共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
观乎上文,可知位置温度及比较湿度,实为最富保守性之二种属性.美国麻省理工大学教授洛斯培氏(Prof.C.G.Russky)首定空气的部分位置温度(Potential temperature of dry air,θd)及水汽与空气的混合比(Mixing ratio of water vapor to dry air,W),作为分析气团之指标.其法以此二因子.作为坐标之经纬轴,每次测得各高层之气压,温度及相对湿度後,根据上述之公式,或利用现成之图表,求得θd及W之数值. 相似文献
2.
Employing the mesoscale WRF (Weather Research and Forecast) model, Super Typhoon
Saomai (2006) is simulated. The variation of track and intensity and its offshore rapid
intensification process are well demonstrated by the model, and the temperature and humidity
patterns associated with the dry cold air activity and their impact on and mechanism of the
offshore rapid intensification of Saomai are mainly studied in this paper. The results
indicate that high-resolution water vapor imagery can visually reveal the development,
evolution, interaction as well as the mutual complementation of the dry cold air activity
accompanied with the development of Saomai. The offshore rapid intensification phenomenon of
Saomai is closely related to the dry cold air which originates from the upper- and mid-
troposphere. Besides, the dry cold air from the upper troposphere is stronger than that from
the mid-troposphere. Saomai intensifies as the dry cold air from the northwest moves toward
its circulation but weakens when the dry cold air from the southwest is drawn into the storm.
Dry cold airflows and their cold advection effect caused by the downward motion across the
isentropic surface are favorable to the development of Saomai. The dry cold air always moves
along an isentropic surface from the upper troposphere to the mid-troposphere around the
typhoon circulation and contributes to Saomai’s abrupt intensity change. 相似文献
3.
Diagnostic study on the structural characteristics of a typical mei-yu front system and its maintenance mechanism 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
In this paper, a typical mei-yu front process with heavy rainfall from June 12 to 15 in 1998 is analyzed. The results show that the mei-yu front is a front system which consists of an iso-θe dense area with strong horizontal gradient, a deep-convective cloud tower band, a passageway transporting warm and moist air flow from the summer monsoon surge in the mid and low levels to the south of the mei-yu front,and a migrating synoptic scale trough to the north of the mei-yu front, which transports cold and dry air southward in the mid and upper levels. The maintenance of the mei-yu front is realized by: (1) is a positive feedback between the moist physical process enhancing frontogenesis and the development of the strong convective system in front of the mei-yu front; (2) the sustaining system to the north of the mei-yu front which is a migrating synoptic scale trough transporting cold and dry air to the mei-yu front and positive vorticity to the mesoscale system in front of the mei-yu front. 相似文献
4.
4.太平洋及其邻近之气团贝尔格龙1930年发表之“动力气候学的真铨”(7)以气团原地之区域,分气团为四大类:冰洋气团A,极地气团P,热带气团T,及赤道气团E。又因海洋与大陆之不同,每大类再分为二小类,即有冰洋大陆气团cA,冰洋海洋气团mA,极地大陆气团cP等等八类。如 相似文献
5.
引言作气温变化之分析,一方固须有多年之记录,以得其标准数值(Normal Value),他方亦须有高空材料,以明空气团(air mass)影响气温之概况,北平现只有一公里至四公里之风向,风力记录,关於空气团对於气温影响之分析,无从下手,至为遗憾。 相似文献
6.
The consistency of global atmospheric mass and water budget performance in 20 state-of-the-art ocean–atmosphere Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) coupled models has been assessed in a historical experiment. All the models realistically reproduce a climatological annual mean of global air mass (AM) close to the ERA-Interim AM during 1989–2005. Surprisingly, the global AM in half of the models shows nearly no seasonal variation, which does not agree with the seasonal processes of global precipitable water or water vapor, given the mass conservation constraint. To better understand the inconsistencies, we evaluated the seasonal cycles of global AM tendency and water vapor source (evaporation minus precipitation). The results suggest that the inconsistencies result from the poor balance between global AM tendency and water vapor source based on the global AM budget equation. Moreover, the cross-equatorial dry air mass ?ux, or hemispheric dry mass divergence, is not well represented in any of the 20 CMIP5 models, which show a poorly matched seasonal cycle and notably larger amplitude, compared with the hemispheric tendencies of dry AM in both the Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere. Pronounced erroneous estimations of tropical precipitation also occur in these models. We speculate that the large inaccuracy of precipitation and possibly evaporation in the tropics is one of the key factors for the inconsistent cross-equatorial mass ?ux. A reasonable cross-equatorial mass ?ux in well-balanced hemispheric air mass and moisture budgets remains a challenge for both reanalysis assimilation systems and climate modeling. 相似文献
7.
