共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 400 毫秒
1.
《高原气象》2016,(2)
为定量评估水体对温度的影响,通过观测试验和数值模拟研究不同尺度水体的影响范围,并进行敏感性试验分析,得到以下主要结果:(1)观测试验表明,冬、春季水体对周围的影响主要表现为夜间增温和白天降温,离水体越近,效果越明显,影响范围小尺度水体冬季可达200 m,春季影响距离减小,大尺度水体可达1 km,水体的增温作用存在背景风速阈值,小尺度水体的阈值为3 m·s~(-1),大尺度水体的阈值为4 m·s~(-1),当背景风速小于阈值时,增温作用显著,大于阈值时,增温作用不显著,白天降温作用受风速的影响不大。(2)数值模拟结果表明,不同尺度水体对温度均有白天降温、夜间升温的作用,以0.05℃为标准,小尺度水体对温度的影响范围达到100 m,以0.2℃为标准,大尺度水体的影响范围达到3.7 km左右。(3)对背景风速、初始温度、天气状况的敏感性分析表明,夜间,当风速小于对应阈值时,风速越大,水体对下风向的影响越大,大于对应阈值时,水体的影响不随风速变化而变化;白天,水体对下风向的影响受初始风速的影响不如夜间明显,夜间,温度越高,水体的影响距离越小,白天反之,水体对温度的影响随天气变化显著不同。 相似文献
2.
水体的温度效应 总被引：8，自引：3，他引：8
本文用数值模拟的方法研究了陆地水体的温度效应。在模式中考虑了水陆间反射率差异、水体对太阳辐射的透射作用、水体的湍流混合、地面和水面的能量平衡以及土壤热传导方程等物理过程。模拟结果与观测资料和前人的研究结果一致。水体白天有降温效应,夜间有升温效应,这种效应晴天大于阴天;夏季白天的降温效应大于夜间的升温效应,冬季的情况则相反。大气通过湍流混合和风的平流输送使水体的特性影响到陆地上,在水体的下风岸可伸入10公里左右,在上风岸仅有2公里,受水体影响的高度为200—400米,岸上的温度随着离岸距离的增加按指数律变化来接近内陆上的温度值。这种方法可用来进行水库的环境评价和湖泊气候资源的研究。 相似文献
3.
建筑物对周边气温影响的初步研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
随着城市化进程的加快,建筑物成为影响气温观测的最重要因素之一。为了定量研究建筑物对周边气温的影响,应用城市小区尺度模式,选取气象站观测的3个重要时刻(14∶00、20∶00以及02∶00,北京时间),模拟了草地下垫面上长60 m、宽20 m的孤立建筑物,在不同高度(6、18、30m)及不同初始风速(2、4、6、8、10 m·s~(-1))条件下建筑物下风方的气温变化。研究结果表明:(1)由于建筑物的存在,夏季晴天14∶00建筑物下风方最大增温可达2.4℃,夜间20∶00和02∶00建筑物下风方最大降温分别为1.0℃、2.4℃。(2)以影响幅度大于0.1℃为标准,建筑物对下风方气温影响的最大距离在14∶00为11.7倍建筑物高度;而在20∶00和02∶00分别达到36.7倍和21.7倍建筑物高度,超过气象探测环境保护条例规定标准。(3)建筑物导致下风方风速衰减,从而增加了湍流动能中机械产生项的作用,即风速衰减幅度越大,对气温变化影响作用越强;而在白天不稳定层结下,建筑物造成的太阳辐射遮蔽效应对气温变化也有一定影响,建筑物越高,反而会在一定程度上减弱增温效应。 相似文献
4.
为研究水体对气温观测环境的影响,应用WRF中尺度模式,通过对四季晴天小风、阴天大风背景天气下有无水体算例模拟结果的比较,分析了浙江青山湖水体(6.5 km2)对周边2 m高度处气温的影响。模拟结果表明:(1)冬季天气条件通常较稳定,水体对下风方的影响最为明显;春、秋季节水体对下风方的影响次之,夏季局地热力环流复杂,水体对下风方气温影响不若其他季节明显。(2)青山湖水体对下风方约5 km内的气温可能产生明显影响,非下风方缩短为0.4 km。(3)水体面积越大,对周边气温影响距离越大。(4)当风速大于6.2 m·s-1时,水陆热力性质差异迅速被平流项输送携带走,水体对下风方气温影响不明显。而湍流扩散项则将水体与陆面热力性质的差异向上传递,湍流强度大于0.5 m2·s-2时,水体对下风方气温的影响不明显。 相似文献
5.
