征,并制作了天气型模板,可在MICAPS平台上直接与天气图叠加,进行预报分析,力图以此提高预报强暴雨的能力。 相似文献
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低空急流和非均匀层结条件下重力惯性波的传播与发展 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
本文从基流背景下线性化Boussinesq方程组出发,采用WKBJ方法,首先求得重力惯性波的广义波作用量变化方程及波参数随波包的变化方程,讨论了基流切变对重力惯性波传播和发展的影响;然后用Runge-Kutta方法讨论了不同层结(含降水影响)下重力惯性波的传播路径。得到了降水强度大、静力稳定度小的区域对重力惯性波有“吸引”作用,因而引起重力惯性波能量的集中,进而触发和强化对流天气的结论。 相似文献
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文中分析了庆阳地区春季降水气候特征和环流形势 ,用 1995~ 1998年 3~ 5月T10 6资料建立了该区 8县 (市 )春季降水、温度MOS预报方程 ,进行了回代检验和试报 ,并提出了模式更换后的处理方法 相似文献
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The characteristics and formation conditions of eddy meridional heat transport (MHT) in the eastern equatorial Pacific are studied using the results of eddy-resolving numerical modeling as compared with observational and reanalysis data. Calculations of the eddy MHT convergence at the equator are performed and realistic results in the analyzed region except for its easternmost part are obtained. The interannual variability and velocity of propagation of tropical instability waves are estimated. The errors of the time-averaged model solution are analyzed, and the assumptions on the mechanisms of their occurrence are made. 相似文献
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斜压大气中涡旋运动方程及其在天气预报中的应用 总被引:1,自引:2,他引:1
本文根据流体力学的基本理论,得出了斜压大气中的涡旋运动方程。并讨论了决定涡旋运动的六个基本因子。对日常应用的高空引导观念给予比较明确的物理解释并加以修正。文中对这方程在预报台风移动的应用作了初步说明,也附带简单地谈到了中纬度系统的移动。在附录中还指出了关于系统内力作用的误解,并简单地讨论了台风运动的摆动周期和振幅。 相似文献
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三年地基微波辐射计观测温度廓线的精度分析 总被引:4,自引:2,他引:2
对安装在北京南郊观象台的地基微波辐射计测量的温度廓线数据的精度进行了分析。首先在2006年9月晴天条件下,对比由7个氧气通道测量的亮温与由微波辐射传输模式计算的亮温。得到51.250GHz的测量值与计算值的标准差值最大,为3.8K,其余通道均小于1.8K。2种亮温的偏差值以及绝对偏差值,在51.250和52.280GHz处大于1.0K,在其余5个通道处都小于1.0K。2种亮温拟合直线的斜率,在52.280和53.850GHz处分别为0.66与0.7,其余通道都大于0.8。然后,使用2005年9月—2008年8月的观测数据,对比地基微波辐射计与探空同时观测的大气温度。结果显示,2种测量技术的差异随高度而增大。另外,将3a观测数据按照季节以及晴天与非晴无降水天进行对比分析。结果显示,不同季节2种测量技术存在不同差异。其中,夏季测量差异最小。而晴天测量差异在3.250km以下比非晴无降水天小。 相似文献
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陆地上空标量辐射对地表反射率和大气气溶胶散射都具有很强的敏感性,而偏振反射只对大气气溶胶敏感,对地表不敏感。根据这个原理并结合POLDER(POLarization and Directionality of Earth Reflectance)资料的特点,作者提出综合利用标量辐射和偏振反射信息来实现陆地上空大气气溶胶和地表反照率的同时反演。首先,利用多角度偏振辐射观测提取大气气溶胶光学参数,再利用标量辐射测量对偏振反演结果作进一步筛选和订正,同时获得地表反射率。数值模拟试验结果证明,仅利用偏振信息只能获取大气气溶胶信息,而且其结果误差较大,特别是对于散射作用较强的短波长通道如670 nm误差更大,但经过标量辐射订正后的结果得到明显改善,气溶胶光学厚度和地表反射率与真实值之间相关系数都达到0.99以上。为提高查找表的计算效率,提出并建立了反演方案所需要的半参数化数值表,利用内插方法寻求气溶胶光学厚度和地表反射率的数值解的反演方法。 相似文献
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青藏高原地区MODIS反照率的精度分析 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
应用2002-2004年青藏高原CAMP/Tibet试验期间4个地面站点的反照率观测结果定量分析Te丌aMODISlkm分辨率短波SW波段(0.3—5.0μm)反照率全反演结果和当量反演结果的精度。对于全反演结果,黑空反照率、白空反照率与地面观测结果的均方根差分别为0.0187和0.0168;对于当量反演结果,黑空反照率、白空反照率与地面观测结果的均方根差分别为0.0766和0.0761。综合全反演结果和当量反演结果,则黑空反照率、白空反照率与地面观测结果的均方根差分别为0.0679和0.0675。当地面观测结果与MODIS反照率当量反演结果均为“无雪”状态时,黑空反照率、白空反照率与地面观测结果的均方根差分别为0.0352和0.0364;当地面观测结果为“积雪”状态,MODIS反照率当量反演结果为“无雪”状态时,黑空反照率、白空反照率与地面观测结果的均方根差分别高达0.1556和0.1541。 相似文献
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James Ekmann 《Climatic change》2013,121(1):27-39
This paper discusses the coal cycle from exploration through mining to end uses and environmental remediation, primarily from the perspective of elements in the cycle that are most vulnerable to the impacts of climatic change. The differences between resource estimates are noted. Coal transport by rail, barge, and ocean-going vessels are compared. The major end-use technologies are mentioned in the context of the coal value chain. Water availability is identified as a major uncertainty that could be further complicated by climate change. The major flows that are produced by down-stream cleanup of environmental emissions are discussed in terms of the movement of bulk solids. Typical impacts of temperature change, changes in precipitation, sea level rise, and decrease in sea ice in this cycle are summarized. Finally, while noting the negative impacts of climate changes in the Arctic, the opportunities that may arise from these are also discussed. 相似文献