On May 20 th 2007, a brief but severe downpour rainstorm occurred in the coastal areas of Maoming and Yangjiang with rainfall of 115 mm per hour. Data from NCEP/NCAR reanalysis with 1°×1° resolution, Doppler weather radar, conventional surface observations, high-altitude radiosonde and wind profiler radar were used to analyze characteristics and contributions of synoptic scale and mesoscale systems during this torrential rainstorm. The results showed that:(1) the storm was caused by a quasi-linear mesoscale convective system(MCS) and the slow-movement of this system was the primary trigger of the torrential downpour;(2) water vapor was abundant, nearly saturated and in steady state throughout the atmosphere before the storm; intrusion of the weak dry and cold air in the middle level and a striking "dry above and wet below " structure had increased the atmospheric instability;(3) low-level southwesterly airflow from a low pressure(trough) at the Beibu Gulf provided abundant water vapor at the onset of the rainstorm; a deep dry layer was formed by dry and cold air behind the high-level trough, which facilitated latent heat release;upper-level divergence and low-level convergence circulations also provided vertical uplift for warm and moist air at the lower level;(4) Topography only played a minor role as the MCS developed and strengthened over relatively flat coastal terrain. Low level density flow induced by convection triggered new convective cell generation at the leading edge of the convective system, thereby playing a key role in the change of temperature gradient at lower layers, and resulting in strengthening atmospheric instability. 相似文献
8.
Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) data show that the Saharan air layer (SAL) is a dry, warm, and well-mixed layer between 950 and 500 hPa over the tropical Atlantic, extending westward from the African coast to the Caribbean Sea. The formations of both Hurricane Isabel and Tropical Depression 14 (TD14) were accompanied with outbreaks of SAL air during the period 1-12 September 2003, although TD14 failed to develop into a named tropical cyclone. The influence of the SAL on their formations is investigated ... 相似文献
9.
10.
High-resolution numerical simulation results of a squall line initiated along a convergence zone in northeast China on 26 June 2014 were presented in this study. The simulation was performed by a convection-permitting model with coarse and fine grids of 4 and 1.33 km, respectively, and the simulation results were validated against the observation. Results showed that the simulation adequately reproduced the life cycle of the squall line, which allowed detailed investigation of the mechanism of convective initiation in this case. The synoptic condition was favorable for convective initiation and the convection was triggered in a convergence zone, where a branch of dry and cold air and a branch of moist and warm air collided. The water vapor flux divergence was inhomogeneous and some cores of water vapor convergence existed in the convergence zone. These cores were the spots where water vapor converged intensely and the air there was forced to rise, creating favorable spots where the convection was initially triggered. A series of quasi-equally spaced vortices near the surface, which themselves were the result of horizontal shear instability, were accountable for the inhomogeneity of the surface water vapor flux divergence. These vortices rotated the moist air into their north and dry air into their south, thus creating more favorable spots for convective initiation in their north. After initiation, the updraft turned the horizontal vorticity into vertical vorticity in the mid-level. The vortices near the surface collaborated with the vorticity maxima in the mid-level and enhanced the development of convection by providing water vapor. 相似文献
11.
Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) data show that the Saharan air layer (SAL) is a dry, warm, and well-mixed layer between 950 and 500 hPa over the tropical Atlantic, extending westward from the African coast to the Caribbean Sea. The formations of both Hurricane Isabel and Tropical Depression 14 (TD14) were accompanied with outbreaks of SAL air during the period 1-12 September 2003, although TD14 failed to develop into a named tropical cyclone. The influence of the SAL on their formations is investigated by examining data from satellite observations and numerical simulations, in which AIRS data are incorporated into the MM5 model through the nudging technique. Analyses of the AIRS and simulation data suggest that the SAL may have played two roles in the formation of tropical cyclones during the period 1-12 September 2003. First, the outbreaks of SAL air on 3 and 8 September enhanced the transverse-vertical circulation with the rising motion along the southern edge of the SAL and the sinking motion inside the SAL, triggering the development of two tropical disturbances associated with Hurricane Isabel and TD14. Second, in addition to the reduced environmental humidity and enhanced static stability in the lower troposphere, the SAL dry air intruded into the inner region of these tropical disturbances as their cyclonic ?ows became strong. This effect may have slowed down the formation of Isabel and inhibited TD14 becoming a named tropical cyclone, while the enhanced vertical shear contributed little to tropical cyclone formation during this period. The 48-h trajectory calculations confirm that the parcels from the SAL can be transported into the inner region of an incipient tropical cyclone. 相似文献
12.