为定量研究公路对气温观测的影响,本文使用2014年1—5月在陕西省开展的两组公路观测试验的逐分钟温度、风向、风速等气象资料,对比分析了合阳县国道和渭蒲高速公路在不同季节、不同天空状况以及不同背景风速条件下对周围环境气温观测的影响程度和影响距离。试验结果表明:公路对周围的环境温度有一定的增温影响,合阳国道对环境温度的增温影响至75m,增温效应达0.25~0.4℃。高速公路的增温影响至125m,增温效应达0.2~0.4℃。冬季,两条公路白天增温效应较夜间明显,春季,高速公路夜间增温更明显。晴天、多云天气比阴天、降雨天气增温程度大。公路对气温的增温影响存在风速阈值,当风速小于对应阈值时,增温效应明显。公路上来往车流量对气温有一定的叠加增温影响,合阳国道白天车流量150~350辆,叠加增温效应0.05~0.1℃,蒲渭高速白天车流量2000~3500辆,叠加增温效应0.16℃。 相似文献
6.
太阳能屋顶的安装预计能在一定程度上缓解城市化带来的能源危机及对城市热环境的破坏。利用耦合了城市单层冠层方案（UCM）的WRF模式,以南京2010年7月27日至8月5日夏季晴天微风天气为背景,模拟了不同发电效率的太阳能屋顶的安装对城市高温的缓解效应。结果表明:（1）太阳能屋顶可以通过削弱到达城市表面的太阳辐射使城市2 m高气温降低,随着发电效率的提高,降温效果更明显,且白天降温效果明显优于夜间;白天2 m高气温最大降低0.4-1.3℃,夜间降低0.2-0.5℃。（2）太阳能屋顶可使边界层内气温降低,白天在边界层400 m以下降温显著,夜间在边界层高度200 m以下降温显著;白天边界层内最大降温出现在中午前后,降温0.1-0.8℃,夜间边界层内最大降温0.5℃。（3）发电效率为40%时,模拟期间的发电量为18.1×109 kW·h。 相似文献
7.
为了研究不同等级公路对气温观测的影响,在渭南市境内108国道和渭蒲高速公路进行公路典型环境特定观测试验,结果表明:当测站距国道50m以外,气温观测基本不受影响。当高速公路位于测站上风方时,其对气温的影响明显大于当其位于测站下风方时,且当风速1.0m/s,靠近高速公路的测站增温现象明显,这种影响延伸到距测站100m以内;当高速公路位于测站下风方时,距高速公路75m以内测站的气温受其影响增大或减小趋势呈明显的日变化特征。建议在气象观测站选址和观测环境保护时,充分考虑测站对公路路基回避距离的要求。 相似文献
8.
城市中水体的微气候效应研究 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
应用观测资料分析和数值模拟的方法来研究城市中水体的微气候效应, 结果表明, 城市中的水体对其周边的小气候有着明显的调节作用。城市中商业区温度最高、湿度最小; 交通区次之; 水体附近温度最低、湿度最大, 平均湿度比商业区高出约10%。水体区的月平均温度日较差比其他功能区明显大。水体区的月平均温度比其他功能区低0.37～1.15℃。水体对环境的影响主要发生在上风岸2 km以内和下风岸9 km以内, 以2.5 km以内最为明显。水体的面积和布局是影响小气候效应的重要因素。水体面积越大对环境影响越大, 单块的小于0.25 km2的水体对环境的影响不明显, 但是多块、密集分布的小面积水体会对环境的降温增湿效果更显著。在本文个例中, 与其他湖泊邻近的面积为1.25 km2的水体, 可以使2.5 km之内温差达到0.2～1.0℃, 水汽比湿增加0.1～0.7 g/kg。相对孤立的面积为2 km2的水体, 可以使1.0 km范围内降温幅度0.6℃, 水汽比湿增加0.1～0.4 g/kg。水体可以使地面风速增加, 一般能使风速增加0.1～0.2 m/s。 相似文献
9.