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High-resolution simulations of West African climate using regional climate model (RegCM3) with different lateral boundary conditions 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
M. B. Sylla A. T. Gaye J. S. Pal G. S. Jenkins X. Q. Bi 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2009,98(3-4):293-314
To downscale climate change scenarios, long-term regional climatologies employing global model forcing are needed for West Africa. As a first step, this work examines present-day integrations (1981–2000) with a regional climate model (RCM) over West Africa nested in both reanalysis data and output from a coupled atmospheric–ocean general circulation model (AOGCM). Precipitation and temperature from both simulations are compared to the Climate Research Unit observations. Their spatial distributions are shown to be realistic. Annual cycles are considerably correlated. Simulations are also evaluated with respect to the driving large-scale fields. RCM offers some improvements compared to the AOGCM driving field. Evaluation of seasonal precipitation biases reveals that RCM dry biases are highest on June–August around mountains. They are associated to cold biases in temperature which, in turn, are connected to wet biases in precipitation outside orographic zones. Biases brought through AOGCM forcing are relatively low. Despite these errors, the simulations produce encouraging results and show the ability of the AOGCM to drive the RCM for future projections. 相似文献
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北京地区一次降雹过程和冰雹微物理特征 总被引:1,自引:2,他引:1
对2000年5月17日降雹现场进行了实地考查,同时收集了部分冰雹样品,进行了冰雹切片实验,分析研究了雹谱、雹击带和冰雹的微物理结构特征。应用天气图、雷达探测冰雹云回波和探空资料,分析了冰雹云形成的天气条件、大气层结和冰雹云回波结构。 相似文献
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Summary Energy consumption, agricultural activities and comfort in building design are all related to temporal temperature variations.
Truncation of the temperature series at a constant base temperature level leads to surpluses and deficits as deviations. Surpluses
are instances for cooling and deficits for heating. In meteorology and heat engineering these are referred to as cooling and
heating degree-days, respectively. Since the temperature records are random in character their future predictions are necessary
through statistical and probabilistic methods. In this paper, the degree-days are assumed to have a normal probability distribution
function and therefore, their averages and standard deviations are considered sufficient for modeling cooling and heating
degree-day amounts. Theoretical derivations are presented for degree-day risk calculations in their general forms and a simple
implementation is given for two cities in Turkey.
Received January 23, 1998 Revised June 16, 1998 相似文献
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利用舟山市1994—2003年的实测风资料分5类统计了舟山群岛冬半年大风的发生规律。对一次冷空气个例进行诊断分析结果表明:大风是强冷平流、高空急流、动量下传等共同作用的结果。对一次低气压引起的大风的分析认为涡度平流、温度平流、潜热释放对低压发展有重大贡献。根据大风的成因和预报经验选择有关物理量进行t统计分析, 选择有异常表现的物理量作预报因子。最后用人工神经网络方法建立预报模型, 并进行了试报, 试报误差都在4.5 m/s以下。 相似文献
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利用奇异谱方法(SSA方法)分析登陆广东省的热带气旋的演变规律,发现年登陆的热带气旋数存在明显的8年、准3年的周期振荡;登陆珠江口以西的热带气旋数存在12年、准2年的周期振荡。把产生热带气旋的源地——西北太平洋划分为8个海区,对每个海区的海表温度进行奇异谱分析,结果显示NIN0西区和暖池海区分别存在8年和3年的准周期振荡及12年和2年的周期振荡,这很可能是登陆广东的热带气旋产生的物理原因。最后结合最大炳谱方法(SSA—MEM)做出登陆广东省的全年和登陆珠江口以西的热带气旋趋势预报,其效果较理想,在短期气候预测业务中有一定的参考价值。 相似文献