The impacts of different moisture profiles on the structure and vertical motion of squall lines were investigated by conducting a set of numerical simulations. The base state was determined by an observational sounding, with high precipitable water representing moist environmental conditions in the East Asian monsoon region. To reveal the impact of moisture at different levels, the moisture content at the middle and low levels were changed in the numerical simulations. The numerical results showed that more convective cells developed and covered a larger area in the high moisture experiments, which was characteristic of the convection during the Meiyu season in China. In addition, high moisture content at low levels favored the development of updrafts and triggered convection of greater intensity. This was demonstrated by the thermodynamic parameters, including Convective Available Potential Energy (CAPE), Lifted Index (LI), Lift Condensation Level (LCL), and Level of Free Convection (LFC). Dry air at middle levels led to strong downdrafts in the environment and updrafts in clouds. This could be because dry air at middle levels favors the release of latent heat, thereby promoting updrafts in clouds and downdrafts in the environment. Therefore, high relative humidity (RH) at low levels and low RH at middle levels favors updrafts in the cloud cores. Additionally, moist air at low levels and dry air at middle levels promotes the development of convective cells and the intensification of cold pool. The squall line can be organized by the outflow boundary induced by cold pool. The balance of cold pool and environmental wind shear is favorable for the maintenance and strengthening of squall lines. 相似文献
13.
Soil Moisture Effects on Sand Saltation and Dust Emission Observed over the Horqin Sandy Land Area in China 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0 
下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 In this study, the effects of soil moisture on sand saltation and dust emission over the Horqin Sandy Land area are investigated, based on observations of three dust events in 2010. The minimum friction velocity initiating the motion of surface particles, namely, the threshold friction velocity, is estimated to be 0.34,0.40, and 0.50 m s-1under the very dry, dry, and wet soil conditions, respectively. In comparison with the observations during the dust events under the very dry and dry soil conditions, the dust emission flux during the wet event is smaller, but the saltation activities of sand particles(d 50 μm) are stronger. The size distributions of airborne dust particles(0.1 d 20 μm) show that concentrations of the finer dust particles(0.1 d 0.3 μm) have a secondary peak under dry soil conditions, while they are absent under wet soil conditions. This suggests that the surface soil particle size distribution can be changed by soil moisture. Under wet soil conditions, the particles appear to have a larger size, and hence more potential saltating particles are available. This explains the occurrence of stronger saltation processes observed under wet soil conditions. 相似文献
14.
我国冬季(十一月至三月)在极地大陆气团(Ps)控制之下,几成独占之势,其源地为西伯利亚及蒙古高原,或甚至可溯源於北冰洋。惟北冰洋气团,既至此区,停积日久,必与本区原有之空气具同一性质。且冬李极圈以内,冰天雪地,故其上之空气,秉性原即寒燥,与西伯利亚或蒙古高原上者本少有殊异,吾人为简便起见,即可视西 相似文献
15.
位涡、湿位涡及其守恒开启了(湿)位涡理论的较广泛应用,使(湿)位涡成为天气系统、天气现象演变的重要诊断物理量,能有效解释一些天气系统、天气现象的演变。为合理应用(湿)位涡及等熵位涡思维,简单分析了气象常用坐标中位涡、湿位涡表达式的限制性条件,强调此条件与(湿)等熵坐标成立的条件相同,指出z 坐标(湿)位涡与p、θ(θse)坐标(湿)位涡存在物理差异。在θ(θse)坐标中,气块的水平速度是相对水平面(地面)的移动速度,而非气块沿着等θ(θse)面的移动。在(湿)等熵位涡分析中,(湿)等熵位涡强度的变化,是平流、垂直输送以及非绝热过程的综合作用,不能简单归因为只由高层的(湿)等熵位涡异常向中低层传输、或中低纬的(湿)等熵位涡异常向高纬传送所造成。 相似文献
16.
An AMT-model,consisting of a trajectory model and a one-dimensional boundary layer model,is tested fortrajectories arriving in Taiyuan to study the possibility of using it in Taiyuan.The sensitivity of the model tothe different processes was studied.Some parameters of the model were modified for the purpose of forecast-ing in specific mountainous terrain and dry climate conditions.Results of examples which we have workedout for Taiyuan circumstances for the periods of July(summer)1985 and January(winter)1986,show that the12h runs of the AMT-model are able to reproduce(on historical data)the sounding of Taiyuan.The AMT-modelcontributes fruitfully to short-range weather forecasts(12—36h ahead)during periods of severe air pollution andwhen cold waves occur. 相似文献
17.