首先利用上海77个区域站2011—2014年逐时气温和风资料,研究了地面风对上海城市热岛(urban heat island,UHI)的影响及UHI季节性空间分布特征的成因,并从海陆热力差异初步揭示了向岸风对热岛强度(urban heat island intensity,I_(UHI))的影响。其次利用上海7个国家站1961—2014年逐月气温和风资料,研究了上海各季地面风速与I_(UHI)的年际变化关系。结果表明:(1)UHI中心出现的位置与风向、风速有密切的关系,特别是夜间UHI中心有向城市下风方向漂移的特征,其平均漂移风速阈值为2 m·s~(-1),UHI区域随风速增大向城市下风方向延伸,I_(UHI)随风速的增大而减小。(2)上海各季夜间UHI特征明显,尤以秋冬季最为明显,春季次之,夏季最弱。春夏季夜间UHI中心出现在城区西北侧,而秋冬季夜间UHI中心稳定在城区,表现为典型UHI。各季白天均表现为下风方大范围增暖现象。季节地面盛行风决定了UHI季节性空间分布特征。(3)白天向岸风具有抑制升温作用(春夏季最为明显),受其影响气温大值区易出现在内陆地区,春夏季城市偏东区I_(UHI)小于偏西区;夜间向岸风具有抑制降温作用(秋冬季最为明显),受其影响秋冬季东部沿海地区出现明显增暖且城市偏东区I_(UHI)大于偏西区。海陆热力差随季节不同和盛行风风速大小决定了向岸风这种作用的大小及影响范围。(4)各季年平均地面风速与I_(UHI)均呈显著负相关,1961—2014年上海各季风速均表现为递减趋势(春冬季最明显),为I_(UHI)增大提供有利条件。21世纪以来各季I_(UHI)均呈现减缓特征(夏秋季最明显),风速并不是导致I_(UHI)减缓的主要因素。 相似文献
10.
利用美国气象环境预报中心和美国国家大气研究中心(NCEP/NCAR)共同开发的天气研究和预报系统WRF模式3.1版本,结合地球观测系统的中分辨率成像光谱仪EOS-MODIS反演的下垫面土地利用/植被类型资料,并同化2008年夏季金塔绿洲野外观测试验所取得的气象资料,对绿洲系统陆—气水热交换过程进行模拟,最终生成金塔高分辨率资料同化再分析数据集。此数据集包括黑河流域金塔绿洲2008年6-8月逐时水平分辨率1 km的土地利用类型、19层风温湿压、4层土壤温湿度以及地表植被覆盖、辐射分量、热通量等资料。同时,利用金塔绿洲观测期内的地表气压、地面气温和相对湿度实测值对该数据集进行初步验证,并分析了绿洲—戈壁系统的"冷湿岛效应"、平均大气环流特征和空气温湿度长期变化规律。结果表明,绿洲和戈壁下垫面的热力差异明显,绿洲和戈壁平均地表温度白天和夜间分别相差21℃和3℃;10 cm土壤温度白天最大相差17℃,并且绿洲比戈壁滞后3 h达到峰值;戈壁相对湿度比绿洲平均约低11%;白天绿洲的"冷岛效应"和"湿岛效应"影响高度平均可达2000 m和1500 m;夜间绿洲的近地层500 m以下则表现出弱的"冷岛效应";夜间绿洲上空的平均垂直气流为上升气流,白天出现大范围下沉气流,平均最大下沉气流速度可达-0.3 m·s-1。 相似文献
11.
基于118站探空资料研究了近60年中国850—100 hPa气温变化趋势及季节和区域特征,并通过与1979—2017年卫星微波气温的对比研究了中国探空气温均一化的不确定性。研究表明,1958—2017年中国平均对流层气温呈上升趋势,300 hPa升温最为显著,平流层下层（100 hPa）为降温趋势。冬季对流层上层升温趋势和夏季平流层下层降温趋势较强。1979—2017年较整个时段对流层升温趋势较强,平流层下层降温趋势较弱。青藏高原和西北地区对流层上层升温趋势较强。通过与卫星微波气温和邻近探空站探空气温的对比以及均一化前后日夜气温差值检测出中国探空均一化气温仍残存非均一性问题。由于参照序列的局限性,均一化未能完全去除21世纪最初10年中国探空系统变化造成的对流层中、上层至平流层下层气温系统性下降的影响,导致中国对流层上层升温趋势被低估和平流层下层降温趋势被高估。未来可通过参考卫星微波气温和邻近探空站序列调整非均一性订正顺序并增加合理性检验等方法改进中国探空气温均一化方案。 相似文献
12.
利用2001-2012年MODIS地表温度资料,分析了三峡库区蓄水后水体对冬、夏两季白天和夜间地表温度的影响。由于下垫面水陆和地势的影响,白天地表温度高值区主要位于四川盆地东部,夜间则主要出现在长江江面;温度日较差在长江和海拔较高地区较小,且夏季水体日较差小于冬季。分别用水体和I～X缓冲区地表温度减去XI缓冲区去除气候背景场影响,发现冬季白天地表温度趋势在水体及I～VI缓冲区由下降转为上升,夜间地表温度在相同距离内显著升高。利用蓄水后（2003-2012年）地表温度或日较差分别减去蓄水前（2001-2002年）剔除地形影响,发现：冬季,三峡工程水库蓄水对局地地表温度具有增温效果,且强度和范围夜间大于白天;夏季,对地表温度有降温作用,白天大于夜间;同时,冬、夏季的温度日较差减小;且水体对局地地表温度和日较差的影响随距水体距离的增加而减小,其影响范围基本维持在0～8 km范围内。 相似文献
13.
We examine the climatological diurnal cycle of surface air temperature in a 6 km resolution atmospheric simulation of Southern California from 1995 to the present. We find its amplitude and phase both have significant geographical structure. This is most likely due to diurnally-varying flows back and forth across the coastline and elevation isolines resulting from the large daily warming and cooling over land. Because the region’s atmosphere is generally stably stratified, these flow patterns result in air of lower (higher) potential temperature being advected upslope (downslope) during daytime (nighttime). This suppresses the temperature diurnal cycle amplitude at mountaintops where diurnal flows converge (diverge) during the day (night). The nighttime land breeze also advects air of higher potential temperature downslope toward the coast. This raises minimum temperatures in land areas adjacent to the coast in a manner analogous to the daytime suppression of maximum temperature by the cool sea breeze in these same areas. Because stratification is greater in the coastal zone than in the desert interior, these thermal effects of the diurnal winds are not uniform, generating spatial structures in the phase and shape of the temperature diurnal cycle as well as its amplitude. We confirm that the simulated characteristics of the temperature diurnal cycle as well as those of the associated diurnal winds are also found in a network of 30 observation stations in the region. This gives confidence in the simulation’s realism and our study’s findings. Diurnal flows are probably mainly responsible for the geographical structures in the temperature diurnal cycle in other regions of significant topography and surface heterogeneity, their importance depending partly on the degree of atmospheric stratification. 相似文献
14.
In this study, the influence of land use change and irrigation in the California Central Valley is quantified using the Pennsylvania State University/National Center for Atmospheric Research fifth generation Mesoscale Model (MM5) coupled with the Community Land Model version 3 (CLM3). The simulations were forced with modern-day and presettlement land use types at 30-km spatial resolution for the period 1 October 1995 to 30 September 1996. This study shows that land use change has significantly altered the structure of the planetary boundary layer (PBL) that affects near-surface temperature. In contrast, many land-use change studies indicate that albedo and evapotranspiration variations are the key processes influencing climate at local-to-regional scales. Our modeling results show that modern-day daily maximum near-surface air temperature (Tmax) has decreased due to agricultural expansion since presettlement. This decrease is caused by weaker sensible heat flux resulting from the lower surface roughness lengths associated with modern-day crops. The lower roughness lengths in the Central Valley also result in stronger winds that lead to a higher PBL. The higher PBL produces stronger sensible heat flux, causing nighttime warming. In addition to land use change, cropland irrigation has also affected hydroclimate processes within the California Central Valley. We generated a 10-member MM5-CLM3 ensemble simulation, where each ensemble member was forced by a fixed volumetric soil water content (SWC) between 3% and 30%, at 3% intervals, over the irrigated areas during a spring?Csummer growing season, 1 March to 31 August 1996. The results show that irrigation lowers the modern-day cropland surface temperature. Daytime cooling is produced by irrigation-related evaporation enhancement. This increased evaporation also dominates the nighttime surface cooling process. Surface cooling and the resulting weaker sensible heat flux further lower the near-surface air temperature. Thus, irrigation strengthens the daytime near-surface air temperature reduction that is caused by land use change, and a similar temperature change is seen for observations over irrigated cropland. Based on our modeling results, the nighttime near-surface warming induced by land use change is alleviated by low-intensity irrigation (17%?<?SWC?<?19%), but such warming completely reverses to a cooling effect under high-intensity irrigation (SWC?>?19%). The land use changes discussed in this study are commonly observed in many regions of the world, and the physical processes identified here can be used to better understand temperature variations over other areas with similar land cover changes. 相似文献
15.