Numerical Experiments of Meiyu(Baiu) Rainfall by Quasi-Lagrangian Limited Area Model with Terrain 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
In this paper, a 10-level Quasi-Lagrangian Limited Area Model is used to simulate the process of Meiyu(Baiu) front of 1979. Some physical processes, such as large-scale condensation and cumulus convection, are included in the model. The simulation results are encouraging. 24-h numerical simulation shows that the invading of cold air from North China and rapidly northward moving of warm air from South China can be successfully reproduced. The terrain with a maximum of 4175 m is incorporated in the model. Three different kinds of terrain schemes are tested and the dynamic effect of the Plateau on the process of heavy rainfall is found to be very important. 相似文献
18.
Cold Air Activities in July 2004 and Its Impact on Intense Rainfalls over Southwest China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 The severe rainfall events in the mid-summer of July 2004 and the roles of cold air in the forma- tion of heavy precipitation are investigated by using daily observational precipitation data of China and NCEP/NCAR reanalysis.The results show that the severe rainfalls in Southwest China are closely related to the cold air activities from the mid-high latitudes,and the events take place under the cooperative effects of mid-high latitude circulation and low latitude synoptic regimes.It is the merging of a cold vortex over mid-latitudes with the northward landing typhoon and eastward Southwest China Vortex,as well as the abrupt transformation from a transversal trough into an upright one that causes three large alterations of mid-high atmospheric circulation respectively in the early and middle ten days of this month.Then,the amplitude of long waves soon magnifies,leading to the unusual intrusion of cold air to low-latitude areas in the mid-summer.Meanwhile,the warm and humid southwest summer monsoon is quite active.The strong interactions of cold air and summer monsoon over Southwest China result in the large-scale convective rain- falls on the southern side of cold air. With regard to the activities of cold air,it can influence rainfalls in three prominent ways.Firstly,the incursion of upper-level cold air is often accompanied by partial southerly upper-level jet.The ascending branch of the corresponding secondary circulation,which is on the left front side of the jet center,provides the favorite dynamic upward motion for the rainfalls.Secondly,the southward movement of cold air contributes to the establishment of atmospheric baroclinic structure,which would lead to baroclinic disturbances.The atmospheric disturbances associated with the intrusion of cold air can destroy the potential instability strat- ification,release the convective available potential energy(CAPE)and finally cause convective activities.In addition,the advection processes of dry and cold air at the upper level along with the advection of humid and warm air at the lower level are rather significant for the reestablishment of potential instability in the precipitation area,which is one of the crucial factors contributing to persistent rainfalls. 相似文献
19.
Synoptic patterns identified by an automated procedure employing principal- component analysis and a two-stage cluster analysis, and backward trajectory analysis clustered by the HYSPLIT4.9 model were used to examine air quality patterns over¨ Uru¨mqi, China, one of the most heavily polluted cities in the world. Six synoptic patterns representing different atmospheric circulation patterns and air-mass characteristics were classified during the winter heating periods from 2001 to 2008, and seven trajectory clusters representing different paths of air masses arriving at ürümqi were calculated during the winter heating periods from 2005 to 2008. Then air quality was evaluated using these two approaches, and significant variations were found across both synoptic patterns and trajectory clusters. The heaviest air-pollution episodes occurred when ürümqi was either in an extremely cold, strong anticyclone or at the front of a migrating cyclone. Both conditions were characterized by with light winds, cold, wet surface air, and relatively dry upper air. ürümqi was predominately influenced by air masses from the southwest and from local areas. Air pollution index (API) levels were highest for air masses originating from the southwest with a longer path or for the local area, because of transport from semi-desert/desert regions by strong winds and because of local heavy pollution emissions, respectively. The interactions between these two analytical approaches showed that poor diffusion conditions, together with local circulation, enhanced air pollution, besides, regional air-mass transport caused by strong winds contributed to serious air quality under relatively good diffusion conditions. 相似文献
20.
Enhanced observational meteorological elements,energy fluxes,and the concentration of dust aerosols collected from the Semi-Arid Climate Observatory and Laboratory(SACOL) during a typical dust storm period in March 2010 at Lanzhou were used in this paper to investigate the impact of dust aerosols on near surface atmospheric variables and energy budgets.The results show that the entire dust storm event was associated with high wind velocities and decreasing air pressure,and the air changed from cold and wet to warm and dry and then recovered to its initial state.The response of energy fluxes occurred behind meteorological elements.At high dust concentration periods,the net radiation was significantly less in the daytime and higher at night,while the heat fluxes displayed the same trend,indicating the weakening of the land-atmosphere energy exchange.The results can be used to provide verification for numerical model results in semi-arid areas. 相似文献