Liming Zhou Yuhong Tian Somnath Baidya Roy Yongjiu Dai Haishan Chen 《Climate Dynamics》2013,41(2):307-326
This paper analyzes seasonal and diurnal variations of MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) land surface temperature (LST) data at ~1.1 km for the period of 2003–2011 over a region in West-Central Texas, where four of the world’s largest wind farms are located. Seasonal anomalies are created from MODIS Terra (~10:30 a.m. and 10:30 p.m. local solar time) and Aqua (~1:30 a.m. and 1:30 p.m. local solar time) LSTs, and their spatiotemporal variability is analyzed by comparing the LST changes between wind farm pixels (WFPs) and nearby non wind farm pixels (NNWFPs) using different methods under different quality controls. Our analyses show consistently that there is a warming effect of 0.31–0.70 °C at nighttime for the nine-year period during which data was collected over WFPs relative to NNWFPs, in all seasons for both Terra and Aqua measurements, while the changes at daytime are much noisier. The nighttime warming effect is much larger in summer than winter and at ~10:30 p.m. than ~1:30 a.m. and hence the largest warming effect is observed at ~10:30 p.m. in summer. The spatial pattern and magnitude of this warming effect couple very well with the geographic distribution of wind turbines and such coupling is stronger at nighttime than daytime and in summer than winter. Together, these results suggest that the warming effect observed in MODIS over wind farms are very likely attributable to the development of wind farms. This inference is consistent with the increasing number of operational wind turbines with time during the study period, the diurnal and seasonal variations in the frequency of wind speed and direction distribution, and the changes in near-surface atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) conditions due to wind farm operations. The nocturnal ABL is typically stable and much thinner than the daytime ABL and hence the turbine enhanced vertical mixing produces a stronger nighttime effect. The stronger wind speed and the higher frequency of the wind speed within the optimal power generation range in summer than winter and at nighttime than daytime likely drives wind turbines to generate more electricity and turbulence and consequently results in the strongest warming effect at nighttime in summer. Similarly, the stronger wind speed and the higher frequency of optimal wind speed at ~10:30 p.m. than that at ~1:30 a.m. might help explain, to some extent, why the nighttime LST warming effect is slightly larger at ~10:30 p.m. than ~1:30 a.m. The nighttime warming effect seen in spring and fall are smaller than that in summer and can be explained similarly. 相似文献
16.
基于2001～2018年中分辨率成像光谱仪（MODIS）探测的白天地面温度（简称MODIS 白天地温）资料,与青藏高原（简称高原）122个气象站点观测的最高气温资料,在年尺度上评估了MODIS 白天地温在高原的适用性,研究了高原五个干湿分区下MODIS 白天地温的海拔依赖型变暖特征,得到以下主要结论:（1）MODIS白天地温能够基本再现观测的最高气温的时空以及海拔依赖型变暖特征;（2）高原整体上,MODIS白天地温存在显著的海拔依赖型变暖特征,平均海拔每增加100 m,其趋势增加0.02°C (10a)?1,且受积雪—反照率反馈主导;（3）干湿分区下,海拔依赖型变暖特征在高原表现为偏湿润地区强于偏干旱地区;季风区强于西风区。海拔依赖型特征强弱:半湿润地区＞湿润半湿润地区＞半干旱地区＞湿润地区＞干旱地区。平均海拔每增加100 m,以上区域的地温趋势分别增加0.06,0.03,0.03,0.01,0.01°C (10a)?1。半湿润和湿润半湿润地区年均温在0°C左右,在气候变暖背景下积雪—反照率反馈作用最为强烈,是其海拔依赖型变暖的主导因素;干旱与半干旱地区年均温相对更低,气候变暖程度对积雪影响相对较小,积雪—反照率反馈作用被限制,但仍对上述地区的海拔依赖型变暖起主导作用;而湿润地区的积雪覆盖率的上升可能是由于降雪（固态降水）增加抵消了积雪融化损耗,云辐射、水汽等其他因素主导了其海拔依赖型变暖。 相似文献
17.
The diurnal surface temperature range(DTR) has become significantly smaller over the Tibetan Plateau(TP) but larger in southeastern China, despite the daily mean surface temperature having increased steadily in both areas during recent decades.Based on ERA-Interim reanalysis data covering 1979–2012, this study shows that the weakened DTR over TP is caused by stronger warming of daily minimum surface temperature(Tmin) and a weak cooling of the daily maximum surface temperature(Tmax); meanwhile, the enhanced DTR over southeastern China is mainly associated with a relatively stronger/weaker warming of Tmax/Tmin. A further quantitative analysis of DTR changes through a process-based decomposition method—the Coupled Surface–Atmosphere Climate Feedback Response Analysis Method(CFRAM)—indicates that changes in radiative processes are mainly responsible for the decreased DTR over the TP. In particular, the increased low-level cloud cover tends to induce the radiative cooling/warming during daytime/nighttime, and the increased water vapor helps to decrease the DTR through the stronger radiative warming during nighttime than daytime. Contributions from the changes in all radiative processes(over-2?C) are compensated for by those from the stronger decreased surface sensible heat flux during daytime than during nighttime(approximately 2.5?C), but are co-contributed by the changes in atmospheric dynamics(approximately-0.4?C) and the stronger increased latent heat flux during daytime(approximately-0.8?C). In contrast, the increased DTR over southeastern China is mainly contributed by the changes in cloud, water vapor and atmospheric dynamics. The changes in surface heat fluxes have resulted in a decrease in DTR over southeastern China. 相似文献
18.
利用1961—2007年青藏高原66个气象台站气温和降水量资料,通过典型气候分区,系统研究了近47年来青藏高原气温、降水量等气候因子时空演变规律,揭示了青藏高原不同区域气候变化的差异性。研究表明:近47年来,青藏高原的气候呈现出显著增暖趋势,年平均气温以0.37℃/10a的速率上升,气候变暖在夜间要较日间明显。冬季较其他季节明显,2月气温由冷向暖的转变最为显著,8月最不显著,且在某些区域有变冷迹象;高原边缘地区气候变暖要明显于高原腹地,青海北部区特别是柴达木盆地是青藏高原气候变化的敏感区。降水量总体表现出增多态势,气候倾向率达9.1mm/10a,但区域性差异较为明显,藏东南川西区是青藏高原降水量增多最显著的地区;12月至次年5月即冬春季整个青藏高原降水量随着气候变暖而增多,7月和9月黄河上游区1987年后干旱化趋势明显。 相似文献
19.
Dry-bulb temperature, dew-point, wind speed, and wind direction were measured in and around an isolated vegetative canopy in Davis CA from 12 to 25 October 1986. These meteorological variables were measured 1.5 m above ground along a transect of 7 weather stations set up across the canopy and the upwind/downwind open fields. These variables were averaged every 15 minutes for a period of two weeks so we could analyze their diurnal cycles as well as their spatial variability. The results indicate significant nocturnal heat islands and daytime oases within the vegetation stand, especially in clear weather. Inside the canopy within 5 m of its upwind edge, daytime temperature fell by as much as 4.5 °C, whereas the nighttime temperature rose by 1 °C. Deeper into the canopy and downwind, the daytime drop in temperature reached 6 °C, and the nighttime increase reached 2 °C. Wind speed was reduced by ~ 2 ms–1 in mild conditions and by as much as 6.7 ms–1 during cyclonic weather when open-field wind speed was in the neighborhood of 8 ms–1. Data from this project were used to construct correlations between temperature and wind speed within the canopy and their corresponding ambient, open-field values.With 10 Figures 相似文献